Liberty Media

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Liberty Media Corporation (commonly referred to as Liberty Media or just Liberty) is an American mass media company founded by John C. Malone in 1991. The company has two divisions, represented by separate tracking stocks, reflecting its ownership stakes in the Formula One Group and Live Nation Entertainment. Template:Asof Liberty Media owned three global motorsport businesses in the form of Formula One,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> MotoGP and World Superbikes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

1991–1999

Liberty Media began in March 1991 as a spin-off of Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI), a U.S. cable-television group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter Barton, hired by TCI's Malone, served as president until retiring in April 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The company took over TCI assets considered to have little value, but Barton completed "a deal every ten days for six years" and made the company a big success.Template:Source? Liberty was merged back into TCI in the mid-1990s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1995, Liberty Media acquired a 49% ownership stake in the Faith & Values Channel (which would later be known as the Hallmark Channel), and took over operational control of the network, adding more secular and family-oriented programming. It was rebranded as the Odyssey Network in 1996.<ref name="vty">Template:Cite news</ref> On March 13, 1998, Liberty Media Group and TCI Group announced the merger of Encore and STARZ! into a single company—Encore Media Group, owned by Liberty. Encore was taking advantage of the growth of digital cable, while TCI, which had previously owned twenty percent of Encore, was more interested in traditional cable.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After U.S. Department of Justice approval that required TCI to sell its 23.5% interest in Sprint Corporation PSC,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> TCI was acquired by AT&T on March 9, 1999, for approximately $48 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Liberty Media merged with TCI Ventures Group LLC (TCIVA), TCI's telephone and Internet businesses, and the resulting company became part of AT&T, giving Liberty Media $5.5 billion to repurchase stock or buy other companies. AT&T bought the other TCI businesses—@Home Corp., National Digital Television Center and Western Tele-Communications Inc.—for $2.5 billion in cash. TCI chairman Malone, who became head of the new company, said buyers would not want all of TCI, but they would be interested in Liberty Media.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Malone wanted to start a finance unit similar to GE Capital, which could start new cable or Internet services. TCI had already planned digital cable set-top boxes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On September 28, 1998, Liberty Media announced the formation of Liberty Interactive, a company which would take advantage of new technologies such as set-top boxes to develop interactive programming. The company would own 86% of TCI Music Inc. (NASDAQ symbol: TUNE/TUNEP). Template:Asof E! Entertainment President and CEO Lee Masters would become the new company's CEO, and Bruce Ravenel would be chief technology officer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" />

On June 2, 1999, Liberty announced that it would acquire the Associated Group for $2.8 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On September 10, 1999, Liberty Media Group renamed TCI Music to Liberty Digital Inc. (NASDAQ symbol: LDIG), with the new company trading on NASDAQ's National Market tier, after Liberty Media traded most of its Internet content, interactive television assets, and rights to provide AT&T's cable systems with interactive services, in addition to cash and notes valued at $150 million, for TCI Music stock. Masters, who became Liberty Digital's CEO, told The Wall Street Journal that the new company had a value of $1 billion, $650 million of that from the interactive unit of Liberty Media, which had also used the name Liberty Digital.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Liberty Digital lost $244 million with revenue of $66 million in 1999, thanks to investments in struggling Internet businesses homegrocer.com, drugstore.com, TiVo and iVillage. In August 2000, the company bought a 50% stake in the Game Show Network because of its interactive features.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Another new company, Liberty Livewire, was formed from Todd-AO and two other companies by Liberty Media, which provided audio and video post-production services. David Beddow of TCI became CEO.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2000–present

