List of German field marshals

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Field marshal (Template:Langx) was usually the highest military rank in various German armed forces. It had existed, under slightly different names, in several German states since 1631.<ref name="Wawro"/> After the unification of Germany it was the highest military rank of the Imperial German Army and later in the WehrmachtTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn until it was abolished in 1945.<ref name="Hakim"/>

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The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their time. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the royal family.<ref name="Snyder"/> In the Prussian military tradition, which set the tone for the 19th century and the German Empire, field marshals could only be promoted in wartime and the royal family was excluded, both resulting in the creation of the rank of colonel general with the rank of general field marshal (Template:Langx) in 1854. Both restrictions would eventually end with the first royals being promoted during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and later honorary promotions to foreign monarchs would follow. Adolf Hitler effectively disregarded the wartime prerequisite by two promotions in 1936 and 1938, though all subsequent promotions were during wartime.

Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg Template:Dts 1583–1641 File:Hans Georg von Arnim.jpg <ref>Irmer 2005, pp. 5, 35.</ref>
Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg Template:Dts 1598–1642 File:Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg.jpg
Rudolf Graf von Marzin Template:Dts 1585–1645 File:Rudolf von Morzin.jpg <ref>Guthrie 2003, p. 48.</ref>
Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein Template:Dts 1605–76 File:Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein 1605.jpg
Joachim Rüdiger of Goltz Template:Dts 1620–88 File:Joachim Ruediger vonder Goltz.jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 790.</ref>
Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming Template:Dts 1632–1706 File:WP Heino Heinrich von Flemming.jpg
Hans Adam von Schöning Template:Dts 1641–96 File:Schöning, Hans Adam von (1641-1696).jpg
Jeremias of Chauvet Template:Dts Unknown–1699 check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} <ref>Glozier & Onnekink 2007, p. 209.</ref>
Heinrich VI Reuß zu Obergreiz Template:Dts 1649–97 File:Heinrich VI. Graf Reuß zu Obergreiz (1649-1697).jpg
Adam Heinrich von Steinau Template:Dts Unknown–1712 check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy Template:Dts 1651–1710 File:Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy2.jpg
Jacob Heinrich von Flemming Template:Dts 1667–1728 File:Jokūbas Henrikas Flemingas.jpg
Christoph August of Wackerbarth Template:Dts 1662–1734 File:August von Wackerbarth (1662–1734).jpg <ref>Phillips 1871, p. 943.</ref>
Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels Template:Dts 1685–1746 File:Antoine Pesne (1683-1757) - John Adolphus II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1685-1746) - RCIN 405656 - Royal Collection.jpg <ref>Long 1844, p. 360.</ref>
Frederick Augustus Rutowsky Template:Dts 1702–64 File:Fryderyk August Rutowski.jpeg
Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe Template:Dts 1704–74 File:Johann George Chevalier de Saxe.jpg <ref>Carlyle 2002, p. 709.</ref>
Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1705–81 File:Friedrich Heinrich Eugen von Anhalt-Dessau (1705-1781).jpg
Albert of Saxony Template:Dts 1828–1902 File:Albert of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900cr.jpg <ref name="Riley 2014, p. 232">Riley 2014, p. 232.</ref>
Georg of Saxony Template:Dts 1832–1904 File:George of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg

Electorate (1623–1806) and Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Johann Jakob von Anholt Template:Dts 1599–1645 File:Johann Jakob von Bronckhorst-Batenburg Merian 1662.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 4.</ref>
Gottfried von Pappenheim Template:Dts 1594–1632 File:Gottfried Heinrich von Pappenheim.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 73.</ref>
Johann von Götzen Template:Dts 1582–1630 File:Johannes Götzen.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 36.</ref>
Joachim Christian von Wahl Template:Dts 1590–1644 File:Joachim Christian von der Wahl.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref>
Franz von Mercy Template:Dts 1597–1645 File:Franz von Mercy.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 63.</ref>
Gottfried Huyn von Geleen Template:Dts 1598–1657 File:Godefridus Comes ab Huyn.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 34.</ref>
Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst Template:Dts 1598–1662 File:Kupferstich - Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld - Widenmann - 1651.jpg <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref>
Johann von Reuschenberg Template:Dts 1603–1660 File:Johannes Ernst Freiherr von Reuschenberg.png <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 81.</ref>
Adrian von Enkevort Template:Dts 1603–1663 File:General Freyherr von Enckenfort.JPG <ref name=Heilmann>Johann Heilmann, pp. 1107-1117.</ref><ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 28.</ref>
Philip Florinus of Sulzbach Template:Dts 1630–1703 File:Filip, 1630-1703, pfalzgreve av Sulzbach (Abraham Wuchters) - Nationalmuseum - 15755.tif <ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 75.</ref>
Jean Baptist, Comte d'Arco Template:Dts 1650–1715 File:Johann Baptist Graf von Arco.jpg <ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 5.</ref>
Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff Template:Dts 1673–1763 File:Sachsen sonst und jetzt (192)a.jpg <ref>Schmidt-Brentano, p. 92.</ref>
Karl Philipp von Wrede Template:Dts 1767–1838 File:Karl Philipp Wrede.jpg <ref name="Generale">Die_Generale_des_k_bayerischen_Heeres, p. 3.</ref>
Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria Template:Dts 1795–1875 File:Karl Prinz von Bayern.JPG <ref name="Generale"/>
Prince Leopold of Bavaria Template:Dts 1846–1930 File:Leopold II of Bavaria (1907).jpg <ref>Stefan März, p. 102.</ref>
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Template:Dts 1869–1955 File:Flanders. Crown Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria - NARA - 17390954 (cropped).jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 1007.</ref>

Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1870)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Otto Christoph von Sparr Template:Dts 1599–1668 File:OttoChristophvonSparr.JPG <ref name="Citino"/>
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1627–93 File:John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.jpg <ref name="Citino"/>
Georg von Derfflinger Template:Dts 1606–95 File:Georg von Derfflinger.png <ref name="Citino"/>
Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben Template:Dts 1650–1734 File:Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben.jpg <ref>Gruyter 2006, p. 355.</ref>
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1676–1747 File:Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.jpeg <ref>Paret & Morgan 2014, p. 391.</ref>
Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum Template:Dts 1650–1719 File:Wylich und Lottum, Karl Philipp Graf von (1650-1719).jpg <ref>König 1789, p. 434.</ref>
Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten Template:Dts 1661–1728 File:Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander Burggraf und Graf zu (1661-1728)2.jpg <ref>Johannes 2004, p. 34.</ref>
Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer Template:Dts 1654–1739 File:Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer.jpg <ref name="MacDonogh"/>
Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein Template:Dts 1660–1735 File:Albr.Konr.Finckenstein.jpg <ref>Colby & Williams 1906, p. 620.</ref>
Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow Template:Dts 1678–1739 File:Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow.PNG <ref name="MacDonogh"/>
Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin Template:Dts 1684–1757 File:Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin.jpg <ref>Tucker 2009, p. 239.</ref>
Caspar Otto von Glasenapp Template:Dts 1664–1747 File:Caspar Otto von Glasenapp Gouverneur.jpg <ref>Ohm & Boehlke & Boehlke 1997, p. 6.</ref>
Samuel von Schmettau Template:Dts 1684–1751 File:Samuel von Schmettau AGE V11 1803.jpg <ref>Lund 1999, p. 182.</ref>
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst Template:Dts 1690–1747 File:Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, 1725 (Antoine Pesne).jpg <ref>Alexeevna 2007, p. 236.</ref>
Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1700–51 File:Leopold II. Maximilian von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg <ref>Siebigk 1883, pp. 352, 356.</ref>
Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow Template:Dts 1669–1758 File:Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow (unbekannter Maler).jpg <ref>Siebigk 1883, pp. 364, 365.</ref>
Henning Alexander von Kleist Template:Dts 1677–1749 File:HenningAlexandervonKleist.JPG <ref name=bio>Anton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789, pp. 275–276. Accessed 26 September 2015.</ref>
Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein Template:Dts 1682–1759 File:WP Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein.jpg <ref name=bio/>
Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1702–69 File:Dietrich von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg <ref name=bio/>
James Francis Edward Keith Template:Dts 1696–1758 File:Generalfeldmarschall Keith (Pesne).jpg <ref>MacKillop & Murdoch 2003, p. 103.</ref>
Hans von Lehwaldt Template:Dts 1685–1768 File:Johann von Lewaldt RSAO.png <ref>Siebigk 1883, pp. 166, 167.</ref>
Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1712–60 File:Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau.jpg <ref>Ross 1997, p. 134, 135.</ref>
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Template:Dts 1721–92 File:Prinz Ferdinand Braunschweig.jpg <ref>Ballard 2011, p. 54.</ref>
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Template:Dts 1735–1806 File:BraunschweigLKWF.jpg <ref>Debrett 1836, p. 151.</ref>
Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf Template:Dts 1724–1816 File:WichardvonMoellendorff.JPG <ref>Stoker 2014, p. 52.</ref>
Alexander von Knobelsdorff Template:Dts 1723–99 File:Field Marshal von Knobelsdorff, German School of the 18th century.jpg <ref>Bruce & Stanard 1958, p. 88.</ref>
Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein Template:Dts 1725–1800 File:Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein.jpg <ref>Friedländer 1882, pp. 18-19.</ref>
Friedrich Adolf Graf von Kalckreuth Template:Dts 1737–1818 File:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth.jpg <ref>Phillips 1871, p. 378.</ref>
Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière Template:Dts 1733–1811 File:WP Wilhelm René de l’Homme de Courbière.jpg <ref>Fischer 1907, p. 50.</ref>
Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Template:Dts 1742–1819 File:Blücher (nach Gebauer).jpg <ref>Leggiere 2014, p. 535.</ref>
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Template:Dts 1769–1852 File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png <ref name="Doyle">Template:Cite book</ref>
Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf Template:Dts 1762–1823 File:Hermann Scherenberg-Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf.jpg <ref>Siebigk 1883, p. 127.</ref>
Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg Template:Dts 1759–1830 File:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg.jpg <ref>Droysen 1851, p. 158.</ref>
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau Template:Dts 1760–1831 File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg <ref>Gneisenau & Marston 1815, pp. 1, 8.</ref>
Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten Template:Dts 1770–1848 File:GrafVonZieten.png <ref>Veve 1992, p. 30.</ref>
Karl Freiherr von Müffling Template:Dts 1775–1851 File:WP Karl von Muffling.jpg <ref>Muffling 1997, p. 174.</ref>
Hermann von Boyen Template:Dts 1771–1848 File:Boyen.jpg <ref>Parkinson 2000, p. 259.</ref>
Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck Template:Dts 1768–1848 File:Knesebeck.gif <ref>Jensen & Rothstein 2000, p. 110.</ref>
Karl Friedrich Emil zu Dohna-Schlobitten Template:Dts 1784–1859 File:Friedrich Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten.png <ref>Siborne 1895, p. 96.</ref>
Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Template:Dts 1784–1877 File:Feldmarschall Friedrich von Wrangel.jpg <ref>Röhl 1996, p. 274.</ref>
Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia Template:Dts 1828–85 File:Friedrich Karl von Preussen.jpg <ref name="Wawro"/>
Prince Frederick William of Prussia Template:Dts 1831–88 File:Friedrich III as Kronprinz - in GdK uniform by Heinrich von Angeli 1874.jpg <ref name="Wawro"/>

