List of English words of Old Norse origin
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:SpecialChars Template:Old Norse topics Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw). Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as egg or knife. There are hundreds of such words, and the list below does not aim at completeness.
To be distinguished from loan words which date back to the Old English period are modern Old Norse loans originating in the context of Old Norse philology, such as kenning (1871),Template:Efn and loans from modern Icelandic (such as geyser, 1781). Yet another class comprises loans from Old Norse into Old French, which via Anglo-Norman were then indirectly loaned into Middle English; an example is flâneur, via French from the Old Norse verb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to wander aimlessly".
A
- ado
- influenced by Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("to", infinitive marker) which was used with English "do" in certain English dialects<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("=in, on, to") + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("=air, atmosphere, sky, heaven, upper floor, loft")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- English provenance = c 1200 AD
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("=trouble, affliction"); root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="strait, straitened, troubled")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- English provenance = c 1250 AD
- are
- merger of Old English ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Old Norse ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) cognates<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- auk
- A type of Arctic seabird.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("=terror")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- English provenance = c 1205 AD (as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, an early form of the word resulting from the influence of Old Norse on an existing Anglo-Saxon form, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
- awesome
- From the same Norse root as "awe".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- awful
- From the same Norse root as "awe".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- awkward
- the first element is from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("=turned-backward"), the '-ward' part is from Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- awn
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- axle
- May be a combination of Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="axis")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
B
- bag
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bait
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- band
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="rope")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bank (geography)
- from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Old Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="sandbank").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bark
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bash
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to strike")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bask
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} reflex. of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "bathe" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bat (animal)
- probably related to Old Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Old Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "night bat," and Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "bat," literally "leather flapper".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- berserk
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, lit. 'bear-shirt', (alt. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'bare-shirt') frenzied warriors<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
- billow
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- birth
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- blather
- Probably from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="mutter, wag the tongue")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bleak
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="pale")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- blend
- Possibly from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to mix")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- blister
- From a Scandinavian source via Old French<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bloat
- From a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="soaked, soft from being cooked in liquid")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bloom
- "blossom of a plant," c. 1200, a northern word, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "flower, blossom".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- blunder
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shut one's eye")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- boast
- Probably from a Scandinavian source via Anglo-French<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bole
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="tree trunk")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- both
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- boon
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a petition, prayer")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- booth
- From Old Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="temporary dwelling"), from East Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to dwell")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- boulder
- from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish dialectal {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "noisy stone" (large stone in a stream, causing water to roar around it), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to roar" + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "stone".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- brink
- Possibly related to Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="steepness, shore, bank, grassy edge")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- brisket
- perhaps from Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, with identical sense of the English word, or from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "gristle, cartilage" (related to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "breast") or Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- brunt
- Likely from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="sexual heat") or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} =("to advance like wildfire")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bulk
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bull
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bump
- Perhaps from Scandinavian, probably echoic<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bunker
- possibly from a Scandinavian source such as bunke "boards used to protect the cargo of a ship"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bur
- From a Scandinavian source related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bristle")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- bylaw
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('by'=village; 'lög'=law; 'village-law')<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
C
- cake
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cake")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- call
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cry loudly")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- cart
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or a similar Scandinavian source<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- cast
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to throw")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- chubby
- Perhaps influenced by Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "log", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "stumpy".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- clip
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to cut")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- club
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cudgel")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- clumsy
- From a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="make speechless, palsy; prevent from speaking")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- cog
- Probably a Scandinavian borrowing, related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- cozy
- Likely of Scandinavian origin via Scots, perhaps related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crawl
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to claw")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- craze
- Possibly from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shatter") via Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- creek
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("corner, nook") through ME {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("narrow inlet in a coastline") altered from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} perhaps influenced by Anglo-Norman {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} itself from a Scandinavian source via Norman-French<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crochet
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hook" via French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "small hook; canine tooth"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crocket
- from the same Norse root as "crochet" via French.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crook
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="hook-shaped instrument or weapon")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crotch
- from Old North French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "shepherd's crook," variant of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hook," from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hook".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crotchet, crotchety
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hook" via Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crouch
- from the same Norse root as "crochet" via French.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- cur
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to growl")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- cut
- Possibly from North Germanic *kut-<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
D
- dangle
- Probably from Scandinavian, related to Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to swing about") and Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- dank
