List of political parties in Indonesia
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists
Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system.Template:Sfn In the six legislative elections since the fall of the New Order regime, no political party has won an overall majority of seats, resulting in coalition governments.
Pursuant to the Indonesian political parties act,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> political parties' ideologies "must not be against Pancasila" and "is an explanation of Pancasila".
Overview
The Indonesian political party system is regulated by Act No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties.<ref name=uu2>Template:Citation</ref> The law defines political party as "a national organisation founded by like-minded Indonesian citizens with common goals to fulfill common interests and to defend the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as based on Pancasila and the 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia".
Political parties must register themselves with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to be recognised by the authority. The law dictates that political parties' registration criteria shall include a notarial act recognising the party establishment and party constitution; a document describing party symbols; address of party headquarters and proof of distribution of party local offices in provinces, and cities and regencies; and a proof of party bank account.<ref name="pendaftaran">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=uu2 /> The law also dictates minimum membership of new political parties on 50 persons, with the percentage of woman members and allocation of woman members to party offices are set on a minimum of 30%.Template:Fact
Electoral eligibility
The party must undergo another registration process in order to participate in national elections; the registration shall be submitted to the General Elections Commission (KPU).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several criteria are required by the KPU, namely related to the party's presence in Indonesia's regions:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Political parties who have had their registration declined by the electoral commission due to failure to satisfy administrative criteria or other reasons are able to appeal their rejection to the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Specifically for regional political parties in Aceh, the first requirement is waived, while the second and third requirements are set at two-thirds of the regencies/cities and districts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Party principles
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Indonesian political parties should recognise the superiority of Pancasila and the national constitution, but Indonesian law tolerates the practice of other ideologies not in violation of the Pancasila and the constitution.Template:Sfn A 1966 Provisional People's Consultative Assembly resolution still in force today, however, explicitly prohibits establishment of a communist party, and political parties are banned from adopting "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (sic; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... Stalin, Mao Tse Tung et cetera") as the party ideology.<ref name=uu2 />
In essence, Indonesian political parties differs little on party policy and ideology. The only major difference between Indonesian parties is their position as to how major a role Islam, by far the nation's majority religion, should play in public affairs.<ref name="spectrum">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This tendency resulting in several Indonesian political parties to brand itself as the part of nationalist-religious broad coalition in order to attract potential voters from both Muslim or Islamist and secular nationalist groups.Template:Sfn Thus, for instance, (1) the Democratic Party (Demokrat), Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) and Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) are identified as the secular, (2) the National Awakening Party (PKB) and National Mandate Party (PAN) as the Muslim, but not Islamist, and (3) the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP) as the Islamist.Template:Sfn
The language of the left–right political spectrum is seldom used in Indonesia, in contrast with other countries. This tendency arose as the result of the New Order regime under Suharto which was anathema to left-wing policies after the 1965–66 Indonesian mass killings of members and supporters of the Communist Party of Indonesia.<ref name="spectrum" /> The New Order regime further stigmatised left-wing ideals as those espoused only by communists, discouraging Indonesian political parties from identifying themselves as left-wing movements lest they lose potential voters and be accused as communist. This tendency has survived even after the 1998 Reforms, partly due to the new regime's insistence on keeping anti-communist legislation in force. In addition, due to how widely presidents shared power, Indonesian party cartelization differs significantly from canonical electoral alliances in Europe.<ref name="Slater">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Funding
Political parties which won seats in the national or regional parliaments are eligible for funding from the central or local governments, based on number of votes received in the relevant legislative elections. The funding amount is set for Rp 1,000 per vote received at the national level, Rp 1,200 at the provincial level, and Rp 1,500 at the city/regency level.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Local government can opt to allocate more funding to political parties - Jakarta, for example, paid in 2021 Rp 5,000 per vote received.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the 2019 election, this amounted to Rp 126 billion (USD 8 million) from the central government on an annual basis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This payout only made up a small proportion of party revenues – the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, for example, raised just 1.5 percent of its reported revenue from government funding. Donations and fees from elected officials made up a larger proportion of income.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Parties represented in legislatures
Parties represented in national and regional legislatures
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Parties represented only in regional legislatures
These parties participated in the 2024 elections but failed to attain a single seat in the national House of Representatives after winning less than the parliamentary threshold of 4% of the popular vote.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Notable failures were of the United Development Party, which lost all its seats in the 2024 election after having been represented in DPR since 1977, and Hanura, which won DPR seats in 2009 and 2014 but lost them in 2019 and failed to recover their seats in 2024.
