Like a Prayer (album)
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox album Like a Prayer is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on March 20, 1989, by Sire Records. It saw the singer reunited with Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray, with whom she had collaborated on her previous studio album True Blue (1986), and the soundtrack to the 1987 film Who's That Girl; artist Prince also collaborated on the record, co-writing and co-producing one of the tracks alongside Madonna. Her most introspective release at the time, Like a Prayer is a pop record with elements of rock and dance-pop. Its lyrics deal with personal themes she had been too afraid to approach on previous albums: her Catholic upbringing, her troubled marriage to actor Sean Penn, the death of her mother, and her relationship with her father.
Upon its release, Like a Prayer received universal acclaim from music critics, who praised its introspective tone, cohesiveness, and Madonna's increased artistic merit. It was also an international success, reaching the top of the charts in 20 countries, and was certified quadruple platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Worldwide, it has sold over 15 million copies. Six singles were released from the album: the title track became Madonna's seventh number one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, while "Express Yourself" and "Cherish" both peaked at number two, and "Keep It Together" became a top-ten hit.
The album was promoted on Madonna's third concert tour, 1990's Blond Ambition World Tour, which visited cities in Asia, North America, and Europe. In retrospective reviews, Like a Prayer has been noted as a turning point in Madonna's career; she began to be seen as a serious artist rather than a mere pop star. Critics and authors also pointed out influence from the album on the work of modern female singers. Often referred to as one of the greatest albums of all time, Like a Prayer has been included in several musical reference books and best-of lists, including Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Background
Template:Quote box 1988 was a quiet year on the recording front for Madonna. Following the lack of critical and commercial success of her 1987 film Who's That Girl, she acted in the Broadway production Speed-the-Plow. However, unfavorable reviews once again caused her discomfort. Her marriage to actor Sean Penn ended and the couple filed for divorce in January 1989.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Madonna had also turned 30, the same age at which her mother had died, and thus experienced more emotional turmoil.<ref name="rikky1" /> "I wouldn't say [turning 30] was traumatic [...] [but] [it] was the age my mother was [when she died]. I just flipped because I kept thinking, 'I'm now outliving my mother'", she recalled.<ref name=Bego3>Template:Harvnb</ref>
As the new decade was approaching, the "greed is good" mentality of the mid-1980s was starting to fade away because of the Black Monday. The rise of rap acts like Public Enemy and Run-DMC, and grunge precursors like Faith No More and Jane's Addiction, created a change in the public's mood; Madonna came to the conclusion that she had to move away from teen appeal and the "commercial gloss" of her previous works if she wanted to reach more mature audiences and create longevity in the music industry.<ref name="lucy1" /> She wanted her new sound to be "instinctive rather than calculating", and knew her next record had to be "vibrant, challenging, and different".<ref name="lucy1">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Easlea2" />
Realizing that it was time to show a "darker, more spiritual side" of her, Madonna took a "more sophisticated approach"; she revealed that, "in the past I wrote a lot of songs that [revealed my inner self], but I felt they were too honest or too frightening or too scary and I decided not to record them".<ref name="Gnojewski">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="AVClub" /> Thoughtfully, she sifted through her personal journals and diaries, and began considering her options. She had certain matters on her mind, including her troubled relationship with Penn, her family, the loss of her mother, and even her belief in God; "What was it I wanted to say? I wanted [the album] to speak to things on my mind", she explained.<ref name="tara1">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Development
Template:Quote box According to author Mark Bego, a lot of the "somberness" on Like a Prayer stemmed from what Madonna was going through while she was in New York working on Speed-the-Plow.<ref name=Bego4>Template:Harvnb</ref> The role, which she described as "incredibly draining and spiritually depressing", as well as the play's introspective themes, caused her feelings of "frustration and despair".<ref name="Bego4" /><ref name="matthew" /> She was upset and dealing with a lot of sadness that she hadn't felt in a long time.<ref name=Bego4 /> She went on to say that, whereas her previous albums came from the "little girl" in her, interested only in "being entertaining and charming and frivolous", Like a Prayer is the "adult side [of me], which is concerned with being brutally honest".<ref name="rikky1" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The record drew its title from Catholicism's influence on Madonna's early life, as well as her struggles with religion; "the theme [of Catholicism] runs rampant [on the album] [...] It's me struggling with the mystery and magic that surrounds it. My own Catholicism is in constant upheaval", she said.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Recreeates" />
For the album, Madonna chose to work with Stephen Bray and Patrick Leonard, with whom she had collaborated on her previous studio album True Blue (1986), and the Who's That Girl soundtrack (1987).<ref name="LeonardTalksLAP">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Release" /> Both Bray and Leonard wanted to bring their unique style to the project, and developed different musical ideas to present to Madonna; Bray's approach was more "kinetic" and dance pop-oriented, while Leonard's focused more on melodies.<ref name="tara1" /> Madonna was aware of the contrast between the producers' work, but never did anything to deter them, as she felt tension was "good for creativity and business".<ref name="tara1" /> It was Leonard who convinced Madonna to create songs that were "intensely emotional experiences".<ref name="DivorceGuardian" /> His way of work was "completely intellectual", whereas Madonna relied more on instinct.<ref name="zollo">Template:Harvnb</ref> He would create the music while she worked on the lyrics; "[Pat] puts together these really strange chord progressions and these really great time signatures [...] I'd start singing words to it and making them fit", the singer explained.<ref name="zollo" /> All the songs had one common theme: Madonna's Catholicism, her family and relationships.<ref name="metz4" />