Liberty Media's Discovery Channel and QVC continued to do well, but the newer projects had problems and the company's stock price dropped by half. If AT&T agreed to spin off Liberty Media, new deals such as a possible News Corp. purchase of DirecTV would be easier because AT&T would no longer require federal approval to complete such deals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Liberty Media was spun off from AT&T on August 10, 2001.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was one of three possible actions to ensure federal approval of AT&T's $54 billion acquisition of MediaOne Group—the others were selling its 25.5% share of Time Warner Entertainment and dropping 11.8 million cable customers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also in 2001, Liberty Media acquired the remainder of Liberty Digital and Liberty Satellite & Technology (formerly TCI Satellite). Both companies were independent spinoffs of TCI, though Liberty already owned 90% of both companies after the exchange for Sprint PCS stock. Being independent increased their asset values, but the stock prices of both dropped, negating any benefits.<ref>Template:Dead link Alleyne, Llanor (October 16, 2001). "Liberty Absorbing Digital, Satellite Units". Broadcasting & Cable.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2002, Liberty Media acquired Wink Communications, a maker of set-top boxes founded by Brian P. Dougherty (of GEOS fame), for $100 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Liberty Media subsequently spent $5 billion on nine German regional cable networks. Apart from television distribution it held major interests in other groups. For example, it was the largest shareholder in News Corporation (though the founding Murdoch family owns more voting shares), and had a 4% stake in Time Warner. In June 2005, Liberty Media International combined with UnitedGlobalCom, creating Liberty Global. In July 2005, the Discovery networks were spun off as Discovery Holding Company.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2006, Time Warner acquired Liberty Media's 50% stake in Court TV, for $735 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On May 16, 2006, IDT sold its IDT Entertainment division to Liberty Media "for all of Liberty Media's interests in IDT, $186 million in cash and the assumption of existing indebtedness". IDT Entertainment's assets and Starz Entertainment Group's line of premium television channels combined to produce content for all distribution platforms, and IDT Entertainment was later renamed as Starz Media.<ref>(Press Release) http://www.idt.net/about/press/story.aspx?id=15601 Template:Webarchive IDT Corporation. Retrieved January 2, 2009.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Liberty negotiated an asset swap with News Corp. and Time Warner that would give it control of DirecTV and the Atlanta Braves baseball team.<ref>Lieberman, David (December 26, 2006). "Liberty Media Deals for DirecTV". USA Today.</ref> On February 12, 2007, a deal was completed with Time Warner, wherein Liberty would receive the Atlanta Braves and a group of craft magazines, along with $1 billion in cash, in exchange for 60 million shares of Time Warner stock (valued at $1.27 billion as of market close on February 12, 2007).<ref>Blum, Ronald (February 13, 2007). "Time Warner Reaches Deal to Sell Braves". The Washington Post.</ref> The deal was approved by Major League Baseball and then completed on May 16, 2007.<ref>(Press Release) http://www.timewarner.com/corp/print/0,20858,1622200,00.htmlTemplate:Dead link Time Warner. Retrieved May 6, 2009.</ref> On February 20, 2008, the Federal Communications Commission approved the exchange of 16.3% of News Corp. for 38.4% of DirecTV, an $11 billion deal that also gave Liberty sports networks in Denver, Pittsburgh and Seattle plus $550 million in cash.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In April 2007, Liberty completed a purchase of Green Bay, Wisconsin, television station WFRV-TV, and satellite station WJMN-TV in Escanaba, Michigan, which serves the Marquette, Michigan, market. The deal was part of a swap of 7.59 million shares of common stock in CBS, the stations' owner, that was held by Liberty Media; in exchange for the stock, CBS gave Liberty the stations and $170 million in cash.<ref>Template:Cite web. CBS Corporation. Retrieved January 2, 2009.</ref> Liberty announced plans in April 2011 to sell WFRV and WJMN to Nexstar Broadcasting Group for $20 million.<ref>"Nexstar To Acquire CBS Affiliates WFRV, WJMN for $20 Mil". Broadcasting & Cable. April 7, 2011.</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