- Related to Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="moist place") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to moisten")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- dash, dashing
- Probably from a Scandinavian source (compare Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to beat, strike")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- dastard, dastardly
- Probably from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "dazed," past participle of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to daze" or the equivalent past participle in Old Norse + deprecatory suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- die
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="pass away")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- ding
- The meaning "to deal heavy blows" is c. 1300, probably from Old Norse dengja "to hammer," and is probably ultimately imitative.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- dirt
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="feces")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- down (feathers)
- "first feathers of a baby bird; soft covering of fowls under the feathers, the under-plumage of birds," used for stuffing pillows and feather-beds, mid-14c., from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is of uncertain origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- doze
- Probably from a Scandinavian source (compare Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to doze," Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to make dull," Swedish dialectal {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to sleep").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- dregs
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="sediment")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- droop
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to drop, sink, hang (the head)")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- dump
- Possibly related to Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="fall hard"), Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to fall suddenly"), and Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to beat"). Not found in Old English. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
E
- egg
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="egg")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- eider
- a type of duck.
- equip, equipment
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="organize, arrange, place in order") through Middle French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "fit out a ship, load on board",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> itself from Norman-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Elisabeth Ridel, Les Vikings et les mots : L'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, Paris, 2009, p. 198.</ref>
F
- fell (geography)
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "mountain"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fellow
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- filly
- Possibly from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, fem. of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="foal")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fir
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "fir" or Old Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- firth
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} via Scottish<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fjord
- From Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="an inlet, estuary")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- flag
- Probably from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to flicker, flutter, hang loose")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- flaneur
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("to wander aimlessly") + French suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} through (19th cent.) French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, itself from Norman-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto">Elisabeth Ridel, Les Vikings et les mots : L'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, Paris, 2009.</ref>
- flat
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- flaunt
- Related to Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="loosely, flutteringly") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to waver")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- flaw
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="stone slab, layer of stone")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fleck
- Probably from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to spot, stain, cover with spots")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fling
- Probably from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- flit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cause to fit")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- floe
- From Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="layer, slab") from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- flounder
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} via Anglo-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fluster
- Probably from a Scandinavian source related to Icelandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="fluster")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fog
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} through Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "spray", "shower", "snowdrift"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fond
- uncertain but perhaps from Scandinavian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fro
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="from)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- freckle
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="freckles")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- fun
- from the same source as "fond"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
G
- gab
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to mock") through Northern England dialect, Scottish or Norman-French<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Elisabeth Ridel, Les Vikings et les mots : L'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, Paris, 2009, pp. 213–214.</ref>
- gable
- from Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "facade, front, gable," from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "gable, gable-end" (in north of England, the word probably is directly from Norse).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gad
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="spike, nail")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gag
- Perhaps influenced by Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="with head thrown back") <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gain
- from Germanic and from Old Norse via Old French.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gait
- Related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="way, road, path")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gale
- Perhaps from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="breeze") or Old Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bad, furious")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gang
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="act of going, a group of men")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gap
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="chasm")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gape
- From an unrecorded English word or from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to open the mouth wide, gape")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gasp
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to yawn")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gaunt
- Perhaps from a Scandinavian source<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gawk
- from Middle English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to heed")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gear
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="apparel, gear")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- geld
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to castrate")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gelding
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="wether; eunuch")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- get
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (got), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (gotten)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- geyser
- from Icelandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to gush")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gift
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="dowry")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gill
- Possibly related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- girth
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="circumference, cinch")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- give
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to give")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- glitter
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to glitter")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gloat
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to grin, smile scornfully and show the teeth")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gosling
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="goose")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- grovel
- Shakespearean term originating from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- guest
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="guest")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gun
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (female name, both elements of the name, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, have the meaning "war, battle")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- gust
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="gust")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
H
- haggle
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to chop")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- hail
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="health, prosperity, good luck")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- hank
- Probably from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a hank, coil")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- harness
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="provisions for an army") via Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- harsh