Title track "Like a Prayer" was the first song Madonna and Leonard worked on; once she had conceptualized the way she would interpose her ideas with Leonard's music, she wrote the lyrics in about three hours.<ref name=Bronson>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="zollo2">Template:Harvnb</ref> "Promise to Try" followed the same dynamic: Madonna sang as Leonard played piano.<ref name="zollo2" /> In just two weeks, they had created "Like a Prayer", "Till Death Do Us Part", "Promise to Try", "Cherish", "Dear Jessie", and "Spanish Eyes".<ref name="voller">Template:Harvnb</ref> Leonard recalled that they only wrote songs that would be included on the final track list; "[we] wrote a song a day, and we didn't change them [...] that's it. A few hours and they were done".<ref name="LeonardTalksLAP" /> Despite this mentality, they created other songs: "Supernatural" ―issued as B-side on the "Cherish" single―, "Just a Dream" ―given to Madonna's back-up singer Donna De Lory for her debut album―, and "Angels with Dirty Faces"; <ref name="LeonardTalksLAP" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="rikky2" /> in 2019, Leonard uploaded some of the demos he worked on with Madonna to YouTube.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Madonna's sessions with Bray were similar; he would send her demos and they would get together and work on the ones she'd approve.<ref name="smash">Template:Cite journal</ref> Bray would come up with a verse or chorus and, alongside Madonna, created the bridge.<ref name="voller" /> As with Leonard, the singer was in charge of the lyrics and intervened in the final touches; "I've always done the ribcage and the skeleton of the songs, she's there for the last things like the eyebrows and the haircut", noted Bray.<ref name="smash" /> The songs they came up with were "Express Yourself", "Keep It Together", "First is a Kiss", and "Love Attack"; these last two, however, were scrapped from the track list as they didn't align with the album's "confessional" mood.<ref name="voller" />
Prince also worked on the album. He and Madonna met at the 1985 American Music Awards and quickly became friends.<ref name=rettenmund41>Template:Harvnb</ref> They talked about collaborating multiple times, and even considered writing a musical together.<ref name="Bego4" /> Madonna flew to Prince's Paisley Park studios where they created several songs, but none were ever completed.<ref name="Bego4" /><ref name="YahooLAP">Template:Cite web</ref> Sessions were messy, as the two artists had different personalities: Madonna was more organized while Prince liked things "mercurial and improvisational".<ref name="lucy2">Template:Harvnb</ref> Madonna then went back to Los Angeles to start rehearsals for Speed-the-Plow; some time later, Prince went to New York see a performance of the play and gave the singer a rough tape with the songs they had recorded over the phone.<ref name=rettenmund41 /> "Love Song" was one of the songs on the tape, as well as the only one Madonna liked.<ref name="YahooLAP" /><ref name="MadonnaRSInterview" /> Despite wanting to get together to complete the track, Madonna and Prince ended up working long distance, sending each other tapes back and forth;<ref name="MadonnaRSInterview" /> "it was great. It was a completely different way to work", recalled Madonna.<ref name="zollo" /> Prince also played guitar on "Like a Prayer", "Keep It Together", and "Act of Contrition", though he remained uncredited.<ref name="zollo" /><ref name="PitchforkReview" />
Recording
Template:Quote box Recording took place at Los Angeles' Johnny Yuma, Saturn Sound and Ocean Way Recording studios, and Prince's Paisley Park, from September 1988 to January 1989.<ref name="DivorceGuardian" /><ref name="LAPliner" /> As it was an album with "so bleak an outlook", sessions were generally very focused; they took place mainly at Johnny Yuma, the studio Madonna and Leonard built with the incomes from True Blue.<ref name="Easlea2" /> According to author Lucy O'Brien, Madonna was a "new woman in the studio"; she had clear knowledge not only of the instrumentation, but knew how to articulate and achieve the sounds she heard in her head.<ref name="lucy3">Template:Harvnb</ref> Leonard recalled that Madonna usually works fast, but due to its emotional tone, it took her "maybe three or four times as long to make [Like a Prayer] because she kept breaking down".<ref name="rikky1" /> As it was the second time she produced an album, Madonna felt she had to "prove to everyone [it] wasn't a fluke", and would get into fights with Leonard.<ref name="lucy3" /> The producer recalled that during one of their arguments, the singer held up the True Blue cover and shouted at him, 'Whose picture is that?'; the fights stopped from there on.<ref name="DivorceGuardian" />
Unlike her previous albums, Like a Prayer was recorded in the studio with live musicians, rather than overdubbing the vocals on top of the finished music.<ref name="Gnojewski2">Template:Harvnb</ref> It also used a "greater proportion" of live first takes.<ref name="rikky1" /> Madonna recalled that it was the first time that she was in the same room as the musicians, which she considered a "more integral" approach to the music, and resulted in "more emotional [and] spontaneous" vocals.<ref name="metz4">Template:Harvnb</ref> Leonard, who had experience recording with live musicians, explained the recording process: He and Madonna would write the songs, record the demos, and replace the drum machines and percussions with real musicians; they then would add background singers and guitar players.<ref name="LeonardTalksLAP" /> He described the process as "personal, not the product of big songwriting teams".<ref name="DivorceGuardian" />
Musicians working on Like a Prayer included Bruce Gaitsch, Jonathan Moffett, Jeff Porcaro, Jain Winding, and Guy Pratt; the latter had met Leonard through his work with Bryan Ferry.<ref name="Easlea2" /><ref name="LAPliner" /> The title track originally featured bongos and Latin percussion, but were quickly discarded; Madonna then decided to add a church organ and a choir.<ref name=Bronson /> Andraé Crouch and his gospel choir, who had worked with artists like Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan, and Quincy Jones, were hired. They accepted the offer after analyzing the lyrics; "we're very particular in choosing what we work with, and we liked what we heard", recalled Crouch.<ref name="lucy4">Template:Harvnb</ref> When recording, Madonna encouraged all present in the studio to "surrender themselves to passionate abandon".<ref name="DivorceGuardian" /> Leonard was asked to work on "Love Song" but, being a Prince fan, found himself shaken and "overawed"; nonetheless, he was happy to work on "Keep It Together".<ref name="DivorceGuardian" /> "Cherish" reunited Madonna with backup singers Donna De Lory and Niki Haris, with whom she worked on 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour. De Lory recalled the sessions: "[We] worked on it until we were really tight [...] [Madonna] knew exactly what she wanted and how to break it down”.<ref name="DivorceGuardian" />
Initially planned to be recorded with an orchestra, "Promise to Try" was done with a piano and a quartet, and Madonna's "naked" voice.<ref name="lucy5">Template:Harvnb</ref> The orchestra was used for "Oh Father"; the singer and Leonard worked on the track in "this really dingy awful little studio" in New York's Garment District.<ref name="lucy5" /> First, they recorded Madonna's vocals; then the orchestra, and ended things up with a doubletracking.<ref name="LeonardTalksLAP" />
Composition
Like a Prayer is an album that bends "classic psychedelic rock with then-current synth-pop sounds".<ref name="LAPtrackbytrack" /> It has been noted a pop record with rock and dance elements, with influence from acts from the 1960s and 70s such as the Beatles, Simon & Garfunkel, and Sly and the Family Stone.<ref name="AllMusicLAP" /><ref name="Recreeates" /> As Madonna's most personal and introspective album up to the time, its lyrics talk, in her own words, about "the influence of Catholicism on my life, and the passion it provokes in me [...] They're about an assimilation of experiences I had in my life and in relationships. They're about my mother, my father, and bonds with my family, about the pain of dying, of growing up and letting go".<ref name="james">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="VogueReal">Template:Cite web</ref>