Despite electoral failure in the DPR, these parties successfully gained seat in regional parliaments (DPRD). Although, these political parties, along with other extra-parliamentary parties, are sometimes referred as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
Aceh's special autonomy statutes allowed formation of local political parties to compete only in the Aceh House of Representatives. Although the party number is serialised from the national list, Aceh local parties only appeared in ballot paper circulating in Aceh province.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Extra-parliamentary parties
These political parties have no representation in either national or regional parliaments.
The term "partai gurem" (minor party, literally "tropical fowl mite party" referring to the small size) is commonly used by Indonesian media to refer to these political parties. The term initially referred to political parties that won a very small number of parliamentary seat, but after the 2004 election, to political parties that have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold (currently 4%) necessary to gain representation on the House of Representatives.<ref name="gurem">Template:Cite news</ref> These political parties are often perceived to be lacking in organisational structure, their leaders seemingly interested solely in attracting media attention.<ref name=gurem />
These parties often have their attempts at registering for elections turned down by the KPU due to the parties' failure to satisfy registration criteria set by the commission, which includes completeness of party documents, a permanent physical party headquarters, minimum membership and minimum percentage of woman members.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Parties that had their registration rejected often resort to appealing their rejection to the Bawaslu, with varied success.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
| Logo | NameTemplate:Refn | Leader | Year | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | Contested elections | ||||||
| style="background:Template:Party color;" | | PKP | Justice and Unity Party Template:Small |
Yussuf Solichien | 1999Template:Sfn<ref name="Bulkin" /> | 2019 | ||
| style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Berkarya | Party of Functional Banyan Template:Small |
Muchdi Purwopranjono | 2016 | 2019 | ||
| PKDI | Indonesian Dharma Awakening Party Template:Small |
Ngurah Arya | 2007<ref name="jp">New Hindu party expects to run in 2009 elections Jakarta Post – 24 December 2007</ref> | 2009<ref name="jp">New Hindu party expects to run in 2009 elections Jakarta Post – 24 December 2007</ref> | |||
| Republik | Republican Party Template:Small |
Suharno Prawiro | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" /> | 1999 | |||
| Parsindo | Indonesian People's Voice Party Template:Small |
M Jusuf Rizal | 2013 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PBI | Indonesian Bhinneka Party Template:Small |
Nurdin Purnomo | 1998Template:Refn<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | 1999 | |||
| Reformasi | Reform Party Template:Small |
Syamsahril Kamal | 2000 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PPB | National Unity Party Template:Small |
Eggi Sudjana | 2001 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Pakar | Republican Functional Party Template:Small |
Ari Sigit | 2012 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Rakyat | People's Party Template:Small |
Arvindo Noviar | 2014 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PDRI | Indonesian People's Democracy Party Template:Small |
Ambarwati Santoso | 2015Template:Refn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
File:X mark.svg | ||
| Pandai | Indonesian Sovereign Nation Party Template:Small |
Farhat Abbas | 2020 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Masyumi | Masyumi Party Template:Small |
Ahmad Yani | 2020Template:Refn | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PRIMA | Just and Prosperous People's Party Template:Small |
Agus Jabo Priyono | 2021 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PPB | National Guide Party Template:Small |
Widyanto Kurniawan | 2021 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Perkasa | Village Awakening Movement Party Template:Small |
Eko Santjojo | 2021Template:Refn | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PKR | People's Sovereignty Party Template:Small |
Tuntas Subagyo | 2021 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PMI | Indonesian Students Party Template:Small |
Eko Pratama | 2021 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| IBU | Awaken and United Indonesia Party Template:Small |
Zulki Zulkifli Noor | 2021 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PDSP | Prosperous Peace Party of Renewal Template:Small |
Hendrik RE Assa | 2021Template:Refn | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PDKB | National Peace and Love Party Template:Small |
Apri Hananto Sukandar | 2021 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Pelita | Pelita Party Template:Small |
Ari Chandra Kurniawan | 2022 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Republiku | Indonesian Republiku Party Template:Small |
Ramses David Simandjuntak | File:X mark.svg | ||||