- probably from Middle English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rough, coarse, sour" (c. 1300), a northern word of Scandinavian origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- haunt
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to bring back home") through Anglo-Norman {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to reside", "to frequent"), (Old) French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from Norman {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Elisabeth Ridel, Les Vikings et les mots : L'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, Paris, 2009, pp. 222–223.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- haven
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="haven, harbor")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- hit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to find")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- how (or howe)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="barrow, small hill") Usage preserved mainly in place names<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- husband
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="master of the house")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- hug
- Possibly from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to comfort")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
I
- ill
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bad")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- irk
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to work")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
J
- jökulhlaup
- from Icelandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
- jarl
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
K
- kedge
- Probably from a Scandinavian source or related to "cadge"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- keg
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="keg, cask")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- keel
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- kenning
- a descriptive phrase used in Germanic poetry, a modern learned word from Old Norse kenning in a special sense.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- kick
- Of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bend backwards, sink at the knees")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- kid
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="young goat")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- kidnap
- From kid + a variant of nab, both of which are of Scandinavian origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- kilt
- From Middle English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from a Scandinavian source<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- kindle
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- knife
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
L
- lad
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="young man (unlikely)")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lag
- Possibly from a Scandinavian source, related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="go slowly")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lass
- From a Scandinavian source related to Old Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="unmarried woman") or Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="idle, weak")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lathe
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to load")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- law
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- leg
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lemming
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} via Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lift
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to raise")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- likely
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- link
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- litmus
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="lichen for dyeing", lita ="to stain")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- loan
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to lend")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- loft
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="an upper room or floor : attic, air, sky")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- loose
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="loose/free")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lope
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to run, leap, spring up")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- low
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- lug
- From Scandinavian, related to Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to pull by the hair")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
M
- meek
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (='soft, pliant, gentle')<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- midden
- Of Scandinavian origin, related to Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- mink
- From a Scandinavian source, related to Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a stinking animal in Finland")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- mire
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (='bog')<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- mistake
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="miscarry")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- mold (fungus)
- related to Old Norse mygla "grow moldy"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- muck
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cow dung")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- mug
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- muggy
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="drizzle, mist")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
N
- nab
- Probably a variant of dialectal nap "to seize, catch, lay hold of", which possibly is from Scandinavian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- nag
- Probably ultimately from a Scandinavian source, related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to complain," literally "to bite, gnaw")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- narwhal
- From Danish and Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, probably a metathesis of Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally "corpse-whale," from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "corpse"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- nasty
- Likely related to Swedish dialectal and Danish naskug, nasket "dirty, nasty".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- nay, naysayer
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- niggard, niggardly
- Perhaps from a Scandinavian source related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, possibly via French<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Norman, Normandy
- from Old Norse through Old French, meaning "northman", due to Viking settlement in Normandy region<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- nudge
- Perhaps from Scandinavian, related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to jostle, rub") and Icelandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to rub, massage")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
O
- oaf
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="elf")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- odd
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="third number", "the casting vote")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- ombudsman
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} through Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "commissary", "representative", "steward"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- outlaw
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
P
- peen
- Probably from a Scandinavian source, related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Old Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- prod
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shaft, spike")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Q
- queasy
- Possibly from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a boil") (Middle English Compendium compares Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "bowel pains").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
R
- race
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to race", "to run", "to rush", "to move swift")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- raft
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="log")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rag
- Probably from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shaggy tuft, rough hair")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- ragged
- Related to "rag", perhaps from or reinforced by Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shaggy").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- ragtag
- From rag + tag, both component words being of Scandinavian origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- raise
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- ransack
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to search the house")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- reef
- Likely from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="ridge in the sea; reef in a sail") via Dutch {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- regret
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("to weep, groan") + French prefix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} through Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, itself from Old Norman-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, influenced by Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
- reindeer
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rid
- Possibly from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to clear (land) of obstructions")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rift
- Related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (=""to tear apart, break a contract")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rig
- Probably from a Scandinavian source. May be related to Danish/Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to equip") and Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to rig, harness")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rive
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to scratch, plow, tear")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
- root
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rotten