Opener "Like a Prayer" is a song about a young woman "so in love with God that it is almost as though he were the male figure in her life".<ref name="Recreeates" /> It is a pop rock song with elements of gospel music; a choir provides background vocals that heighten the song's spiritual nature, and a rock guitar keeps the music "dark and mysterious".<ref name="rikky1" /> The second track, "Express Yourself", is one of the album's two tributes to Sly and the Family Stone.<ref name="AVClub" /> It talks about rejecting material pleasures and only accepting the best for oneself; throughout the song, subtexts are employed.<ref name="rikky2">Template:Harvnb</ref> "Love Song" is a duet with Prince that begins with Madonna asking in French, "I'm ready, are you ready?".<ref name="rikky2" /> The track has been compared to the work of Eddie Kendricks and the Temptations; Prince provides "Jimmy Nolen funk guitar[s] and falsetto vocals", singing both in his upper and lower registers.<ref name="rikky2" /> Originally titled "State of Matrimony", fourth track "Till Death Do Us Part" is an "autobiographical account of [Madonna's] ill-fated marriage to Penn".<ref name="YahooLAP" /> It is a fast tempo track that expresses the conflict of being in love with someone who doesn't love themselves, and ends with the sound of wah-wah guitars and broken glass.<ref name="rikky2" />
"Promise to Try" is a moody ballad that talks about the death of Madonna's mother. The piano arrangement in the song is reminiscent of the work of Elton John, and has a cello solo towards the Bridge. In one part of the song, Madonna specifically asks: Does she hear my voice in the night when I call? Later, an adult seems to admonish a child with the lyrics, Little girl, don't you forget her face/Don't let memory play games with your mind/She's a faded smile frozen in time.<ref name="rikky2" /><ref name="LAPtrackbytrack" /><ref name="Dunn">Template:Harvnb</ref> The sixth track is "Cherish". Built around the themes of love and relationship, with William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet being one of the major inspirations, the song includes a line from "Cherish" (1966) by the Association.<ref name="rikky3">Template:Harvnb</ref> The lyrics illustrate it as a simple love song, where Madonna talks about devotion and having her lover by her side, whom she would never leave.<ref name="fouz">Template:Harvnb</ref> Following "Cherish" is "Dear Jessie"; according to Rikky Rooksby, the song sounds more like a children's lullaby than a pop song.<ref name="rikky3" /> The lyrics encourage the little girl Jessie to use her imagination; it summons up a psychedelic landscape, where pink elephants roam with dancing moons and mermaids. It references fairy-tale characters and creates an image of children playing with each other.<ref name="lucy">Template:Harvnb</ref>
"Oh Father" is a baroque pop ballad that talks about Madonna's troubled relationship with her father Tony during her childhood.<ref name="rikky3" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She described it as the "second half" of True BlueTemplate:'s "Live to Tell", and is her tribute to Simon & Garfunkel.<ref name="AVClub" /> She uses a contrast of timbre, her higher smoother voice with a lower one. in the vocal bridge, Madonna talks about the realization that her father never meant to hurt her, and why she runs away.<ref name="rikky3" /> Described as Madonna's take on Sister Sledge's "We Are Family" (1979), "Keep It Together" is the other tribute to Sly and the Family Stone;<ref name="AVClub" /><ref name="FavoriteLAP" /> a funk-inspired number with doubletracked vocals on the refrain, she sings about the importance of family, and mentions that "blood is thicker than any circumstance".<ref name="AVClub" /><ref name="LAPtrackbytrack" /> "Spanish Eyes" is a slow, sombre track that features instrumentation from castanets, and revisits the Spanish vibe of 1987's "La Isla Bonita".<ref name="rikky3" /> It has been described a "cross between Ben E. King's 'Spanish Harlem' and something by Billy Joel".<ref name="metz3" /> Its lyrics are ambiguous and have been subject to various interpretations: AIDS, a Hispanic mother's lament over the death of her son due to gang violence, or someone going off to fight in a war.<ref name="LAPtrackbytrack" /><ref name="rikky3" /><ref name="LAPTelegraph" /> Closer "Act of Contrition" is an experimental song with psychedelic tones;<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> it begins with a "whispered invocation" and features distorted guitar and backward tracking of a gospel choir. It has Madonna reciting the Catholic prayer of the same name, before the vocals deteriorate into a monologue in which she grows obstreperous over being denied a restaurant reservation.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="RockLists">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Artwork and release
Template:Quote box For Like a Prayer, Madonna adopted a new image; she dyed her blonde hair dark, wore well-worn jeans, multiple rings on her fingers, garnet-encrusted crucifixes, a string of colored beads and glass gemstones around her neck.<ref name="Bego2">Template:Harvnb</ref> This new look was described as "very sixties" and a "cross between [a] gypsy and [a] hippie" by Mark Bego and Adam Sexton, respectively.<ref name="Bego2" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> It was Madonna's first studio album that didn't feature her face on the front cover.<ref name="AttitudeLAP" /> Shot by Herb Ritts, it depicts a close-up of the singer's crotch and hands; the first two buttons of her fly are undone and her fingers, adorned with rings and beads, hold down the top of her jeans.<ref name="matthew" /><ref name="LAPTelegraph" /><ref name="Bego2" /> According to O'Brien, the cover was inspired by Madonna's mother, who used to cover up her Sacred Heart statue with zip-up jeans each time a woman came to visit.<ref name="DivorceGuardian">Template:Cite web</ref> Critics have compared the artwork to that of Sticky Fingers (1971) by the Rolling Stones, which shows a close-up of a male model's crotch, and Born in the U.S.A. (1984) by Bruce Springsteen.<ref name="YahooLAP" /><ref name="FavoriteLAP" /><ref name="Bego2" /><ref name="NMELAPInfluence" /> Writing for the San Francisco Examiner, Barry Walters noted that the artwork sees Madonna "virtually exposing herself", while for AttitudeTemplate:'s Matthew Burton, "for a woman whose album and single artwork had been so inextricably linked with her face, [Like a Prayer] announced a new kind of Madonna".<ref name="LAPTelegraph" /><ref name="AttitudeLAP" /> On CD editions, the album's back cover shows a black and white image of Madonna dancing with a flowing purple chiffon top, while the photograph used on the inner sleeve shows a dark-haired Madonna in a praying pose. The vinyl editions used the "praying" picture as the back cover, and the "dancing" one on the inner sleeve.<ref name="matthew" /><ref name="AttitudeLAP">Template:Cite web</ref>