| PRS | One Republic Party Template:Small |
D Yusad Siregar | File:X mark.svg | ||||
| Kongres | Congress Party Template:Small |
Zakariani Santoso | File:X mark.svg | ||||
| PP | Party of Change Template:Small |
Robi Nurhadi | 2024 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| Parties that are not registered in the KPU RI Political Party Registration System | |||||||
| SRI | Union of Independent People Template:Small |
Damianus Taufan | 2011 | File:X mark.svg | |||
| PHI | Green Party of Indonesia Template:Small |
Collective leadership | 2012 | File:X mark.svgTemplate:Refn | |||
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Political party coalitions
Outside of the Suharto period, no political parties controlled a majority of the Indonesian parliament, necessitating the formation of coalitions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Coalitions may also be required to nominate candidates to executive office elections (i.e. President, Governors, Regents, Mayors and their deputies), and political parties often form coalitions for regional elections with parties which are on opposing coalitions at the national level.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Historical political parties
Pre-independence parties
Template:See also In the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the Dutch Ethical Policy, which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian society.Template:Sfn Through this, the Dutch allowed the creation of education societies and funded its creation. Dutch educated Intelligentsias' would establish schools and education across the Dutch East Indies. Whilst the policy attempted to raise awareness among the natives of the need to break free from the shackles of the feudal system and develop along Western lines and were concerned about the native population's social and cultural conditions, it spearheaded the spread of Indonesian National Revivalism, allowing people to silently organize and articulate their objections to colonial rule.<ref name="CribbP225">Cribb, Robert (1993). "Development Policy in the Early 20th Century", in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde), pp. 225–245.</ref> The Budi Utomo was considered the first nationalist society (not party yet) in the Dutch East Indies, initiated the Indonesian National Awakening.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Among other political organizations were the Indo Europeesch Verbond (Indo-European Alliance) and Indonesia Arab Association.Template:Sfn Over time organizations turned into political parties, such how Budi Utomo turned into ParindraTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn and Sarekat Islam into Indonesian Islamic Union Party. The Indische Partij is considered the first Indonesian political party.<ref name="Nomes">Template:Cite book</ref> Years of campaigning by various political organizations across the Dutch East Indies eventually compelled the Dutch Government to recognize the need for concessions. As a result, on 16 December 1916, Governor-General J.P. van Limburg Stirum, in collaboration with the Dutch Minister of Colonial Affairs, Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte, sanctioned the establishment of a legislative assembly designed to represent the people of the Dutch East Indies. This assembly was named the Volksraad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies began when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies through Tarakan, Kalimantan, on 8 March 1942. By the Japanese Government, parties that were based on Indonesian nationalism and wanted to fight for Indonesian Independence were dissolved and banned from political activities on 20 March 1942.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Name | Established | Dissolved | Notes | Independence method | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indies Party Indische Partij |
IP | 1912 | 1913 | Advocated Indonesian independence.<ref name="Nomes" /> | Template:No2 |
| Insulinde, or Nationaal Indische Partij | NIP | 1913 | 1919 | Direct successor to the Indies Party, advocated in establishing an independent dominion for Indo people in the Dutch East Indies.<ref name="Nomes" /><ref>Lowensteijn, Peter (2005). ‘’Indonesia between 1908–1928’’</ref> | Template:No2 |
| Sundanese Circle of Friends Paguyuban Pasundan |
1913Template:Refn 1919Template:RefnTemplate:Sfn |
1942Template:Refn | Advocated to preserve Sundanese culture by involving not only Sundanese people but all those who care about Sundanese culture and to pursue Indonesian Independence | Template:Yes2 | |
| Communist Party of Indonesia Partai Komunis Indonesia |
PKI | 1914 | 1966 | Before 1920 as the Indies Social Democratic Association (Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging). | Template:No2 |
| Indies Catholic Party Indische Katholieke Partij |
IKP | 1917 | 1949 | Made as a response to the emergence of nationalist inlander movements, it represented Dutch totok Roman Catholic interests. It had close ties with its mainland counterpart, the Roman Catholic State Party.<ref>N.S. Efthymiou, PhD Thesis: De organisatie van regelgeving voor Nederlands Oost-Indië: stelsels en opvattingen (1602-1942). Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam. 2005, hoofdstuk 4, p.5 and p.53</ref> | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} |