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="decayed")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rug
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shaggy tuft")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rugged
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shaggy tuft")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- rump
- From a Scandinavian source related to Danish/Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
S
- saga
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="story, tale")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sale
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- same
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="same")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scale
- (for weighing) from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bowl, drinking cup", or in plural "weighing scale" referring to the cup or pan part of a balance) in early English used to mean "cup"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scalp
- From a Scandinavian source related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a bald head") or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="sheath, scabbard")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scant
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="short, lacking")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scare
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to frighten)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scarf
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="fastening joint") ("scarf" and "scarves" have possibly been reintroduced to modern SwedishTemplate:Citation needed in their English forms as slang, but Swedes almost always use the compound "neck-cloth" (hals-duk).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scathe
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to hurt, injure")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scoff
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="mockery, ridicule")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scofflaw
- From scoff + law, both of which are of Old Norse origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scold
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="poet")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scorch
- Perhaps from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to be shriveled"). It was previously thought to be from Old French, but this is now considered unlikely.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- score
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="notch"; "twenty")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scowl
- Probably from a Scandinavian source, related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="look furtively, squint, look embarrassed") and Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to scowl, cast down the eyes")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scrag
- Related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "a lean person;" dialectal Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "a great, dry tree; a long, lean man," {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "old and torn thing," Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hull of a ship; carcass," Icelandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a nickname of the fox<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scrap
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="scraps, trifles") from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scrape
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to scrape, erase")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scrawny
- Of uncertain origin but probably from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to shrivel")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scree
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="landslide")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- scuff, scuffle
- Probably from a Scandinavian source related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to shove, push aside"), via Scottish<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- seat
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="seat, position")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- seem
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to conform")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- shrimp
- Probably from or related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="thin person")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- shrivel
- Perhaps from a Scandinavian source and related to Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to wrinkle, to shrivel")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- shrug
- perhaps connected to Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to stoop, crouch."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- silt
- Probably from a Scandinavian source, related to Norwegian and Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="salt marsh") and Old Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="mud")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skate
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="fish")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skeet
- ultimately from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to shoot")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skerry
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skewer
- Possibly from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a cut, slice")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- ski
- From Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="long snowshoe")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skid
- Probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="stick of wood")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skill
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="distinction")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skin
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="animal hide")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skip
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to skip, run)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skit
- Perhaps ultimately from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to shoot, move quickly")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skitter, skittish
- Perhaps relate to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skirt
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="shirt")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skive
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to cut, split")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skrike
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to scream")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skua
- from Faroese {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="seagull, tuft, tassel"), and possibly to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="fox's tail").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skull
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="head")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sky
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cloud")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- skyscraper
- From sky + scrape, both of which originate from Old Norse<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slam
- From a Scandinavian source, ultimately of imitative origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slant
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to throw carelessly")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slaughter
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="butchering")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slaver
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="slaver")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sledge
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="sledgehammer")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sleight
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sleuth
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="trail")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slight
- Probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="smooth, sleek")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sling
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slob
- From a Scandinavian source via Irish<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slot
- Perhaps from Old Norse sloð "trail" via Old French esclot "hoofprint of a deer or horse".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slouch
- Related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("lazy fellow")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slump
- Probably from a Scandinavian source such as Norwegian and Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="fall upon,") Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; perhaps ultimately of imitative origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- slush
- Perhaps from a Scandinavian source, related to Norwegian and Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="slushy ground")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sly
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cunning, crafty, sly")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- smithy
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- snag
- From a Scandinavian source, related Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="clothes peg")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- snare
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="noose, snare")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- snape
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to outrage, dishonor, disgrace")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- snipe
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sniper
- From English snipe, which was derived from Old Norse<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- snub
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to curse")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- snug, snuggle
- Perhaps from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="short-haired")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- spike
- perhaps from or related to a Scandinavian word, such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "splinter," Middle Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "nail".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sprint
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to jump up")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- squabble
- probably from a Scandinavian source and of imitative origin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- squall