On January 24, 1989, Billboard reported that Like a Prayer would be released on February 28;<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Albany Herald, however, reported the release date would be March 15.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Billboard then informed on February 11 that the album would be sent to radios on March 17, and released four days later.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Bray told The Lewiston Journal that the public would be "very surprised" at the album's personal tone; "anyone expecting but get up and boogie will be most disappointed". There were reports that label executives were "biting their nails" at how Like a Prayer would be received, but these claims were soon refuted; "it's going to be a significant album [...] sure it's deep stuff, but it's not obscure or gratuitously arty", declared Bob Merlis, publicity chief for Warner Bros.<ref name="Release">Template:Cite journal</ref> On March 2, Spain's Cadena SER managed to play three of the album's tracks: "Like a Prayer", "Love Song", and "Act of Contrition". Rafael Revert, SER's music manager, explained that the leaks did not come from WEA.<ref name="Marketing" /> Bettina Bose, general manager to WEA Spain, revealed that SER got a reel-to-reel recording from Mexico, which was copied from a raw factory tape.<ref name="Marketing" /> A similar situation occurred in Chicago: On March 15, two days before radio distribution, Ric Lippincott from Z-95 radio station began airing the album on its entirety. Warner Bros sent the station a cease and desist and tried unsuccessfully to contact Lippincott, who revealed that he didn't think it was a legit court order, but a "strong request" from the label. The source of the leak remained unknown.<ref name=AIDS>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Like a Prayer was officially released in the US on March 21, 1989 though was released a day earlier on March 20 in Europe.<ref name="YahooLAP" /><ref name="BillboardLAP30" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Initial pressings were scented with patchouli oil to give the album a "church-type feel".<ref name="andersen" /> "[Madonna] wanted to create a flavor of the '60s and the church. She wanted to create a sensual feeling you could hear and smell", a spokesperson for Warner Bros. explained.<ref name="YahooLAP" /> The "final serious component" to the album was a factsheet about safe sex and HIV/AIDS.<ref name="matthew" /><ref name="YahooLAP" /> Noting that it is an "equal opportunity disease", and that "people with AIDS – regardless of their sexual orientation – deserve compassion and support", it marked the first time a mainstream artist had ever included AIDS-related information within a product.<ref name="matthew" /><ref name=AIDS /> AttitudeTemplate:'s Matthew Barton saw this as "further proof of Madonna's commitment to, and understanding of, LGBT issues".<ref name="AttitudeLAP" /> To commemorate the album's 30th anniversary, a "devoted playlist" was made available on March 21, 2019; it included the original track list ―with the exception of "Promise to Try" and "Act of Contrition"―, remixed versions of the singles, and the previously unreleased "Supernatural".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Promotion
To market the album, WEA spent over $2 million, their most expensive campaign up that point.<ref name="Marketing">Template:Cite journal</ref> Promotional items included different sized posters of the cover and the photograph of Madonna used on the inner sleeve, and badges depicting the logo. Three days before the official release, custom made press kits with a promotional pre-release CD were sent to the media.<ref name="Marketing" /> A patchouli-scented photograph of Madonna's bare midriff with the slogans "It Shall Be Released" and "Lead Us Into Temptation" was featured on the spread of Billboard magazine.<ref name="andersen">Template:Harvnb</ref> In August 1989, to promote Like a Prayer in Japan, Warner Music released an extended play titled Remixed Prayers, which included several remixes of "Like a Prayer" and "Express Yourself";<ref>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> it peaked at number 24 on the Oricon chart.<ref name="remixed" /> The EP was exclusively for Japan until December 1993, when it was released in Australia to coincide with Madonna's visit to the country with the Girlie Show concert tour. Remixed Prayers reached number 92 on the ARIA Albums Chart, where it was present for three weeks.<ref name="remixedAUS" />
Live performance and tour
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On September 6, 1989, Madonna opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a performance of second single "Express Yourself".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She wore an ensemble consisting of baggy pants, a bustier and a monocle, and was joined by Donna De Lory and Niki Haris.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="EYVMAsRS">Template:Cite magazineTemplate:Subscription required</ref> The number began with the singer descending from a flight of stairs; she then removes her coat to reveal the bustier and, together with Haris and De Lory, did a dance routine called voguing.<ref name="inglis">Template:Harvnb</ref> The performance received positive reviews from critics; Rolling Stone named it Madonna's best, and placed it among the best opening numbers in the show's history.<ref name="EYVMAsRS" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Author Ian Inglis singled out the "provocatively choreographed, dance production number" that went on to "highlight the 'TV' part of MTV, and in a way heralded [Madona] and the network as a cultural arbiter".<ref name="inglis" />
Like a Prayer was further promoted on 1990's Blond Ambition World Tour, Madonna's third concert tour.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Originally planned as the Like a Prayer World Tour, it kicked off on April 13 in Chiba, Japan, and concluded on August 5 in Nice, France.<ref name="People25">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The concert was divided into five different thematic segments: Metropolis, Religious, Dick Tracy, Art Deco, and finally, an encore.<ref name="People25" /> The art direction was by Madonna's brother Christopher Ciccone, while the costumes were created by French fashion designer Jean-Paul Gaultier.<ref name="Ciccone">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="People25" /> Blond Ambition was awarded "Most Creative Stage Production" award at the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards, and grossed US$62.7 million ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-year dollars).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Inflation-fn The tour was subject to controversy due to its sexual and Catholic imagery; Pope John Paul II urged the general public and the Christian community not to attend the concerts, referring to the tour as "one of the most satanic shows in the history of humanity".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Toronto, the police threatened to arrest Madonna over the performance of "Like a Virgin" (1984), which featured her simulating masturbation. Nevertheless, the show went on unaltered.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Singles
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Title track "Like a Prayer" was released as lead single on March 3, 1989.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Acclaimed by music critics, who deemed it one of Madonna's best, it became her seventh number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, remaining in that position for three consecutive weeks.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Stereogum">Template:Cite web</ref> It was a global success, reaching number one in Canada, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland.<ref name="ItalySales" /> The accompanying music video, directed by Mary Lambert, sees Madonna with stigmata on her palms, dancing in front of burning crucifixes and praying to a crying statue of a black saint, who comes to life and seduces her.<ref name="Stereogum" /> The Vatican condemned the visual, while family and religious groups protested against its broadcast.<ref name="Recreeates">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Released on May 9, second single "Express Yourself" received positive reviews from critics, who applauded its gender equality message and deemed it a hymn to freedom and encouragement to women and oppressed minorities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Commercially, the song peaked at number two on the Hot 100 and reached the first spot of the European Hot 100 Singles chart.<ref name="Madonna40Biggest">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> David Fincher directed the music video, which was inspired by the Fritz Lang classic film Metropolis (1927). With a budget of $5 million ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-year dollarsTemplate:Inflation-fn), it was the most expensive music video made up at the time. The visual shows a city full of tall skyscrapers and railway lines; Madonna plays two characters: a masculine Marlene Dietrich-like persona, and a submissive wife chained half naked to a bed.<ref name=RSVideos>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Critics noted that the video's depiction of female sexuality and Madonna's masculine image was gender-bending.<ref name="fouz26">Template:Harvnb</ref>
