Lancia Stratos
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The Lancia Stratos HF (Tipo 829), known as Lancia Stratos, is a rear mid-engined sports car designed for rallying, made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. It was highly successful in competition, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976; as well as winning the 1974 Targa Florio,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> winning the Tour de France Automobile five times and the Giro d'Italia automobilistico three times.
History
Lancia had traditionally worked with the design house Pininfarina and had not used Bertone before. Bertone desired to create an opportunity for a relationship with Lancia and knew that Lancia was looking for a replacement for the aging Fulvia for use in rally sports. Bertone decided to design an eye-catching model to show to Lancia. Bertone used the running gear of a Fulvia Coupé which belonged to one of his friends and built a running model around it. When Bertone himself appeared at the Lancia factory gates with the Stratos Zero he passed underneath the barrier, to great applause from the Lancia workers. After that Lancia and Bertone agreed to develop a new rally car based on the ideas of Bertone's designer Marcello Gandini. Gandini had already designed the Lamborghini Miura and was working on the Countach at the time.
Lancia presented the Bertone-designed Lancia Stratos HF prototype at the 1971 Turin Motor Show, a year after the announcement of the Stratos Zero concept car. The prototype Stratos HF (Chassis 1240) was fluorescent red in colour and featured a distinctive crescent-shaped wrap-around windshield providing maximum forward visibility with almost no rear visibility. The prototype had three different engines in its early development life: the Lancia Fulvia engine, the Lancia Beta engine and finally, for the 1971 public launch, the mid-mounted Dino Ferrari V6 producing Template:Convert in road trim. The use of this engine had been planned from the beginning of the project, but Enzo Ferrari was reluctant to sign off the use of this engine in a car he saw as a competitor to his own Dino V6. After the production of the Dino had ended, the "Commendatore" (a popular nickname for Enzo Ferrari) agreed to deliver the engines for the Stratos, upon which Lancia suddenly received 500 units.
The final design shares several striking features with Gandini's Lamborghini Miura: the dual clamshell hoods (the front opening forward, over the spare wheel placed identically, and the rear hinging rearward, with stepped black louvres above the engine and integrating a trunk behind it) – as well as the way the door-glass bottom rears curve upward, giving the otherwise frameless doors an upward-swept frame section. In contrast though, the Stratos' body received an unmistakable short and wide wedge shape, so extreme that the nose drops below the top crests of the front wheel wells, and made unique by the semi-elliptical greenhouse's windshield and door glass ensemble, when seen from above.
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The Stratos was a successful rally car during the 1970s and early 1980s. It started a new era in rallying as it was the first car designed from scratch for this kind of competition.<ref name="sportscarmarket.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The three leading men behind the entire rallying project were Lancia team manager Cesare Fiorio, British racer/engineer Mike Parkes and factory rally driver Sandro Munari, with Bertone's Designer Marcello Gandini taking a personal interest in designing and producing the bodywork. A dedicated calculations engineer from Lancia was tasked with performing calculations on many of the chassis, steering, suspension and engine components: Nicola Materazzi.<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Lancia undertook extensive testing with the Stratos and raced the car in several racing events where Group 5 prototypes were allowed during the 1972 and 1973 seasons. Production of the 500 cars required for homologation in Group 4 commenced in 1973 and the Stratos was homologated for the 1974 World Rally Championship season.<ref name="carsfromitaly.net">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Ferrari Dino V6 engine was phased out in 1974, but 500 engines - among the last examples built - were delivered to Lancia.<ref name=scm>Template:Cite journal</ref> Production ended in 1975, when it was thought that only 492 were made (for the 1976 season, the Group 4 production requirement was reduced to 400 in 24 months<ref name="gr4 1976">Template:Cite book</ref>). The manufacturer of the car was Bertone in Turin, with final assembly by Lancia at the Chivasso plant.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Powered by the Dino 2.4 L V6 engine that was also fitted to the rallying versions, but in a lower state of tune, it resulted in a power output of Template:Convert at 7,000 rpm and Template:Convert at 4,000 rpm of torque, giving the road car a 0–Template:Convert time of 6.8 seconds, and a top speed of Template:Convert.<ref name="rallycars.com"/> The car was sold as the Lancia Stratos HF Stradale.