- Probably from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to cry out")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- stack
- From a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="haystack")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- stagger
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to push")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- stain
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to paint")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- steak
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to fry")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- stern (nautical)
- probably from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "a steering," related to or derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to guide".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- stoup
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="cup")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- stumble
- Probably from a Scandinavian source, may be related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to stumble")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- swag
- From a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to swing, sway")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- swain
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "boy, servant, attendant".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- sway
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to bend, swing, give way")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
T
- tag
- Probably from a Scandinavian source, related to Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="point, prong, barb") and Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="prickle, thorn")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tangle
- From a Scandinavian source, possibly related to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- take
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tarn
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tatter
- From a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="rags, tatters, tattered garment")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- teem
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to empty")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} </ref>
- tern
- From a Scandinavian source akin via East Anglian dialect<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tether
- Probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="tether")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- their
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- they
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- though
- from Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and in part from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="though")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- thrall
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- thrift
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="prosperity")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- thrive
- From a Scandinavian source akin to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to thrive", originally "grasp to oneself")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- thrust
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to thrust, force")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- thwart
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="across")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tidings
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="news of events")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
- tight
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="watertight, close in texture, solid")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- till
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to, until")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- toft
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="homestead")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- toom
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="vacant time, leisure")
- toss
- Of uncertain origin, possibly from a Scandinavian source<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- trash
- Perhaps from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="rubbish, fallen leaves and twigs")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- troll
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="giant, fiend, demon"; further etymology is disputed)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- trust (verb)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="help, confidence")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tryst
- from Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="waiting place, appointed station in hunting"), probably from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to trust, make firm").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- tyke
- From a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bitch")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
U
- ugly
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="Dreadfull, repulsive")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- until
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="as far as, up to") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="until, up to")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
V
- valkyrie
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally "chooser of the slain," from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="those slain in battle") + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="chooser"), from ablaut root of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to choose")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- viking
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="one who came from the fjords", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = small and not deep fjord)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- vole
- Probably from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="field")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
W
- wad
- from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wag
- Probably from a Scandinavian source related Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a cradle")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- waif
- Probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="waving thing, flag") via Anglo-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wail
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to lament")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- waive, waiver
- from Anglo-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to abandon, waive" (Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to abandon, give back"), probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to swing about".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- walrus
- A loanword from Dutch, but probably ultimately an alteration of a Scandinavian word.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wand
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="rod")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- want
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to lack")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wapentake
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wassail
- From Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="be healthy")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- weak
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="weak, pliant")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wheeze
- Probably from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to hiss")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- whirl
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to go around")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- whisk
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="to plait")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wicker
- From a Scandinavian source, related to Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Middle Swedish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wicket
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="bay") + French suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} through Anglo-Norman {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, itself from Old Norman-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Norman-French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} > French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Elisabeth Ridel, Les Vikings et les mots : L'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, Paris, 2009, pp. 276–277.</ref>
- wight
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="able in battle") – the other wight meaning "man" is from Old English<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wile
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="trick, craft, fraud")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- windlass
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (= "windlass", literally "winding-pole"), through Old Norman / Anglo-Norman {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("to wind") + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("pole").<ref>Hoad, TF (ed) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1993) Oxford University Press Template:ISBN, p. 542a</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- window
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="wind-eye") – although {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was more commonly used in Old Norse<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wing
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="a wing")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wreck
- From a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="wreck, flotsam"), via Anglo-Norman {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- wrong
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (="crooked, wry, wrong")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Y
- yaw
- Perhaps ultimately from Old Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See also
- Lists of English words of international origin
- List of English words of Scandinavian origin
- List of English words of Norwegian origin
- List of English words of Danish origin
- List of English words of Swedish origin
- Old Norse language
- Old Norse orthography
Notes
References
External links
- Babbel.com - 139 Old Norse words that invaded the English language
- English-Old Norse dictionary
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
- Online Etymology dictionary
- Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition (1989)
- Wiktionary
- Old Norse loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English