"Cherish" was released as Like a PrayerTemplate:'s third single on August 1, 1989.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was well received by critics, who were surprised by the change of content and the music's lighter tone in contrast to the previous singles.<ref name="LAPRollingStone" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In the United States, the single peaked at number two on the Hot 100, giving Madonna the record for the most consecutive top-five singles by any act, with 16.<ref name="Madonna40Biggest" /> "Cherish" reached the first spot of the Adult Contemporary chart.<ref name="Adult">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Herb Ritts directed the music video, which depicts the singer in a beach interacting with mermen.<ref name="detail">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Oh Father" was released on October 24.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was less successful than its predecessors, peaking at number 20 in the Hot 100 and ending Madonna's streak of 16 consecutive top five singles and 17 consecutive top ten singles.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Critics reacted positively towards the track, highlighting its confessional nature.<ref name="FavoriteLAP">Template:Cite web</ref> The music video, directed by Fincher, was reportedly inspired by Madonna's memories of her own mother's funeral and shows a little girl stepping up to view her mother's coffin only to find the dead woman's lips have been sewn shut.<ref name=RSVideos />
Released on December 4, "Dear Jessie" reached the top 5 in the United Kingdom and Ireland;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ukcharts" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it was not released in America.<ref name="retten">Template:Harvnb</ref> Critics compared the track to the work of the Beatles.<ref name="Recreeates" /><ref name="metz3" /> The music video combines live action and animation, portraying a young girl waking up in bed and interacting with fantasy characters.<ref name="metz2">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Keep It Together" was the final single from Like a Prayer, released on January 31, 1990.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Australia, it was released on March 20 as a double A side with "Vogue".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Madonna's 18th top-ten hit in the United States, breaking the record previously held by Aretha Franklin as the female solo artist with the most top-tens in history.<ref name="Madonna40Biggest" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Critical reception
Template:Music ratings Template:Music ratings Like a Prayer received universal acclaim from critics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine deemed it Madonna's "best and most consistent album", and applauded its "kaleidoscopic variety of pop styles".<ref name="AllMusicLAP">Template:Cite web</ref> Barry Walters also named it the singer's best and most consistent; the author noted the record covers "more stylistic and emotional grounds" than Madonna's previous works, and goes beyond "being merely a great assembly of future singles". Walters concluded that, unlike other records from the time, Like a Prayer "truly holds together [as an album]" by "deliberately and quite effectively juxtapos[ing] moods and messages". He ended his review on a glowing note: "[This] is the album where Madonna crossed the boundary between craft and inspiration. From the start, she's had an intuitive grasp of how to put on a good show. Now she's got the guts to show us what she has inside".<ref name="LAPTelegraph">Template:Cite news</ref> For Don McCleesee from the Chicago Sun-Times, "this is Madonna's best album, and for those who think that such an assertion is damning with faint praise, it's a very good album by the standards of any popular artist".<ref name=ChicagoSunLAP>Template:Cite journal</ref> In BillboardTemplate:'s review, Like a Prayer was named "less accessible than [Madonna's] previous efforts, but [is] ultimately her most satisfying, lyrically and musically".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In the same vein, Rikky Rooksby said it was her "most engaging [and] listenable".<ref name="rikky1">Template:Harvnb</ref> For BlenderTemplate:'s Tony Power, Like a Prayer is Madonna's "most touching, least strident record".<ref name="BlenderLAP">Template:Cite web</ref>
Daryl Easlea, author of Madonna: Blond Ambition, described it as a "personal work of great beauty, and one that delves deep into Madonna's soul. [It is] her most accomplished and audacious [album]".<ref name="Easlea2">Template:Harvnb</ref> In a similar note, J. D. Considine from Rolling Stone expressed: "Daring in its lyrics, ambitious in its sonics, this is far and away the most self-consciously serious album she's made". He went on to hail Like a Prayer, "as close to art as pop music gets [...] proof not only that Madonna should be taken seriously as an artist but that hers is one of the most compelling voices of the Eighties".<ref name="LAPRollingStone">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Slant MagazineTemplate:'s Sal Cinquemani said it was one of the "quintessential pop albums of all time", and highlighted its "sophisticated arrangements, deeply felt lyrics, and [Madonna]'s stronger, more assured vocals".<ref name="SlantLAP">Template:Cite web</ref> The staff of The New York Times noted that, "[she] has never sung with more feeling".<ref name=Bego2 /> USA TodayTemplate:'s Edna Gundersen elaborated: "Madonna's voice will never be brilliant, but she summons so much emotional intensity on Like a Prayer that the calculated come-on in Like a Virgin sounds like a disembodied chirp".<ref name=Bego2 /> In Encyclopedia Madonnica, Matthew Rettenmund singled out the "intensely personal lyrics and mature vocals".<ref name="matthew">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Writing for Billboard, Kenneth Partridge considered it Madonna's "most introspective and eclectic album to date [...] funky, poignant [...] [it's] one of her most fully realized collection of songs".<ref name="LAPtrackbytrack">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Jonathan Takiff from The Philadelphia Inquirer praised the album for being "serious and reflective, [and] at times heavily laden with psychic trauma. You might consider Like a Prayer to be [Madonna]'s Misfits... or her hour in the confessional box".<ref name="metz3">Template:Harvnb</ref> Nick Levine from Vice referred to it as the singer's "first undisputed masterpiece", that proved she was a "meaningful artist, not just an uncommonly savvy and driven pop star. She bared her navel on the album's cover, and her soul in its songs".