The Stratos weighed between 900 and 950 kilograms, depending on configuration. Power output was around Template:Convert for the original 12 valve version and Template:Convert for the 24 valve version. Beginning with the 1978 season the 24 valve heads were banned from group 4 competition by a change to the FIA rules (which would have required additional production of 24-valve cars for re-homologation).<ref name="gr4 1976"/><ref name="Robson 2007">Template:Cite book</ref> Even with this perceived power deficit the Stratos was the car to beat in competition and when it did not suffer an accident or premature transmission failure (of the latter there were many) it had great chances to win.
The car won the 1974, 1975 and 1976 championship titles in the hands of Sandro Munari and Björn Waldegård, and might have gone on to win more had not internal politics within the Fiat group placed rallying responsibility on the Fiat 131 Abarths. As well as victories on the 1975, 1976 and 1977 Monte Carlo Rally, all courtesy of Munari, the Stratos won the event with the private Chardonnet Team as late as 1979.<ref name="sportscarmarket.com"/>
Without support from Fiat, and despite new regulations that restricted engine power, the car would remain a serious competitor and proved able to beat works cars in several occasions when entered by an experienced private team with a talented driver. The last victory of the Stratos was in 1981, at the Tour de Corse Automobile, another World Rally Championship event, with a victory by longtime Stratos privateer Bernard Darniche.
When the Fiat group favoured the Fiat 131 for rallying, Lancia also built two Group 5 turbocharged 'silhouette' Stratos for closed-track endurance racing. The powertrain and aerodynamics were engineered by Nicola Materazzi based on experience gained with the earlier generation.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These cars failed against the Porsche 935s on closed tracks but proved successful in hybrid events. Stratos won a record 5 times the Tour de France Automobile between 1973 and 1980, and also the 1974, 1976 and 1978 Giro d'Italia automobilistico, an Italian counterpart of the Tour de France Automobile. One of the cars was destroyed in Zeltweg, when it caught fire due to overheating problems.<ref name="wsrp.ic.cz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The last surviving car would win the Giro d'Italia event again before it was shipped to Japan to compete in the Fuji Speedway based Formula Silhouette series, which was never raced. The car would then be sold and reside in the Matsuda Collection before then being sold to a collector of Stratos', Ernst Hrabalek, who had the largest Lancia Stratos Collection in the world at the time, 11 unique Lancia Stratos cars, including the fluorescent red 1971 factory prototype and the 1977 Safari Rally car.<ref group="nb">Many sources in the 2000s claimed the car belonged to the son of Ernst, Christian Hrabalek, when in fact it was 'loaned' to him.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name= "topgear.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Stratos also gained limited success in 24 Hours of Le Mans, with a car, driven by Christine Dacremont and Lella Lombardi, finishing 20th overall and 2nd in GTP class in 1976.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Another unique Group 5 car is the Lancia Stratos HF of Austrian Rallycross driver Andy Bentza. The car was first driven by his Memphis teammate Franz Wurz, father of Formula One pilot Alexander Wurz. In 1976 Wurz claimed the first ever European Rallycross title recognised by the FIA with the car, by then still featuring a 2.4-litre engine with first a 12- and later a 24-valve head. For the ERC series of 1977 Wurz was entrusted with an experimental 24-valve engine by Mike Parkes, equipped with a special crankshaft to bring the engine capacity up to just under 3000 cc. For 1978 Bentza took the Stratos over from Wurz, sold his own 2.4 L 12V Stratos to compatriot Reneé Vontsina and won the GT Division title of the ERC. The one and only 3.0 litre Stratos worldwide was raced by Bentza till the end of 1983. After keeping the car for another 30 years Bentza has sold the Stratos to Alexander Wurz. It was fully restored over a period of almost two years and revealed to the public in May 2016, converted back to its 1976 rallycross specification with Memphis livery.
