List of political parties in Brazil
Template:Short description Template:Multiple issues Template:Use dmy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Brazil has a multi-party system since 1979, when the country's military dictatorship disbanded an enforced two-party system and allowed the creation of multiple parties.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> All candidates for federal, state, Federal District, and municipal offices must be nominated by a political party, independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil.
Above the broad range of political parties in Brazilian Congress, the Workers' Party (PT), the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), the Liberal Party (PL), the Progressives (PP) and the Brazil Union (UNIÃO) together control the absolute majority of seats in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies.<ref>Freedom House report on Brazil, 2007</ref> Smaller parties often make alliances with at least one of these five major parties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The number of political parties reached the apex of 35 on 2018, 30 of which were represented in congress after the 2018 general election.<ref name=":a">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, an electoral threshold introduced on 2017 has resulted in the culling and merger of many parties, as it cuts access to party subsidies and free party political broadcasts.<ref name=":a" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2021, there was the creation of the Party Federations (Template:Langx), a legal mechanism that allows two or more parties to act as a single entity in Congress for at least four years, sharing a common program and leadership, while maintaining their individual identities and registration, and granting them the benefits of surpassing the electoral threshold.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Brazilian parties have access to party subsidies in form of the Fundo Partidário (Template:Literal translation) and the Fundo Eleitoral (Template:Literal translation) for elections.<ref name="Mir">Fundo Partidário (estudo) Template:Webarchive. Por Miriam Campelo de Melo Amorim. Brasília: Biblioteca Digital da Câmara dos Deputados, outubro de 2005.</ref> And a system of free party political broadcasts during election time known as the horário eleitoral gratuito.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since 1982, Brazilian political parties have been given an electoral number to make it easier for illiterate people to vote. Initially, it was a one-digit number: 1 for PDS, 2 for PDT, 3 for PT, 4 for PTB, and 5 for PMDB. When it became clear that there was going to be more than nine parties, two-digit numbers were assigned, with the first five parties having a "1" added to their former one-digit number (PDS becoming number 11, PDT 12, PT 13, PTB 14, and PMDB 15). Political parties often change their names, but they can retain their number.
Active parties
Parties with representation in the National Congress
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Parties without representation in the National Congress
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Party federations
On 28 September 2021, Law No. 14,208 was enacted, establishing "federations" (Template:Langx). These federations are associations between parties, considered as a single party in elections and legislative activities such as the creation of caucuses and committees. The associated parties must belong to the federation for at least four years from the date of its registration, with penalties if they leave before the deadline.
The establishment of party federations followed the abolition of coalitions in proportional elections, which had functioned as single parties in seat allocation. This change was implemented through Constitutional Amendment No. 97 of 2017, which also introduced an electoral threshold for future parliamentary elections. Parties and federations that surpass this threshold gain access to public subsidies through the Party Fund (Template:Langx) and are entitled to free advertising on radio and television.
Below are listed the federations currently registered with the Superior Electoral Court:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Federation | President | Representation<ref name="camara">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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Parties | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deputies | Senators | Assemb. | |||||||
| Brazil of Hope Federation Template:Small |
Luciana Santos | Template:Composition bar | Template:Composition bar | Template:Composition bar | style="background-color: Template:Party color" | | PT | |||
| PCdoB | |||||||||
| style="background-color: Template:Party color" | | PV | ||||||||
| PSDB Cidadania Federation Template:Small |
Marconi Perillo | Template:Composition bar | Template:Composition bar | Template:Composition bar | PSDB | ||||
| style="background-color: Template:Party color" | | Cidadania | ||||||||
| PSOL REDE Federation Template:Small |
Paula Coradi | Template:Composition bar | Template:Composition bar | Template:Composition bar | PSOL | ||||
| style="background-color: Template:Party color" | | REDE | ||||||||
Extinct parties
This list presents the parties of the current Sixth Republic that were once registered with the Superior Electoral Court, but have ceased to exist. The existence of all these parties has ended by the result of mergers.
- Democrats - DEM (Democratas)Template:Efn
- Party of the Nation's Retirees - PAN (Partido dos Aposentados da Nação)
- Template:Interlanguage link - PDC (Partido Democrata Cristão)
- Democratic Social Party - PDS (Partido Democrático Social)
- Workers' General Party - PGT (Partido Geral dos Trabalhadores)
- Humanist Party of Solidarity - PHS (Partido Humanista da Solidariedade)Template:Efn
- Liberal Party (1985) - PL (Partido Liberal)
- Free Fatherland Party - PPL (Partido Pátria Livre)
- Progressive Party (1993) - PP (Partido Progressista)
- Reform Progressive Party - PPR (Partido Progressista Reformador)
- Party of Reconstruction of the National Order - PRONA (Partido de Reedificação da Ordem Nacional)
- Republican Party of the Social Order - PROS (Partido Republicano da Ordem Social)
- Progressive Republican Party - PRP (Partido Republicano Progressista)
- Social Christian Party - PSC (Partido Social Cristão)
- Social Democratic Party (1987) - PSD (Partido Social Democrático)
- Social Liberal Party - PSL (Partido Social Liberal)
- Social Labour Party (1983) - PST (Partido Social Trabalhista)
- Brazilian Labour Party (1981) - PTB (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro)
- Renewal Labour Party - PTR (Partido Trabalhista Renovador)
- Patriot (Patriota)Template:Efn
Historical parties
This list presents the parties that never reached the Sixth Republic. Due to the large number of parties that were dissolved, especially during the First and Second Republics, it is not intended to be an exhaustive list.
Imperial Brazil (1822–1889)
- Conservative Party (Partido Conservador)
- Liberal Party (Partido Liberal)
- Progressive League (Liga Progressista)Template:Efn
- Paulista Republican Party - PRP (Partido Republicano Paulista)
- Rio-grandense Republican Party - PRR (Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense)
- Minas Gerais Republican Party - PRM (Partido Republicano Mineiro)
- Fluminense Republican Party - PRF (Partido Republicano Fluminense)
- Federal Republican Party - PRF (Partido Republicano Federal)
- Conservative Republican Party - PRC (Partido Republicano Conservador)
- Democratic Party - PD (Partido Democrático)
- Liberating Party - PL (Partido Libertador)
- Brazilian Black Front - FNB (Frente Negra Brasileira)
- Catholic Electoral League (Liga Eleitoral Católica)
- Brazilian Integralist Action - AIB (Ação Integralista Brasileira)
Fourth Republic (1945–1964)
- National Democratic Union - UDN (União Democrática Nacional)
- Brazilian Labour Party (1945) - PTB (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro)
- Template:Interlanguage link - PSB (Partido Socialista Brasileiro)Template:Efn
- Orienting Labour Party - POT (Partido Orientador Trabalhista)
- Template:Interlanguage link - PDC (Partido Democrata Cristão)
- Social Democratic Party (1945) - PSD (Partido Social Democrático)
- Republican Party - PR (Partido Republicano)
- Popular Representation Party - PRP (Partido de Representação Popular)
- National Labour Party - PTN (Partido Trabalhista Nacional)
- Template:Interlanguage link - PST (Partido Social Trabalhista)Template:Efn
- Social Progressive Party - PSP (Partido Social Progressista)Template:Efn
- Template:Interlanguage link - PRT (Partido Republicano Trabalhista)Template:Efn
- Template:Interlanguage link - MTR (Movimento Trabalhista Renovador)
Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)
- National Renewal Alliance - ARENA (Aliança Renovadora Nacional)
- Brazilian Democratic Movement - MDB (Movimento Democrático Brasileiro)
See also
Notes
References
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