List of nearest stars
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This list covers all known stars, white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, and sub-brown dwarfs/rogue planets within Template:Convert of the Sun. So far, 131 such objects have been found. Only 22 are bright enough to be visible without a telescope, for which the star's visible light needs to reach or exceed the dimmest brightness visible to the naked eye from Earth, which is typically around 6.5 apparent magnitude.<ref name="Weaver1947">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The known 131 objects are bound in 94 stellar systems. Of those, 103 are main sequence stars: 80 red dwarfs and 23 "typical" stars having greater mass. Additionally, astronomers have found 6 white dwarfs (stars that have exhausted all fusible hydrogen), 21 brown dwarfs, as well as 1 sub-brown dwarf, WISE 0855−0714 (possibly a rogue planet). The closest system is Alpha Centauri, with Proxima Centauri as the closest star in that system, at 4.2465 light-years from Earth. The brightest, most massive and most luminous object among those 131 is Sirius A, which is also the brightest star in Earth's night sky; its white dwarf companion Sirius B is the hottest object among them. The largest object within the 20 light-years is Procyon.
The Solar System, and the other stars/dwarfs listed here, are currently moving within (or near) the Local Interstellar Cloud, roughly Template:Convert across. The Local Interstellar Cloud is, in turn, contained inside the Local Bubble, a cavity in the interstellar medium about Template:Convert across. It contains Ursa Major and the Hyades star cluster, among others. The Local Bubble also contains the neighboring G-Cloud, which contains the stars Alpha Centauri and Altair. In the galactic context, the Local Bubble is a small part of the Orion Arm, which contains most stars that we can see without a telescope. The Orion Arm is one of the spiral arms of our Milky Way galaxy.
Astrometrics
The easiest way to determine stellar distance to the Sun for objects at these distances is parallax, which measures how much stars appear to move against background objects over the course of Earth's orbit around the Sun. As a parsec (parallax-second) is defined by the distance of an object that would appear to move exactly one second of arc against background objects, stars less than 5 parsecs away will have measured parallaxes of over 0.2 arcseconds, or 200 milliarcseconds. Determining past and future positions relies on accurate astrometric measurements of their parallax and total proper motions (how far they move across the sky due to their actual velocity relative to the Sun), along with spectroscopically determined radial velocities (their speed directly towards or away from us, which combined with proper motion defines their true movement through the sky relative to the Sun). Both of these measurements are subject to increasing and significant errors over very long time spans, especially over the several thousand-year time spans it takes for stars to noticeably move relative to each other.<ref name="Matthews1994">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Based on results from the Gaia telescope's second data release from April 2018, an estimated 694 stars will approach the Solar System to less than 5 parsecs in the next 15 million years. Of these, 26 have a good probability to come within Template:Convert and another 7 within Template:Convert.<ref name="Bailer2018">Template:Cite journal</ref> This number is likely much higher, due to the sheer number of stars needed to be surveyed; a star approaching the Solar System 10 million years ago, moving at a typical Sun-relative 20–200 kilometers per second, would be 600–6,000 light-years from the Sun at present day, with millions of stars closer to the Sun. The closest encounter to the Sun so far predicted is the low-mass orange dwarf star Gliese 710 / HIP 89825 with roughly 60% the mass of the Sun.<ref name="Hall2018">Template:Cite web</ref> It is currently predicted to pass Template:Val (Template:Val au) from the Sun in Template:Val million years from the present, close enough to significantly disturb the Solar System's Oort cloud.<ref name="resultsGaiaDR3">Template:Cite journal</ref>
File:Stars-within-11-light-years2.webm
List
| Template:Hash-tag | Visible to the unaided eye (apparent magnitude of +6.5 or brighter) |
| Template:Dollar sign | Luminous star (absolute magnitude of +8.5 or brighter) |
| Template:Double-dagger | White dwarf |
| § | Brown dwarf |
| Template:& | Sub-brown dwarf or rogue planet |
| Template:Asterisk | Nearest in constellation |
The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types (these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not necessarily represent the star's observed color). Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near-infrared J band apparent magnitude due to how dim (and often invisible) they are in visible color bands (U, B or V). Absolute magnitude (with electromagnetic wave, 'light' band denoted in subscript) is a measurement at a 10-parsec distance across imaginary empty space devoid of all its sparse dust and gas. Some of the parallaxes and resultant distances are rough measurements.<ref name="RECONS">Template:Cite journal</ref>
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Distant future and past encounters
Over long periods of time, the slow independent motion of stars change in both relative position and in their distance from the observer. This can cause other currently distant stars to fall within a stated range, which may be readily calculated and predicted using accurate astrometric measurements of parallax and total proper motions, along with spectroscopically determined radial velocities. Although extrapolations can be made into the past or future, they are subject to increasingly significant cumulative errors over very long periods.<ref name="Matthews1994"/> Inaccuracies of these measured parameters make determining the true minimum distances of any encountering stars or brown dwarfs fairly difficult.<ref>See also: Stellar kinematics.</ref>
One of the first stars known to approach the Sun particularly close is Gliese 710. The star, whose mass is roughly half that of the Sun, is currently 62 light-years from the Solar System. It was first noticed in 1999 using data from the Hipparcos satellite, and was estimated to pass less than Template:Convert from the Sun in 1.4 million years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> With the release of Gaia's observations of the star, it has since been refined to a much closer Template:Convert, close enough to significantly disturb objects in the Oort cloud, which extends Template:Convert from the Sun.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
GaiaTemplate:'s third data release has provided updated values for many of the candidates in the table below.<ref name="BailerJones2022">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Bobylev2022">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Gliese710GaiaDR3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="ClosestPast">Template:Cite journal</ref>
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See also
- Interstellar travel
- Location of Earth
- The Magnificent Seven
- Nearby Stars Database
- Solar System#Galactic position
- Stars in fiction
Related lists
- List of stars with resolved images
- List of brightest stars
- List of star systems within 20–25 light-years
- List of star systems within 25–30 light-years
- List of star systems within 30–35 light-years
- List of star systems within 35–40 light-years
- List of star systems within 40–45 light-years
- List of star systems within 45–50 light-years
- List of star systems within 50–55 light-years
- List of star systems within 55–60 light-years
- List of star systems within 60–65 light-years
- List of star systems within 65–70 light-years
- List of star systems within 70–75 light-years
- List of star systems within 75–80 light-years
- List of star systems within 80–85 light-years
- List of star systems within 85–90 light-years
- List of star systems within 90–95 light-years
- List of star systems within 95–100 light-years
- List of star systems within 100-150 light-years
- List of star systems within 150-200 light-years
- List of star systems within 200-250 light-years
- List of star systems within 250-300 light-years
- List of star systems within 300-350 light-years
- List of star systems within 350-400 light-years
- List of star systems within 400-450 light-years
- List of star systems within 450-500 light-years
- List of nearest giant stars
- List of nearest supergiants
- List of nearest hypergiants
- List of nearest bright stars
- List of nearest exoplanets
- List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
- List of nearest stars by spectral type
- List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups
- List of star-forming regions in the Local Group
- Lists of stars
- List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion
- List of trans-Neptunian objects
- List of nearest known black holes
Notes
References
External links
- "The 100 nearest star systems", Research Consortium on Nearby Stars
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite APOD
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web
- The dynamics of the closest stars
- Template:Cite web
- Nearest Stars 3D View
- Table 4 "The Census of Stars and Brown Dwarfs within 8 Parsecs of the Sun" in Template:Cite journal
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