| Christian Constitutional Party Christenlijk Staatkundige Partei |
CSP | 1917 | 1942 | Before 1929 as the Christian Ethic Party (Christelijk Ethische Partij). Advocated to make the statutes of God, as revealed in the Holy Scriptures, nature, and history, the foundation of political life in the Dutch East Indies. Also invited native Indonesians, which was rare for a Dutch-majority party at the time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Precursor to Parkindo. | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} |
| Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia |
PSII | 1923 | 1973 | Advocated Islamic socialism. | Template:No2 |
| Catholic Party Partai Katolik |
PK | 1923 | 1973 | Split from IKP. Advocated for Christian democracy for natives.<ref>"Partai Katolik: Riwajat-singkat". Suara Katolik. Jakarta. April 1953. p. 2.</ref> | Template:Yes2 |
| Indonesian National Party Partai Nasional Indonesia |
PNI | 1927 | 1931 | The first incarnation (second in 1945) of the significant party, which advocated Indonesian independence. | Template:No2 |
| Chinese Association Chung Hwa Hui |
CHH | 1928 | 1942 | Advocated Chinese rights in the Dutch East Indies. | Template:Yes2 |
| Indonesian Party Partai Indonesia |
Partindo | 1931 | 1936 | Advocated Indonesian independence. | Template:No2 |
| National Socialist Movement in the Dutch East Indies
Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederlands-Indië |
1931 | 1940 | East Indies branch of the NSB. Most of its members were Indos. | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | |
| Indonesian Chinese Party Partai Tionghoa Indonesia |
PTI | 1932 | 1942 | Advocated closer ties between Chinese and native Indonesians. | Template:Yes2 |
| Indonesian Fascist Party Partai Fasis Indonesia |
PFI | 1933 | 1933 | Advocated an independent Java, led by an ethnic Javanese descendant of Sutawijaya as its constitutional monarch,<ref name="DL 1933">Template:Cite news</ref> ruling over a federation of kingdoms across Nusantara.<ref name="DL 1933 2">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:No2 |
| Great Indonesian Party Partai Indonesia Raya |
Parindra | 1935 | 1939 | National conservative party, that advocated for full political rights for Indonesians in a system of government in the Dutch East Indies.Template:Sfn | Template:Yes2 |
| Indonesian People's Movement Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia |
Gerindo | 1937 | 1942 | Successor to Partindo, left-wing nationalist party.Template:Sfn | Template:Yes2Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn |
| Indonesian Islamic Party Partai Islam Indonesia |
PII | 1938Template:Sfn | 1942 | Cooperative split from PSII. | Template:Yes2 |
Political parties participating in 1955 and 1971 elections
The election in 1955 was the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations, with more than 30 parties participating. Due to the numerous political parties participating in the election, the result was inconclusive, with no party receiving a clear mandate.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="seasite2004">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150. Later on, after the take over by the New Order regime, only 10 parties was allowed to participate in the 1971 legislative election.Template:Sfn<ref name="seasite2004" />
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Political parties of the New Order
Government parties
After his rise into power, President Suharto expressed his discontent regarding multiple political parties, arguing that the failure of Konstituante in 1955–1959 was caused by party deadlock — unacceptable in his regime.<ref name="merdeka">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He proposed that existing political parties unite based on their ideological essence — either spiritual (religious) or materialist (secular nationalist) — in order to cripple the resulting umbrella parties with infighting. Political parties' reaction to Suharto's propositions was generally positive, with Islamic parties claiming that party fusion was in line with their last National Islamic Congress resolution agreed in 1969. A political alliance dubbed the "Democratic Development Group" was formed by the PNI, the IPKI, Parkindo, the Murba Party, and the Catholic Party to compete in 1971 election.<ref name="menciptakan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After 1971 election, New Order regime reiterated its call for political parties to fuse, and a MPR ordinance regulating political parties grouping issued in 1973 further pressured political parties to merge.<ref name="seasite2004" /> All Islamic political parties merged to form the United Development Party (PPP) on 5 January 1973, and the remaining nationalist and non-Islamic political parties united to form the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) on 10 January 1973.<ref name="fusi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Golkar, officially a "federation of public organisations" but effectively a political party, remained dominant for the entirety of the New Order. From 1985, all political parties were required to declare national ideology Pancasila as their "one and only ideological basis".
