Leper colony
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A leper colony, also known by many other names, is an isolated community for the quarantining and treatment of lepers, people suffering from leprosy.
M. leprae, the bacterium responsible for leprosy, is believed to have spread from East Africa through the Near East, Europe, and Asia by the 5th century before reaching the rest of the world more recently. Historically, leprosy was believed to be extremely contagious and divinely ordained, leading to enormous stigma against its sufferers. Other severe skin diseases were frequently conflated with leprosy and all such sufferers were kept away from the general public, although some religious orders provided medical care and treatment. Recent research has shown M. leprae has maintained a similarly virulent genome over at least the last thousand years, leaving it unclear which precise factors led to leprosy's near elimination in Europe by 1700. A growing number of cases following the first wave of European colonization, however, led to increased attention towards leprosy during the New Imperialism of the late 19th century. Following G. A. Hansen's discovery of the role of M. leprae in the disease, the First International Leprosy Conference held in Berlin in 1897 renewed interest and investment in the isolation of lepers throughout the European colonial empires.
The development of modern treatments eliminated the need to isolate lepers as early as the 1940s; scientific arguments against the practice were made in the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although Western countries now generally treat cases of leprosy individually on an outpatient basis, traditional isolated colonies continue to exist in India, China, Japan and some other countries.
Names
In medieval Latin, a place for the isolation and care of lepers was known as a leprosaria, leprosarium, or leprosorium, names which are sometimes used in English as well.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> The Latin Template:Lang was calqued in English as Template:Nowrap,<ref name=lepdef/> with Template:Nowrap becoming by far the most common English term in the 1880s as the growing number of leprosy cases were discussed within the context of European colonialism. Less common synonyms include leper asylum, leper lodge, and leper hospital.<ref name=lepdef>Template:Citation.</ref> Other names derive from the figure of Lazarus in one of Jesus's parables,<ref>Luke 16.</ref> treated by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages as a historical figure and as the patron saint of both lepers and the Crusader Order of Saint Lazarus, who administered the leper colony in Jerusalem before spreading to other locations. This caused leper colonies to also be known as Template:Nowrap<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> and, after the leper colony and quarantine center Lazzaretto Vecchio on the Republic of Venice's tiny island of Sta. Maria di Nazaret in the Venetian Lagoon, as lazarets, lazarettes,<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> lazarettos, and lazarettas.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref name="Doren1867">Template:Cite book</ref> The name leper<ref name=51li>Template:Citation.</ref> or Template:Nowrap<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref> is sometimes used for colonies in China, a calque of the Mandarin name máfēngcūn Template:Nowrap Template:Nowrap
History
Template:Main Although not all of the skin diseases (kushtha) discussed in the Indian Vedas and the Manusmriti were leprosy, some of them seem to have been, with the disease appearing in the subcontinent by at least 2000Template:NbspBCE. The Indian religious texts and laws did not organize formal leper colonies but treated those afflicted with the disease as untouchable outcastes, forbidding and punishing any marriage with them while they suffered from the disease, which was considered both contagious and a divine retribution for sins of the sufferer's current or former life. In legend, even kings were removed from power and left to wander in the forests while suffering from leprosy, although their position could be restored in the event of their recovery, whether through divine intervention or Ayurvedic herbal remedies such as chaulmoogra oil.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
Similarly, the Persians<ref name=snell>Template:Citation.</ref> and Israelites considered certain skin diseases to render people unclean and unfit for society, without organizing any special locations for their care; it seems likely, however, that the references to leprosy in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament are the result of a misunderstanding produced by the SeptuagintTemplate:'s Koine Greek translation and subsequent Latin translations like the Vulgate and originally referred to a variety of conditions such as psoriasis before becoming associated with leprosy centuries later. This confusion of termsTemplate:Mdashand the related divine opprobriumTemplate:Mdashwas then translated into medicine in the medieval Islamic world in the 9th century.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> The introduction of leprosy to Southern Europe was blamed on the armies of Alexander the Great and Pompey the Great; ancient Greek and Roman physicians did not blame divine punishment and advocated various treatments but still usually advised that lepers be kept out of cities.<ref name=snell/> Some early Christians sought to emulate Jesus's example by personally ministering to lepers or communities of lepers, activity recorded in hagiographies like Gregory of Nyssa's life of Basil of Caesarea.<ref name=snell/>
Leprosy seems to have reached the rest of Europe during late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, with the Imperial Roman Christian Church reducing formal restrictions on lepers while setting aside funds for leprosaria where clerics would treat the afflicted.<ref name=snell/> Such leper houses are documented in the Kingdom of the Burgundians at Saint-Oyen, Savoie in 460 and in Francia in Chalon-sur-Saône in 570 and Verdun in 634 (all now in France);<ref name=snell/> their management was often provided by Christian monastic orders.<ref name="Greenwood2008">Template:Cite book</ref> The area of modern Belgium alone may have had as many as 700 or 800 prior to the Crusades.<ref name=snell/>
Christian mythology misunderstood the parable of the rich man and Lazarus as a historical account and took the sore-covered beggar in the story as Lazarus, patron saint of lepers;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Order of Saint Lazarus was established to care for lepers in the crusader state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and subsequently operated other leprosaria around Europe. Some colonies were located on mountains or in remote areas to ensure isolation, while others were situated on main roads, where donations would be made for their upkeep. Others were essentially hospitals within major cities. In 1623, the Congregation of the Mission of the Catholic Church, a society of apostolic life founded by Vincent de Paul, was given possession of the Priory of St. Lazarus, a former leper house in Paris, due to which the entire Congregation gained the name of "Lazarites" or "Lazarists" although most of its members had nothing to do with caring for lepers.
Debate exists over the conditions found within historical colonies; while they are currently thought to have been grim and neglected places, there are some indications that life within a leper colony or house was no worse than the life of other, non-isolated individuals. There is even doubt that the current definition of leprosy can be retrospectively applied to the medieval condition. What was classified as leprosy then covers a wide range of skin conditions that would be classified as distinct afflictions today.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some leper colonies issued their own money or tokens, in the belief that allowing people affected by leprosy to handle regular money could spread the disease.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Today, leper hospitals exist throughout the world to treat those afflicted with leprosy, especially in Africa, Brazil, China and India.<ref name="Greenwood2008"/>
Political aspects
In 2001, government-run leper colonies in Japan came under judicial scrutiny, leading to the determination that the Japanese government had mistreated the patients, and the district court ordered Japan to pay compensation to former patients.<ref name = BBC_2001>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2002, a formal inquiry into these colonies was set up, and in March 2005, the policy was strongly denounced. "Japan's policy of absolute quarantine... did not have any scientific grounds."<ref name=BBC_2005>Template:Cite news</ref> The inquiry denounced not only the government and the doctors who were involved with the policy, but also the court that repeatedly ruled in favor of the government when the policy was challenged, as well as the media, which failed to report the plight of the victims.Template:Cn
See also
References
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