WRC victories
Concept cars
Stratos Zero
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The Lancia Stratos Zero (or 0) preceded the Lancia Stratos HF prototype by 12 months and was first shown to the public at the Turin Motor Show in 1970. The futuristic bodywork was designed by Marcello Gandini, head designer at Bertone, and featured a 1.6 L Lancia Fulvia V4 engine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Lancia Stratos HF Zero was exhibited in Bertone's museum for many years. In 2011, it was sold during an auction in Italy for €761,600.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has been displayed in the exhibit "Sculpture in Motion: Masterpieces of Italian Design" at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. It was at the High Museum of Art in Atlanta at the "Dream Cars" exhibit in 2014, on loan from the XJ Wang Collection of New York City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The car's body is wedge-shaped and finished in distinctive orange. It is unusually short in length (Template:Convert) and height (Template:Convert), and it shares little with the production version. The Zero appeared in Michael Jackson's 1988 film Moonwalker.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
Lancia Sibilo
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In 1978, Bertone designed and built the Lancia Sibilo, a concept car based on the Stratos, the wheelbase of which was lengthened from 2180 to 2280 mm. It was conceived as a futuristic two-seater coupè, with glass surfaces that seemed almost integrated into the volumes of the body.
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In 2000, Marcello Gandini designed a modern interpretation of his Lancia Stratos, built by Stola of Turin. It debuted at the 2000 Turin Auto Show, 30 years after the Stratos Zero concept debuted at the same show. The concept is a two-seater coupe, painted in a similar shade of orange to the original 1971 Stratos HF prototype, and sharing key design elements with the Stratos, such as the wedge shape and wraparound windshield. It also featured new technologies such as LED headlights and taillights, and electric door openers. It was initially built as just a static model, although it was envisioned to be able to fit a Maserati V8 engine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was later fitted with an electric motor in 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The design initially planned to incorporate the Lancia shield into the front bumper, but after Lancia viewed the car, they requested that their logo not be used in order to not cause confusion. After this, the design was changed to incorporate Gandini’s own logo instead. However, a wheel design was chosen that featured centers which formed the triangular shape of Lancia’s logo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fenomenon Stratos (2005)
At the 2005 Geneva Auto Show, a British design firm known as Fenomenon, who had rights to the Stratos name,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> exhibited a retro-modern concept version of the Stratos, designed by Chris Hrabalek<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and following its exhibition at the Frankfurt show, developed by Prodrive. The concept was based around a mid-mounted Template:Convert V8 engine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New Stratos
Following the stalled Fenomenon project, one interested backer funded a one-off model. Commissioned by Michael Stoschek (a keen rally driver and chairman of Brose Group) and his son, Maximilian, the New Stratos was announced in 2010 based on the overall design and concept of the original Stratos and was designed and developed by Pininfarina.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The car made use of a Ferrari 430 Scuderia as a donor car, using the chassis (shortened by Template:Convert resulting in a wheelbase of Template:Convert) and much of the mechanical elements including the 4.3 L V8 engine (4,308 cm3), tuned to generate Template:Convert at 8,200 rpm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name= dreaming>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (also reported at Template:Cvt)<ref name= return-550>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and torque of Template:Convert<ref name= dreaming /> at 3,750 rpm.
The New Stratos weighs Template:Convert and is claimed to accelerate to 100 km/h in 3.3 seconds and on to a top speed close to Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While shorter than its donor car, the New Stratos is a little larger than the original Stratos, with a length of Template:Convert, Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert tall. There were reports that given sufficient interest a small production run of up to 25 cars could be possible.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Ferrari did not consent to this plan, and forbade its suppliers to support the project.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, on 10 February 2018, Italian coachbuilding firm Manifattura Automobili Torino of Paolo Garella<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> announced that it would be commencing with the production of the originally planned 25 cars.<ref name= return-550 />
In popular culture
The Autobot character Wheeljack from the Transformers franchise transforms into an Alitalia-sponsored Stratos in the Generation 1 toy line and its cartoon adaptation, albeit with the Alitalia markings on the toy intentionally misspelled as "Alitalla" (presumably to avoid trademark infringement). Earlier samples of the character's toy from Takara's Diaclone toy line (where most of Transformers' character designs came from) were sold with a Marlboro-inspired livery.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Notes
References
External links
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