German Empire (1871–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1796–1884 File:Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld (2).jpg <ref>Chisholm & Garvin 1926, p. 405.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1796–1877 File:Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz.jpg <ref>Hughes 2009, p. 423.</ref>
Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke Template:Dts 1800–91 File:Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke.jpg <ref>Heal 2012, p. 206.</ref>
Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony Template:Dts 1828–1902 File:Albert of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg <ref>Maitland 1762, p. 24.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1803–79 File:Count Albrecht von Roon circa 1870.jpg <ref>Large 2007, p. 2.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1809–85 File:Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel by Adolphe Braun.png <ref>Marrs 2010, p. 25.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1810–1900 File:Generalfeldmarschall Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal.JPG <ref>Darmstaedter 2008, p. 414.</ref>
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony Template:Dts 1832–1904 File:George of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg <ref name="Riley 2014, p. 232"/>
Prince Albert of Prussia Template:Dts 1837–1906 File:Prince Albrecht of Prussia in 1883.jpg <ref>Burke 2012, p. 17.</ref>
Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen Template:Dts 1817–95 File:Alberto Federico Rodolfo Domenico d'Asburgo-Teschen, arciduca d'Austria.jpg <ref>Hakim 1995, p. 65.</ref>
Franz Joseph I of Austria Template:Dts 1830–1916 File:Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg <ref>Murad 1968, p. 61.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1832–1904 File:Alfred von Waldersee (cropped).png <ref>Clarke 2000, p. 12.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1836–1919 File:Gottliebvonhaeseler.jpeg <ref>Ross 1997, p. 452.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1833–1912 File:Wilhelm von Hahnke.jpg <ref>Hahnke 2012, p. 47.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1828–1908 File:Baron Friedrich Karl Walter Degenhard von Loë.jpg <ref>Steinberg 2011, p. 407.</ref>
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 1850–1942 File:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.jpg <ref>Browne 2013, p. 105.</ref>
Carol I of Romania Template:Dts 1839–1914 File:Carol I King of Romania.jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, pp. 666, 667.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1833–1913 File:Alfred von Schlieffen 1906.jpg <ref>Ehlert 2014, pp. 1, 2.</ref>
George V of the United Kingdom Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 1865–1936 File:KingGeorgeVimage.jpg
Constantine I of Greece Template:Dts 1868–1923 File:Constantine I of Greece.jpg <ref>Vatikiotis 2014, p. 1.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1847–1934 File:Paul von Hindenburg (1914) von Nicola Perscheid (cropped).jpg <ref>Hargreaves 2010, p. 20.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1846–1921 File:Karl von Bülow c1915.jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 243.</ref>
Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen Template:Dts 1856–1936 File:Freddyofaustria.jpg <ref>Riley 2013, p. 471.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1849–1945 File:General Feldmarschall August Von Mackensen (cropped).png <ref>Sandler 2002, p. 523.</ref>
Ludwig III of Bavaria Template:Dts 1845–1921 File:Kingludwig3bavaria.jpg <ref>Pawly 2012, p. 63.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1852–1925 File:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (Hermann Torggler, 1915).jpg <ref>Rothenburg 1976, p. 143.</ref>
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria Template:Dts 1861–1948 File:Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg <ref>Tague 2011, p. 359.</ref>
Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire Template:Dts 1844–1918 File:Sultan Muhammed Chan V., Kaiser der Osmanen 1915 C. Pietzner.jpg
William II of Württemberg Template:Dts 1848–1921 File:Andersen & Klemm - Wilhelm II. von Württemberg (1892 RB25-21).jpg <ref>Blumberg 1990, p. 238.</ref>
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Template:Dts 1869–1955 File:Flanders. Crown Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria - NARA - 17390954 (cropped).jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 1007.</ref>
Prince Leopold of Bavaria Template:Dts 1846–1930 File:Leopold II of Bavaria (1907).jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 687.</ref>
Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg Template:Dts 1865–1939 File:AlbrechtHerzogWürttemberg.jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 82.</ref>
Charles I of Austria Template:Dts 1887–1922 File:Emperor karl of austria-hungary 1917.png <ref>Wheatcroft & Keegan, 2014. p. 62.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1848–1918 File:Voneichornhermanngen.jpg <ref>Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 390.</ref>
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1847–1920 File:Remus von Woyrsch 1915.jpg <ref>Pope & Wheal 2007, p. 476.</ref>

Weimar Republic (1918–33)

After the loss of the First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the Weimar Republic, which was subject to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The military restrictions imposed by the treaty required the reduction of the German Army to 100,000 men,<ref name="Kershaw" /> a reduction of the German Navy,<ref name="Kershaw" /> and the abolition of the German Air Force.<ref name="Kershaw"/> As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.

Nazi Germany (1933–45)

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See also

Notes

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References

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Sources

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