Lillian Ngoyi

File:Lillian Ngoyi Avalon.jpg

Grave of Lilian Ngoyi in the Avalon Cemetery

Lilian Masediba Matabane Ngoyi, "Ma Ngoyi", OMSG (25 September 1911 – 13 March 1980) was a South African anti-apartheid activist.<ref name=LillianNgoyiChrisVanWyk> Template:Cite book </ref><ref name=iol2004-11-16>Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=SAinfo2005-05-20>Template:Cite news

</ref><ref name=":3"> Template:Cite news </ref> She was the first woman elected to the executive committee of the African National Congress, and helped launch the Federation of South African Women.

Prior to becoming a machinist at a textile mill, where she was employed from 1945 to 1956, Ngoyi enrolled to become a nurse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1962, she was given her first banning order and would not be permitted to leave her house in Orlando, Soweto for the rest of her life, except for a three year period from 1972-1975.

Early life

Ngoyi was born in Bleared Street, Pretoria.<ref name="Penguin Random House South Africa">Template:Cite book</ref> She was the only daughter of Annie and Isaac Matabane, and three brothers, Lawrence, George and Percy. Her grandfather, on her mother's side, was Johannes Mphahlele, a member of the royal Mphahlele household, who became a Methodist evangelist, working alongside Samuel Mathabathe. Ngoyi's mother worked as a washerwoman and her father was a mineworker.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ngoyi attended Kilnerton Primary School<ref name=":0" /> until Standard Two.

In 1928, she moved to Johannesburg to train as a nurse at City Deep Mine Hospital, and completed three years of training in general nursing.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> During this time, she met and married a van driver, John Gerard Ngoyi, in 1934.<ref name="Penguin Random House South Africa"/> They had a daughter, Edith Ngoyi.<ref name=":2" /> Lilian's husband died in a motor car accident in 1937, after which she became a seamstress, working both from home and in garment factories at various times.<ref name=":2" /> From the 1950s onwards, she lived in Orlando, Soweto, with her mother and her children.<ref name=":2" />

Political activism

Having been drawn into politics via her work in the Garment Workers' Union of South Africa in the 1940s,<ref name=":2" /> Ngoyi first joined the African National Congress (ANC) as an associate member during the 1950 Defiance Campaign, and would be arrested for using post office facilities reserved for white people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ngoyi would train in the non-violent protest strategies of Satyagraha to resist the Urban Area's Act, and the expanded pass system of the Natives Act.<ref name=":3" /> Ngoyi joined the ANC Women's League in 1952; she was at that stage a widow with children and an elderly mother to support, and worked as a seamstress.<ref name=":2" /> A year later she was elected as President of the Women's League. In 1954, she helped to found the Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) and was elected to the national executive of the ANC; she was the first woman to be elected to national office in the organisation.<ref name=":2" />

On 9 August 1956, Ngoyi led a women's march along with Helen Joseph, Rahima Moosa, Sophia De Bruyn, Motlalepula Chabaku, Bertha Gxowa and Albertina Sisulu of 20,000 women to the Union Buildings of Pretoria in protest against the apartheid government requiring women to carry passbooks as part of the pass laws. Ngoyi would command the crowd to be in complete silence for 30 minutes. This march remains the largest women's demonstration in the history of South Africa.<ref name=":3" />

Lilian Ngoyi was also a transnational figure who recognised the potential influence that international support could have on the struggle against apartheid and the emancipation of black women. With this in mind she had, in 1955, embarked on an illegal journey to Lausanne, Switzerland, in order to participate in the World Congress of Mothers held by the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). Accompanied by her fellow activist Dora Tamana, and as an official delegate of FEDSAW, she embarked on a journey that would see an attempt to stow away on a boat leaving Cape Town under "white names",<ref name=":0" /> defy (with the help of a sympathetic pilot) segregated seating on a plane bound for London and gain entry to Britain under the pretext of completing her course in Bible studies. She would visit England, Germany, Switzerland, Romania, China and Russia, meeting women leaders often engaged in left-wing politics, before arriving back in South Africa a wanted woman.<ref> Template:Cite news

</ref>

Ngoyi would periodically lead ANC rallies against passes and on larger protests of issues in Pretoria. Ngoyi would continue to unite women, leading the third FSW conference in 1961, telling the women that "Freedom does not come walking towards you - it must be won. As women we must go on playing our part."<ref name=":3" />

File:Lilian Ngoyi gives an oration at Ida Mntwana's funeral.jpg

Lilian Ngoyi gives an oration at Ida Mntwana's funeral

Ngoyi was known as a strong orator and a fiery inspiration to many of her colleagues in the ANC. She was among the 156 Treason Trialists arrested in December 1956,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was finally acquitted of the charges against her in 1960. She was rearrested more than once in the early 1960s, and spent 71 days in solitary confinement in 1963.<ref name=":1" /> Ngoyi spent a total of 15 years living under three five-year banning orders,<ref name=":1" /> which included restrictions that confined her to her home in Orlando, Soweto, and prevented her from meeting any other banned persons.<ref name=":1" /> Additional conditions of the banning orders included being forbidden to attend public gatherings, make speeches or be quoted; even at her own home, she was not permitted to be with more than one person at the same time.<ref name=":2" /> The first two banning orders were imposed in 1962 and 1967, and when the second banning order expired in 1972, she was able to meet colleagues and friends again, and travelled to Durban and Cape Town.<ref name=":2" /> She would travel to Robben Island to visit ANC contemporary Nelson Mandela in prison, where Mandela would commend her leadership in various organisations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1975, a banning order against her was imposed again; however, this time its conditions did allow her some communication with the outside world.<ref name=":2" /> In the last decade of Ngoyi’s life, she would have to depend on gifts from friends and contemporaries to survive.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Memorials and honours

The Koos Beukes Clinic at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto has been renamed Lilian Ngoyi Community Clinic in her honour.

On 16 November 2004, the South African Ministry of the Environment launched the lead ship in a class of environmental patrol vessels named Template:Ship in her honour.<ref name=iol2004-11-16/><ref name=SAinfo2005-05-20/>

On 9 August 2006, the 50th anniversary of the march on Pretoria, Strijdom Square from which the women marched was renamed Lilian Ngoyi Square.<ref>Template:Cite news

</ref> 9 August is commemorated in South Africa as Women's Day.

In 2009, a residence hall at Rhodes University was renamed in her honour.<ref name="Lilian Ngoyi Hall, End of Year Report 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2012, Van der Walt Street in Pretoria was renamed Lilian Ngoyi Street. Other roads in Cape Town, Thembisa, Berea, Durban, and Hartbeesfontein have been named in her honour.

The City of Johannesburg decided to honour Mme Lilian Masediba Ngoyi by renaming the Bree Street in Johannesburg after her in 2014 – the street named Lilian Ngoyi Street.

External links

• ANC historical documents
• Bernstein, Hilda, 1975. For Their Triumphs and for Their Tears – Women in Apartheid South Africa, International Defence & Aid Fund, London, United Kingdom.ok
• "Women's Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa" Template:Webarchive, About.com
• Women's Day March – 9 August 1956