Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec
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}}Template:Main other{{#ifexpr:{{#invoke:ParameterCount|main|mapframe|image_map|image_map1|pushpin_map}} >2 |Template:Main other}} Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a municipality located in Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, in Quebec, Canada.<ref name="Gazette officielle du Québec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is located on the islands of the Magdalen Islands archipelago, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Template:Convert from Gaspé, Template:Convert from Prince Edward Island, Template:Convert from Cape Breton Island, and Template:Convert from Newfoundland.<ref name="Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine toponymy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
History
The Mi'kmaq were among the original occupants of Atlantic Canada, inhabiting the coastal regions of the Gaspé Peninsula and The Maritimes east of the Saint John River. This traditional territory is called Mi'gma'gi (Mi'kma'ki).<ref name="Amerindian Place Names of Canada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to Mi'kmaq oral history and archaeological evidence collected to date, there has been a seasonal First Nations presence on the Magdalen Islands for 6,000 to 10,000 years. This occupation was mainly for summer fishing and hunting of marine mammals or other game.<ref name="Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine sous le régime français">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Seabirds and Colonial Waterbirds">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Explorer Jacques Cartier was the first known European to visit the islands in 1534.<ref name="Jacques Cartier relations 1534">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first concerted settlement attempt was made by English Brownist (a group of English Dissenters or separatists) Francis Johnson in 1597, which failed.<ref>Peterson, Mark. The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630–1865, The City-State of Boston. Princeton University Press, 2019, page 16.</ref> François Doublet de Honfleur received the concession of the archipelago from the Company of One Hundred Associates (Compagnie des Cent-Associés), in 1663, he gave it its current name, in honour of his wife Madeleine Fontaine.
The first settlers to permanently inhabit the islands came after the fall of Louisbourg and the dispersal of the Acadians from the Grand-Pré region of Acadia.<ref name="Les îles de la Madeleine - archipel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Les îles de la Madeleine Toponymy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1765, the islands were inhabited by 22 French-speaking Acadians and their families. They worked for a British trader, Richard Gridley, and hunted walruses. Many inhabitants of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine still fly the Acadian flag and identify as both Acadian and Québécois. The islands were administered as part of the British Colony of Newfoundland from 1763 to 1774, when they became part of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791) by the Quebec Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain.
Some of the islanders are descendants of survivors of the more than 400 shipwrecks on the islands. Some of the historic houses were built using wood salvaged from the shipwrecks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To improve the safety of ships, the government constructed lighthouses on the islands. They indicate navigable channels and have reduced the number of shipwrecks, but many old hulks are found on the beaches and under the waters.
The islands have some of Quebec's oldest English-speaking settlements. Although most anglophones have long either assimilated with the francophone population or migrated elsewhere, English-speaking settlements can be found at Old Harry, a hamlet in Grosse-Île, and Entry Island.
Until the 20th century, the islands were completely isolated during the winter since the sea ice made the trip to the mainland impassable by boat. In August 1880, the Canadian Government's telegraphy service installed the first submarine cable that connected the islands with the mainland.<ref name="first submarine cable,">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On January 6, 1910, this cable connecting the village of Old Harry, Magdalen Islands, to Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, broke. On February 2, 1910, Magdalen Islanders, cut off from the rest of the world, threw into the sea a ponchon, which is a barrel containing the molasses. The wooden barrel was outfitted with a rudder and a sheet metal sail, on which the islanders had painted the inscription "Winter Magdalen Mail". The islanders placed letters in sealed tin cans within the barrel. Most letters were addressed to families on the continent, except one written for the person who would find the makeshift boat and another addressed to Rodolphe Lemieux, Member of Parliament for Gaspé and Postmaster General. The ponchon reached Halifax around February 14, 1910. A year later, the Government of Canada responded to the Magdalen Islanders' grievances and installed a wireless telegraphy system in the Islands.<ref name="A Letter to the Sea - ponchon">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Geography
Created in 2002, the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is the result of the merger of multiple municipalities within the archipelago.