<ref name="ViceLAP">Template:Cite web</ref> From Spin, John Leland perceived a "strong sense of independence" throughout the album, comparing its tracks to advice columns and adding: "Within [Like a Prayer] [...] there's a basic sense of triumph and self worth. [Madonna] expresses herself musically in ways that aren't commercial or what people would want from her [...] You won't find this sort of breadth in a Janet Jackson record".<ref name="Spin">Template:Cite journal</ref> Joseph Earp from Australian website Junkee compared Like a Prayer to the work of Prince; "his purple shadow is all over [...] That's not to take [it] away from Madonna, mind you. At the end of the day, this is the kind of album that only she could release — full of sweet, gasping life, from start to finish. Who else releases a record this smart?".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Maura Johnston, writing for Pitchfork, classiffied it as a "spectacular" album that proves "just how grand, artistic, and personal a pop star could be at the very height of her fame". Johnston also noted: "Like a Prayer showcase[s] her growth as a pop artist [...] [Madonna] takes more chances lyrically and musically, and while they don't always work, they do give a glimpse at her restlessness and increased willingness to take musical chances".<ref name="PitchforkReview">Template:Cite web</ref>
To the Los Angeles TimesTemplate:' Chris Willman, "her first real entry as a student in the 'confessional' school of singer/songwriters [...] Madonna's fourth is also quite a leap musically--though not always quite as great a leap as you might hope for. [...] The easy admonition of 'You can dance' has given way to 'Let the choir sing', and if [Like a Prayer] is far from a perfectly crafted transition in her development, it's a perfectly honest one".<ref name="LAPLosAngelesTimes">Template:Cite web</ref> More critical was Chaz Repak from The Cavalier Daily; he applauded the "improved" songwriting, but wasn't convinced with the idea of a "mature Madonna", concluding: "Like a Prayer constitutes [her] best work to date. But after such work as 'Material Girl', 'Burning Up' and 'Open Your Heart', that's not saying much".<ref name="Cavalier">Template:Cite journal</ref> From Spin, Christian Logan Wright felt that, "talking about stuff that doesn't sit well in pop music [...] [On Like a Prayer] your relationship to Madonna changes from to song to song, and it makes you uncomfortable. It's like sitting on a table with a friend who's telling too much about herself to people she doesn't know".<ref name="Spin" /> One negative review came from The Pittsburgh Press. Peter B. King criticized the singer's vocals, lamented the lack of "catchy" songs, and wrote: "Isn't this supposed to be Madonna's much-hyped 'confessional' album? [...] As usual with [her], Like a Prayer is a lot more image than substance [...] uninspired dance-floor fodder [...] [that] goes down like flat Pepsi".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Commercial reception
On April 8, 1989, Like a Prayer entered the Billboard 200 at number 11.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> It was Madonna's third studio album in a row to enter the top ten in just two weeks.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> On April 22, it reached the chart's first spot.<ref name="LAPHits1">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Her third consecutive number one album after Like a Virgin and True Blue, Madonna became the first artist to top the chart with three studio albums in a row since the Rolling Stones.<ref name="LAPHits1" /> It took Like a Prayer just three weeks to reach number one, compared to the five weeks for True Blue and 11 weeks for Like a Virgin.<ref name="LAPHits1" /> It spent six weeks at the top, becoming her longest-running number one album, and a total of 77 weeks on the chart.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="bb200" /> Like a Prayer was eventually certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of four million units in the US, and has sold 5 million copies as of March 2015.<ref name="riaa" /><ref name="lessentiel">Template:Cite news</ref> In Canada, Like a Prayer debuted on the eleventh spot of the RPM Albums Chart on April 1.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Almost one month later, it peaked at number two behind The Raw & the Cooked by Fine Young Cannibals.<ref name="rpmpeak" /> Like a Prayer was the fourth best-selling album of 1989 in Canada, and was certified five times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of 500,000 copies.<ref name=Canadaend>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="cria" /> It reached number one in Argentina and became one of the best-selling international albums in Brazil, with over 700,000 units sold as of October 1993.<ref name="ArgentinaPeak">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Brazil>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one on the Albums chart on April 1, 1989; it remained on this position for two weeks, and total of 73 on the chart.<ref name="ukcharts" /> It was certified four-times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 1.2 million copies and, as of June 2019, is Madonna's fourth best-seller in the country.<ref name="bpi" /><ref name="uksales">Template:Cite web</ref> Like a Prayer also topped the albums chart in France;<ref name="FranceGreece">Template:Cite journal</ref> in July 1989, it was certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipments of 300,000 copies, and once again in 2001 for shipments of 600,000 copies.<ref name=SNEP /> Across Europe, Like a Prayer topped the charts in Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland, Portugal and Spain.<ref name="FranceGreece" /> In Belgium, it ended as one of the Top 5 best-selling international albums of 1989.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In Germany, the album was certified three times gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for having shipped over 750,000 copies.<ref name="bvmi" /> Over 800,000 copies have been sold in Italy as of 2019.<ref name=ItalySales>Template:Cite web</ref> Like a Prayer reached the first spot of the European Top 100 Albums chart;<ref name="EuropeanHot100">Template:Cite journal</ref> by May 1990, it had sold 5 million copies in Europe, with 3 million of which being sold in its first four-month of release.<ref name=EuropeSales>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In Japan, Like a Prayer reached number one on the Oricon Albums Chart, and remained on the chart for 22 weeks.<ref name="Oricon">Template:Cite web</ref> At the 1990 Japan Gold Disc Awards held by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), Madonna won three awards for Best Album of the Year – Pops Solo, Grand Prix Album of the Year, and Grand Prix Artist of the Year; the last two were given for the best-selling international album and the best-selling international artist of the year, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Like a Prayer was Madonna's sixth platinum album in Hong Kong.<ref name="ifpihk" /> In Malaysia, it sold 23,000 units on its first day alone.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> With 60,000 copies sold in three months, Like a Prayer is one of WEA Singapore's all-time best-sellers.<ref name="Singapore3months">Template:Cite news</ref> In Australia, the album debuted and peaked at number four on April 2, 1989, spending a total of 49 weeks on the ARIA albums chart.<ref name="aus" /> It was the sixth best-selling album of the year, and was certified quadruple-platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 280,000 copies.<ref name=ARIAyearend>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auscert" /> In New Zealand, the album peaked at number two behind Watermark by Enya, and was certified double platinum by the Recorded Music NZ for shipments of 30,000 copies.<ref name="nz" /><ref name="scapolo" /> Like a Prayer has sold over 15 million copies worldwide.<ref name="WorldwideSales">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Legacy
