Linton Kwesi Johnson

Linton Kwesi Johnson CD (born 24 August 1952), also known as LKJ, is a Jamaica-born, British-based dub poet and activist. In 2002, he became the second living poet, and the only black one, to be published in the Penguin Modern Classics series.<ref name=Jaggi>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His performance poetry involves the recitation of his own verse in Jamaican patois over dub-reggae, usually written in collaboration with reggae producer/artist Dennis Bovell.

Early life

Johnson was born in Chapelton, a small town in the rural parish of Clarendon, Jamaica. His middle name, "Kwesi", is a Ghanaian name that is given to boys who, like Johnson, are born on a Sunday.<ref name=Jaggi /> In 1963 he and his father came to live in Brixton, London, joining his mother, who had immigrated to Britain as part of the Windrush generation shortly before Jamaican independence in 1962.<ref name=Jaggi /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Johnson attended Tulse Hill School in Lambeth. While still at school he joined the British Black Panther Movement,<ref name="contemporarywriters">Template:Cite web</ref> helped to organise a poetry workshop within the movement, and developed his work with Rasta Love, a group of poets and drummers.

Johnson studied sociology at Goldsmiths College in New Cross, London, graduating in 1973.<ref name="Larkin">Larkin, Colin (1998), The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae, Virgin Books, Template:ISBN, pp. 147–148.</ref> Speaking in a 2018 interview about his start as a poet, he said: "I began to write verse, not only because I liked it, but because it was a way of expressing the anger, the passion of the youth of my generation in terms of our struggle against racial oppression. Poetry was a cultural weapon in the black liberation struggle, so that's how it began."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the early to mid-1970s he was employed as the first paid library resources and education officer at the Keskidee Centre,<ref>Paul Harper, "Islington’s Black History Month celebrates Keskidee Centre", Islington Gazette, 1 October 2011.</ref><ref>"Archive Showcase: June", George Padmore Institute, 13 June 2013.</ref> where his poem Voices of the living and the dead was staged, produced by Jamaican novelist Lindsay Barrett, with music by the reggae group Rasta Love. Johnson has recalled: "it was fantastic, you know, having written something and having it staged with actors and musicians. That was back in 1973 before I had a poem published anywhere. That was before anyone had ever heard of Linton Kwesi Johnson."<ref>"The Keskidee Centre (produced for" Islington as a Place of Refuge" online tour), Friends of Islington Museum.</ref>

Johnson wrote for New Musical Express, Melody Maker, and Black Music in the 1970s.<ref name="Larkin" /> As a freelancer for Virgin Records he wrote biographies for their reggae artists, sleeve notes and copy for adverts.<ref name=Beezmohun />

Career

Poetry

Johnson at Coachella, 2008

Most of Johnson's poetry is political, dealing mainly with the experiences of being an African-Caribbean in Britain: "Writing was a political act and poetry was a cultural weapon...",<ref name="Guardian08mar08">Template:Cite news </ref><ref name="Sarikaya 2011 161–175">Template:Cite journal</ref> he told an interviewer in 2008. However, he has also written about other issues, such as British foreign policy and the death of anti-racist marcher Blair Peach. Johnson wrote "Reggae fi Dada" on the death of his father in 1982, blaming social conditions.<ref name=Jaggi /> His most celebrated poems were written during the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The poems contain graphic accounts of the racist police brutality occurring at the time (cf. "Sonny's Lettah"). Johnson's poetry makes clever use of the unstandardised transcription of Jamaican patois.

Johnson's poems first appeared in the journal Race Today, which published his first collection of poetry, Voices of the Living and the Dead, in 1974.<ref name="Larkin" /> Dread Beat An' Blood, his second collection, was published in 1975 by Bogle-L'Ouverture.<ref name=contemporarywriters/>

A collection of his poems has been published as Mi Revalueshanary Fren by Penguin Modern Classics. Johnson is one of only three living poets to be published by Penguin Modern Classics.

Essays

Johnson's essays, spanning 50 years (1976–2021),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> are collected in the volume Time Come (Picador, 2023). As described by Colin Grant, "The writing is often flinty and flecked with passion; taut and reasoned, but on the edge of fury. ...the grace and power of LKJ's writing are as necessary as ever."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Reviewing it in the Sunday Times, Tomiwa Owolade concludes: "this volume emphasises the fact that Johnson is a dedicated cultural critic rather than simply an activist who happens to write dub poetry."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Sarikaya 2011 161–175"/>

Music

Johnson on stage in Cardiff, 1980

Johnson's best-known albums include his debut Dread Beat an' Blood (1978), Forces of Victory (1979), Bass Culture (1980), LKJ in Dub (1980), and Making History (1983). Across them are spread classics of the dub poetry school of performance – and of reggae itself – such as "Dread Beat An' Blood", "Sonny's Lettah", "Inglan Is A Bitch", "Independent Intavenshan" and "All Wi Doin Is Defendin". His poem "Di Great Insohreckshan" is his response to the 1981 Brixton riots.<ref name=Guardian08mar08/> The work was the subject of a BBC Radio 4 programme in 2007.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Johnson's work, allied to the Jamaican "toasting" tradition, is regarded as an essential precursor of rap.Template:Citation needed