As part of a municipal reorganization across Quebec, the seven communities of the Magdalen Islands amalgamated to form the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine on January 1, 2002. Grosse-Île has since regained its status as a separate municipality; the list below presents the six hamlets of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine.<ref name="Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine toponymy" />
L'Étang-du-Nord
L'Étang-du-Nord is the main fishing centre of the Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine. The village received its first inhabitants around 1830 and was officially erected as a municipality in 1875. The community hosts a campus of Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles,<ref name="Campus des Îles-de-la-Madeleine">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which serves as the Magdalen Islands' only post-secondary institution.
Fatima
Located on the island of Cap-aux-Meules, Fatima was settled between 1820 and 1845. It is named after Fátima in Portugal, a pilgrimage site highly visited after three young shepherds claimed the Holy Virgin appeared to them. As of 2006, its population was 2,809.
L’Île-du-Havre-Aubert
The hamlet of L’Île-du-Havre-Aubert is made up of the island of Havre-Aubert and the island of L’ Île-d’Entrée.
Havre-aux-Maisons
Havre-aux-Maisons, located on the island of Havre aux Maisons, was first settled in 1765 from Acadia.
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport, Magdalen Islands' only port of entry by air, is located on Havre-aux-Maisons.
Cap-aux-Meules
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Cap-aux-Meules is the largest commercial and fishing port in the archipelago.<ref name="CTMA Prince Edward Island / Îles de la Madeleine ferry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Grande-Entrée
Grande-Entrée is located on Grande Entrée Island, aptly named as the hamlet is made up of two capes which, between their arms, form a bay where boats can enter .<ref name="Grande-Entrée (Municipalité) Toponymy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Demography
Population
Template:Historical populations
Language
Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is primarily home to French speakers, whose distinct dialect is heavily influenced by Acadian, as well as Quebec French and English.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
However, the proportion of Anglophones has never exceeded 3%<ref name="Socio-economic profile English speaking community">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| Canada census mother tongue - Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec<ref name="scpast"/><ref name="census2016"/> | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Census | Total | French {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
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English {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
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French & English {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
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Other {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
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| Year | Responses | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | |||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | 11,720 | Template:Increase 1.2% | 97.1% | 245 | Template:Increase 2.1% | 2.0% | 70 | Template:Increase 133.3% | 0.6% | 35 | Template:Steady 0.0% | 0.3% | |||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | 11,585 | Template:Decrease 2.2% | 97.4% | 240 | Template:Decrease 11.1% | 2.0% | 30 | Template:Decrease 14.3% | 0.3% | 35 | Template:Increase 40.0% | 0.3% | |||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | 11,850 | Template:Decrease 1.3% | 97.3% | 270 | Template:Decrease 16.9% | 2.2% | 35 | Template:Decrease 30.0% | 0.3% | 25 | Template:Decrease 61.5% | 0.2% | |||||
| check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | 12,005 | n/a | 96.5% | 325 | n/a | 2.6% | 50 | n/a | 0.4% | 65 | n/a | 0.5% | |||||
Attractions
La Grave heritage site includes buildings with a variety of functions: general store, salt works, tinsmith's shop, fishing tackle store, fish sales counter, small warehouses and scaffolds.
Infrastructure
Transport
Sea
The Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.) operates a ferry service between terminals in Souris, Prince Edward Island, and Cap-aux-Meules.<ref name="Traversier CTMA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Société des traversiers du Québec (STQ), under an agreement with Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.), transports goods year-round.
In summer the STQ offers an 8-day round-trip cruise from Port of Montreal to the Port of Cap-aux-Meules. This service has been on hold between 2020 and 2023.
Road
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Quebec Route 199 is an essential link for the municipality of Îles-de-la-Madeleine.<ref name="Route 199 et chemins. maps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In April 2023, Geneviève Guilbault, Quebec's Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility (Transports Québec) announced the start of work to protect Highway 199, which will protect the road from coastal hazards and limit the consequences of coastal erosion and submersion on road network infrastructure.<ref name="Route 199, sector Pointe-aux-Loups">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the Minister, the work demonstrates the government's willingness to innovate in the context of climate change.
Air
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport is located at Havre-aux-Maisons. The airport operates flights across the archipelago as well as to Montreal, Quebec City and Gaspé and seasonally, to the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Photos
- Here and there
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Saint-François-Xavier Church in Bassin -
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Borgot lighthouse in L'Étang-du-Nord -
Grindstone (Cap-aux-Meules)
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See also
References
External links
Template:Administrative divisions of Quebec region Template:Magdalen Islands Template:Authority control