Template:Quote box According to Entertainment WeeklyTemplate:'s Nicholas Fonseca, Like a Prayer marked an "official turning point" in Madonna's career, as it earned her "a long-awaited, substantive dose of critical acclaim".<ref name="EWNicholas">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Similarly, the BBC's Mark Savage noted that it was the moment when critics first begin to consider Madonna "an artist, rather than a mere pop singer",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and VH1's Christopher Rosa said the album helped the singer evolve from "bubbly pop act to a serious artist", earning universal acclaim for arguably the first time in her career.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to author Julia Holt, Like a Prayer "made [Madonna's] critics eat their words".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Kenneth G. Bielen, in The Lyrics of Civility: Biblical Images and Popular Music Lyrics in American Culture, wrote: "Five years earlier, [Madonna] was a dance-pop 'Boy-Toy'. With Like a Prayer, she proved she was an artist who could think with more than her body".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> For Annie Zaleski, it is the singer's "first truly substantial" album that separated her "chirpy club-kid days" from the "mature sounds and themes" she would go on to explore in the 1990s. She concluded that, "the album's themes of religious and sexual oppression still feel all too relevant. Madonna dictated pop's future direction while also being firmly in control of her own fortunes".<ref name="AVClub">Template:Cite web</ref> In the same vein, Thomas Harrison documented that Madonna "pushed boundaries" by addressing "uncomfortable song topics" in Like a Prayer.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Writing for The Guardian, Lucy O'Brien expressed that, by "dismantling old Catholic patriarchal messages [Madonna] created a concept album, moving from pop stardom to artistry".<ref name="DivorceGuardian" /> To the staff of The Advocate, "True Blue started changing minds about Madonna, but [Like a Prayer] confirmed [she] was here to stay".<ref name="AdvocateRanking">Template:Cite web</ref> PitchforkTemplate:'s Cameron Cook wrote that Madonna "reshaped the role of “pop star”" with Like a Prayer, also adding that it is the record where she "not only earned her crown as the Queen of Pop, but rightfully established herself as the Mother of Reinvention".<ref name="PitchforkBestOf">Template:Cite web</ref> Sal Cinquemani concluded: "By the late '80s, Madonna was already one of the biggest pop stars of all time, but with Like a Prayer, she became one of the most important".<ref name="SlantBest">Template:Cite web</ref> From NPR, Laura Rydell said the album led the way for a new generation of female pop singers to "express themselves", to which Liza Lentino from Spin added that, "[Madonna] lit a blowtorch and poured taboo-based gasoline on restrictions for women in music".<ref name="NPRBest">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SpinBeest35">Template:Cite web</ref> VH1's Christopher Rossa held that Like a Prayer was the first record to "evoke what female artists explore today: sexuality, religion, gender equality and independence".<ref name="VH1Rihanna">Template:Cite web</ref>
Writing for NME, El Hunt noted influence of Like a Prayer in the work of contemporary female artists such as Christine and the Queens, Rihanna, and Ariana Grande.<ref name="NMELAPInfluence">Template:Cite web</ref> Singer Taylor Swift stated that with the album, Madonna made "the most incredible, bold, risky, decisions as far as pop music goes", calling the title track "legitimately one of the greatest pop songs of all time".<ref>Taylor Swift: Interview, 1989. October 10, 2014. 12:44. (London) Kiss FM (UK)</ref> Rossa went on to say that, "[Like a Prayer] was pioneering, and no woman in music has come close to doing something as groundbreaking", and will always be "more influential" than other "iconic" female albums like Blackout (2007), The Fame Monster (2009), and Beyoncé (2013).<ref name="VH1Rihanna" /><ref name="RossaMillenials">Template:Cite web</ref> Nick Levine added:
"[Like a Prayer] is a rare beast: an iconic pop album that retains its ability to surprise you, using richly evocative songcraft to explore deeply personal themes—sometimes spiritual, sometimes socially conscious—from a woman's perspective. With it, Madonna had once again remodeled people's expectations of what a female pop singer could achieve. Decades before Beyoncé's Lemonade and Ariana Grande's Thank U, Next, it laid the foundation for the deeply persona pop blockbuster, auteured by a strong woman at the peak of her creative powers".<ref name="ViceLAP" />
Like a Prayer is often referred to as one of the greatest albums of the 1980s and of all time.<ref name="PitchforkBestOf" /><ref name="SlantBest" /><ref name="SpinBeest35" /><ref name="Bestof80sSlant">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="TimeLAP">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2003, Rolling Stone named it the 237th greatest of all time; nine years later, it dropped to the 239th position on the magazine's revisited list. Finally, in 2020, it was allocated at number 331.<ref>Placement of Like a Prayer on Rolling StoneTemplate:'s list:
In a 2005 poll conducted by Channel 4, Like a Prayer was voted the eight greatest album in music history.<ref name="Contact">Template:Cite web</ref> That same year, it was included among the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, where it was named the "most spectacular" pop album since the Beatles' Revolver (1966).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Time deemed it one of the 100 "greatest and most influential musical compilations since 1954".<ref name="TimeLAP" /> In 2024, Apple Music ranked Like a Prayer 77th on their 100 Best Albums list.<ref name="Apple100">Template:Cite web</ref> Like a Prayer was featured in the book Spin Alternative Record Guide, where it was given a perfect score of 10/10 by reviewer Rob Sheffield; this score is given to albums considered "unimpeachable" masterpieces or "flawed record[s] of crucial historical significance".<ref name="SPIN95">Template:Harvnb</ref> It is also considered one of the greatest albums ever made by a woman.<ref name="NPRBest" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2015, Billboard named it Madonna's best studio album that "continues to inspire decades later, and remains [her] thrilling high-water mark".<ref name=BBDRanking>Template:Cite magazine</ref> From The National, Saeed Saeed also named it the singer's best, adding that, although "[Madonna] went on to release more adventurous material, nothing beats the pure thrills found in this landmark release".<ref name="Thenationalranking">Template:Cite web</ref> Taraborrelli wrote that, "every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment", for Madonna, it was Like a Prayer.<ref name="tara89">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Track listing
All tracks are written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard, except where noted. Template:Track listing Template:Track listing
Notes<ref name="LAPliner" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
- In certain editions of the album, "Spanish Eyes" is listed as "Pray for Spanish Eyes".