Johnson's record label LKJ Records, launched in 1981,<ref>"Linton Kwesi Johnson", The Poetry Archive.</ref> is home to other reggae artists, some of whom made up the Dub Band, with whom Johnson mostly recorded, and other dub poets, such as Jean "Binta" Breeze. Past releases on the label include recordings by Mikey Smith.<ref name="Larkin" />

Awards and honours

Linton Kwesi Johnson in concert in Brussels, 2017

Johnson received a C. Day-Lewis Fellowship in 1977, and that year became writer-in-residence for the London Borough of Lambeth.<ref name=Beezmohun>Sharmilla Beezmohun, "Linton Kwesi Johnson", Enciclopedia de Estudios Afroeuropeos.</ref> He was made an Associate Fellow of Warwick University in 1985 and an Honorary Fellow of Wolverhampton Polytechnic in 1987, and in 1990 received an award at the XIII Premio Internazionale Ultimo Novecento from the city of Pisa for his contribution to poetry and popular music.<ref name=BFA>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1998 he was awarded the Premio Piero Ciampi Citta di Livorno Concorso Musicale Nazionale in Italy.<ref name=BFA />

In 2003, Johnson was given an honorary fellowship at his alma mater, Goldsmiths College, University of London. In 2004 he became an Honorary Visiting professor of Middlesex University in London. In 2005 he was awarded a silver Musgrave Medal from the Institute of Jamaica for distinguished eminence in the field of poetry.<ref name=contemporarywriters/> In 2012, he was awarded the Golden PEN Award by English PEN for "a Lifetime's Distinguished Service to Literature".<ref name=flood2012>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Sarah Morrison, "Linton Kwesi Johnson: 'Class-ridden? Yes, but this is still home'", The Independent, 2 December 2012.</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He is a Trustee of the George Padmore Institute (GPI),<ref>"Linton Kwesi Johnson", George Padmore Institute.</ref> and is a contributor to the GPI's collection of dialogues Changing Britannia: Life Experience With Britain, edited by Roxy Harris and Sarah White (New Beacon Books, 1999).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In August 2014, it was announced that he would receive the Jamaican national honour of the Order of Distinction, Commander Class, in October that year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 20 April 2017 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt.) by Rhodes University in South Africa.<ref>[The time has finally come for LKJ in prose https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/2023-08-01-the-time-has-finally-come-for-lkj-in-prose/], Mail & Guardian, 1 August 2023</ref>

In July 2020, Johnson was awarded the PEN Pinter Prize – established in Harold Pinter's name to defend freedom of expression and celebrate literature – for his commitment to political expression in his work.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Announcing the award, the judges described Johnson as "a living legend", "a poet, reggae icon, academic and campaigner, whose impact on the cultural landscape over the last half century has been colossal and multi-generational.... His political ferocity and his tireless scrutiny of history are truly Pinteresque, as is the humour with which he pursues them."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Receiving the award at a live online event hosted by the British Library in October 2020, Johnson named Eritrean poet, poet, songwriter and journalist Amanuel Asrat as the "International Writer of Courage" with whom he would share the prize.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Johnson is chair of 198 Contemporary Arts and Learning, an art gallery and learning institution in Brixton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bibliography

• Voices of the Living and the Dead – Creation for Liberation, 1974, Template:ISBN
• Dread Beat An' Blood – Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, 1975, Template:ISBN
• Inglan is a Bitch – Race Today, 1980, Template:ISBN
• Tings An' Times – Bloodaxe Books, 1991, Template:ISBN
• Mi Revalueshanary Fren: Selected Poems – Penguin Modern Classics, 2002; 2006, Template:ISBN
• Time Come: Selected Prose – Picador, 2023, Template:ISBN

Discography

• Dread Beat an' Blood – Virgin, 1978 (as Poet and the Roots)
• Forces of Victory – Island, 1979
• Bass Culture – Island, 1980
• The Best of Linton Kwesi Johnson – Epic, 1980 (compilation)
• LKJ in Dub – Island, 1980
• Making History – Island, 1983
• Reggae Greats – Mango, 1984 (compilation)
• In Concert with the Dub Band – LKJ Records, 1985
• Dub Poetry – Mango, 1985 (compilation)
• Tings an' Times – LKJ Records, 1991
• LKJ in Dub: Volume 2 – LKJ Records, 1992
• LKJ Presents – LKJ Records, 1996
• A Cappella Live – LKJ Records, 1996
• More Time – LKJ Records, 1998
• Independant Intavenshan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> – Island, 1998 (compilation of the complete Island albums)
• LKJ in Dub: Volume 3 – LKJ Records, 2002
• Straight to Inglan's Head – Universal, 2003 (compilation)
• Live in Paris – Wrasse, 2004

External links

• LKJ Records – News, releases, tour dates, etc.
• Template:British council includes a "Critical Perspective" section
• Spike Magazine interview
• Interview with Yuri Prasad in Socialist Review (2002)
• "Linton Kwesi Johnson", The Poetry Archive
• "Linton Kwesi Johnson performs If I Woz a Tap Natch Poet", The Guardian, 11 December 2008.
• Discography at Discogs
• "Poetic justice: black lives and the power of poetry", The Observer, 28 June 2020.