On September 3, 2008, Liberty Media decided to initiate the process of spinning off Liberty Entertainment to Liberty Media shareholders, leaving Malone with a majority ownership of the new company.<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive. Retrieved January 2, 2009.</ref> On May 4, 2009, The DirecTV Group Inc. said it would become a part of Liberty's entertainment unit, part of which would then be spun off as a separate company called DirecTV. The new company would also acquire Liberty's 100% interests in the three FSN networks and its 50% interest in GSN. The rest of the unit would be traded as Liberty Starz. Liberty would increase its share of DirecTV from 48 to 54%, with Malone and his family owning 24%.Template:Citation needed On May 4, 2009, Liberty announced that it would split off Liberty Entertainment, Inc., a subsidiary owning the three Fox Sports Net (FSN) channels (now Root Sports) acquired under the swap with News Corp. and Liberty's 65% interest in GSN, into a separate company that would merge with The DirecTV Group, reducing Liberty owner John Malone's stake in DirecTV to 24%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The merger was completed on November 19, 2009, with The DirecTV Group and Liberty Entertainment becoming subsidiaries of a new company named DirecTV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On February 17, 2009, Liberty announced that it would invest up to $530 million into the struggling Sirius XM Radio Inc., in a structured deal that would help the satellite radio provider avoid filing bankruptcy protection by meeting its obligations. The deal provided two board seats for Liberty Media, and provided cash for operations and development, with a maturity date of December 2012 for the loan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On March 6, the two companies approved the second part of the deal, with Sirius XM getting $250 million immediately and Liberty receiving 12.5 million shares of preferred stock convertible into a 40% ownership of Sirius XM common stock.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On June 16, 2010, Malone exchanged his preferred stock in DirecTV with equivalent amounts of common stock, reducing his voting interest in the company from 24% to 3%, with Malone resigning as chairman and ending his managerial role at DirecTV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That same year, Liberty Media announced that it would spin off Liberty Starz and Liberty Capital and keep Liberty Interactive. The spinoff took the name Liberty CapStarz, but renamed itself Liberty Media in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On the Fortune 500 list 2011, Liberty Media was ranked 224, moving up from 2010 when they were ranked 227.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In May 2011, Liberty announced it was in talks to buy the Barnes & Noble bookstore chain for $1.02 billion.<ref>Liberty Media Bids for Barnes & Noble, Russell Adams and Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg, Wall St Journal, 20 May 2011. Retrieved: August 21, 2013.</ref> It eventually bought a 16% stake in the form of preferred stock in Barnes & Noble for $204 million.<ref>Liberty Buys a Stake in Barnes & Noble for $204 Million, Michael J. De La Merced, Dealbook, New York Times, 18 August 2011. Retrieved: August 21, 2013.</ref> On August 8, 2012, Liberty Media announced that it would spin off Starz into a separate publicly traded company.<ref>"New York Deadline" Liberty Media Says It Will Spin Off Starz deadline.com, Retrieved on August 8, 2012</ref> The spin-off of Starz Inc. was completed on January 15, 2013.<ref>"Yahoo Finance" Liberty Media Spins-off Starz finance.yahoo.com Zacks Equity Research, Retrieved on January 24, 2013</ref> The company agreed in March 2013 to pay $2.62 billion for 27.3% of Charter Communications from Apollo Global Management, Oaktree Capital Management and Crestview Partners with the provision that Liberty would not increase its stake past 35% until after January 2016 but no more than 39.99%.<ref>Lieberman, David. Liberty Media To Pay $2.62B For 27.3% Of Charter Communications. March 19, 2013. Deadline.com.</ref> By May 1, Liberty completed the transaction and placed four directors on Charter's board.<ref>Liberty Completes $2.6B Charter Purchase; John Malone Among Board Additions. May 1, 2013. Deadline.com.</ref>

In 2014, Liberty Media spun off TruePosition and its holdings in Charter Communications into a new company, Liberty Broadband.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In late 2016, Liberty Media agreed to buy the Formula One Group for US$4.4 billion (£3.3 billion).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The deal was finalized in January 2017 for a total of US$4.6 billion (£3.44 billion).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On November 17, 2022, Liberty Media announced that it would split off the Atlanta Braves and its associated real estate development project, and create a new Liberty Live Group tracking stock to hold Liberty's 35% stake in Live Nation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Liberty Media acquired ticket distributor and hospitality group QuintEvents for $313 million in September 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 2023, Liberty Media and SiriusXM agreed to create a new public company, "New SiriusXM", although it would continue to operate under the name and brand SiriusXM. The move was intended to created a simplified ownership structure and greater strategic flexibility.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The spin-off was completed on September 9, 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On April 1, 2024, Liberty Media announced its planned acquisition of 84% of Dorna Sports, which own MotoGP and WSBK.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On June 23, 2025, Liberty Media was given the go ahead by the European Commission to acquire Dorna Sports. The deal, completed on July 3, 2025, made Dorna a part of the Formula One Group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Divisions

Liberty has issued tracking stocks for each of the three divisions, and each tracking stock is in three individual series (A, B and C) having individual voting rights, meaning that the company's common stock trades under nine individual stock symbols. Seven of the nine are listed on the Nasdaq stock market and two trade over the counter.<ref>2022 First quarter Form 10-Q</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Liberty Live Group (LLYVA/B/K)

Formula One Group (FWONA/B/K)

Former assets

Controversies

Liberty Media has come under pressure from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), thanks to GCI company, an Alaskan subsidiary of Liberty Broadband. GCI is a corporate sponsor of the Iditarod, an Alaskan dogsledding race that has lost multiple participants and sponsorships over the years.<ref>Klecka, Joey (March 3, 2023). "By the numbers: Iditarod 51 to feature smallest field ever". https://www.alaskasnewssource.com. Retrieved August 18, 2023.</ref> More than a dozen companies, including ExxonMobil, Alaska Airlines, and Chrysler, have dropped their Iditarod sponsorships over the years, amidst campaign efforts from PETA showing the conditions endured by dogs during and between races.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Animal advocates have made pleas to Liberty Media CEO Greg Maffei to end GCI’s Iditarod sponsorship.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Maffei has not released a statement on GCI’s sponsorship. According to PETA, more than 150 dogs have died while running the Iditarod, and that number does not include dogs they say are killed during the off-season because they aren’t fast or fit enough.<ref>Zak, Annie; March 4, Tegan Hanlon Updated:; March 4, 2018 Published:; 2018. "Citing dog deaths, PETA brings a protest to the Iditarod starting line". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved August 18, 2023.</ref>

See also

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Notes

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References

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