- In the album's notes, "The powers that be" (Madonna and Leonard) are credited as producers of "Act of Contrition".
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.<ref name="LAPliner">Template:Cite AV media notes</ref>
Musicians Template:Div col
- Madonna – lead vocals, backing vocals, additional synthesizers
- Patrick Leonard – acoustic piano, Hammond B3 organ, clavinet, synthesizers
- Stephen Bray – synthesizers
- Jai Winding – synthesizers
- Geary Lanier – clavinet
- Prince – guitars, vocals
- Bruce Gaitsch – guitars, acoustic guitar
- Dann Huff – guitars
- Chester Kamen – guitars
- David Williams – guitars
- Russ Powell - guitars
- Marcos Loya – requinto guitar, backing vocals
- Randy Jackson – bass
- Guy Pratt – bass
- Jonathan Moffett – drums
- Jeff Porcaro – drums
- John Robinson – drums
- Luis Conte – percussion
- Paulinho da Costa – percussion
- Joe Porcaro – marimba
- Sandra Crouch – tambourine
- David Boruff – brass section
- Dick Hyde – brass section
- Chuck Findley – brass section, horn arrangements
- Steven Madaio – brass section
- Joe Mayer – French horn
- Richard Todd – French horn
- Larry Corbett – cello
- Bill Meyers – string arrangements and conductor
- Suzie Katayama – concertmaster
- The Andraé Crouch Choir – backing vocals
- Rose Banks – backing vocals
- Donna De Lory – backing vocals
- Lynne Fiddmont – backing vocals
- Niki Haris – backing vocals
- Marilyn Martin – backing vocals
- Ali Nadirah – backing vocals
Production and design Template:Div col
- Madonna – producer
- Patrick Leonard – producer
- Stephen Bray – producer
- Prince – producer
- Bill Bottrell – sound engineer, mixing
- Heidi Hanschu – sound engineer
- Eddie Miller – sound engineer
- Stephen Shelton – sound engineer
- Michael Vail Blum – additional engineer
- Stacy Baird – assistant engineer
- Robert Salcedo – assistant engineer
- Joe Schiff – assistant engineer
- Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk (New York City, New York)
- John Good – drum technician
- Harry McCarthy – drum technician
- Ivy Skoff – production coordinator
- Herb Ritts – photography
- Jeri Heiden – art direction
- Margo Chase – logo design
- Freddy DeMann – management
- Melissa Crow – management
- Elisa Lane – management
Charts
Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2
Weekly charts
| Chart (1989) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Argentine Albums (CAPIF)<ref name="ArgentinaPeak" /> | 1 |
| Belgian Albums (IFPI – SIBESA)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| Brazil Albums<ref name="Brazil" /> | 3 |
| Canadian Albums (The Record)<ref name="Record">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | 1 |
| Danish Albums (IFPI)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| European Top 100 Albums (Music & Media)<ref name="EuropeanHot100" /> | 1 |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| French Albums (SNEP)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| Greek Albums (IFPI Greece)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| Icelandic Albums (Tónlist)<ref name="Iceland">Template:Cite web</ref> | 1 |
| Irish Albums (IFPI)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 2 |
| Italian Albums (Musica e dischi)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon)<ref name="Oricon" /> | 1 |
| Portuguese Albums (AFP)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)<ref name="FranceGreece" /> | 1 |
| Chart (1995) | Peak position |
|---|
| Chart (2021–2024) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Croatian International Albums (HDU)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 10 |
| Chart (1989–1993) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref name="remixedAUS">Template:Cite Ryan</ref> | 92 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon)<ref name="remixed">Template:Cite web</ref> | 24 |
Year-end charts
| Chart (1989) | Position |
|---|---|
| Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref name=ARIAyearend /> | 6 |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 7 |
| Belgian Albums (IFPI – SIBESA)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 4 |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)<ref name=Canadaend /> | 4 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 7 |
| European Top 100 Albums (Music & Media)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 4 |
| French Albums (SNEP)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 19 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 5 |
| Italian Albums (Musica e dischi)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 5 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 25 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 14 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)<ref name="NO">Template:Cite web</ref> | 10 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)<ref name="spain">Template:Cite book</ref> | 3 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 5 |
| UK Albums (OCC)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 9 |
| US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> | 12 |
| Chart (1990) | Position |
|---|---|
| US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> | 94 |
Certifications and sales
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See also
- List of best-selling albums by women
- List of best-selling albums in Brazil
- List of best-selling albums in Europe
- List of best-selling albums in Turkey
- List of Australian chart achievements and milestones
- List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1989
- List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s
- List of number-one hits of 1989 (Germany)
References
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- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External links
- Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments
- Pages with broken file links
- 1989 albums
- Albums produced by Patrick Leonard
- Albums produced by Stephen Bray
- Albums produced by Prince (musician)
- Albums produced by Madonna
- Madonna albums
- Sire Records albums
- Warner Records albums
- Albums recorded at United Western Recorders
- 1980s concept albums