The parties participated for the last time in the 1997 election, and the three-party system survived until the collapse of the New Order in 1998 Reformasi. Ensuing political liberalisation allowed establishment of multitudes of new political parties, with the number of political parties participating in 1999 election jumping substantially to 48 parties.
| Logo | Name | Established | Fate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bgcolor="Template:Party color" | | File:Logo Golkar.svg | Party of Functional Groups Partai Golongan Karya |
Golkar | 1964 | Active | |
| bgcolor="Template:Party color" | | Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia |
PDI | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Disbanded in 2003 succeeded by PPDI<ref name="Partai2" /> | |
| bgcolor="Template:Party color" | | File:Logo PPP (1982-1998).svg | United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan |
PPP | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Active |
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Activist parties
Prior to the end of the New Order era, there was a time where several political activists and student movements established small political parties in the early 1990s. Sensing the near fall of the New Order, the formation of these newly unregistered and unrecognized political parties was based on opposition to the New Order government and positioned themselves as the opposition and played a crucial part in the fall of the new order. The new parties then and only participated in the 1999 elections.
Whilst the New Masyumi Party predates the wave of the new opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Union Party (PUDI) was considered as the first genuine opposition party. As PUDI was upfront and outspoken in their political opposition as a party against the New Order regime, the first out of many.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At one point, fielding both presidential and vice-presidential candidates, PUDI was considered a challenger to Suharto's rule.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Emboldened by the success of PUDI, the Democratic People's Association (PRD) organisation declared itself the People's Democratic Party (also abbreviated as PRD). On 22 July 1996, the PRD was officially declared to the public and announced its political manifesto.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Logo | Name | Established | Fate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background-color:Template:Party color" | | League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Template:Small |
IPKI | 1994/1998Template:Sfn<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn | Non-active | |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color" | | Indonesian National Party – Supeni Template:Small |
PNI-Supeni | 1995Template:Refn/1998<ref name="wajah1-16" />Template:Refn | Disbanded in 2002. Merged to form the Indonesian National Party Marhaenism | |
| File:Partai Masyumi Baru.png | New Masyumi Party Template:Small |
1995<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | Non-active | ||
| File:PUDI.jpg | Indonesian Democratic Union Party Template:Small |
PUDI | 1996<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | Non-active | |
| File:Indonesian People's Democratic Party Logo.svg | People's Democratic Party Template:Small |
PRD | 1996<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | Disbanded in 2021 Merged with the Just and Prosperous People's Party | |
Political parties in Reform era (1998–2004)
Parties participating only in 1999 elections
Following political liberalisation after the collapse of the New Order regime in 1998 Reformasi, registration for new political parties jumped significantly. As the result, the following 1999 election had 148 registered political partiesTemplate:Sfn and 48 of them competing for DPR seats,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="wajah1-16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="wajah17-32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="wajah33-48">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> compared to the previous 1997 election that saw only 2 political parties plus Golkar.
After the Reform, the PPP survived and continues to participate in all following elections after 1999, albeit with much of its membership having broken off from it and founded their own parties. Golkar too was made a proper party and exists to this day.Template:Sfn The PDI failed to imitate the post-Suharto successes of the PPP and Golkar after the government intervened and unseated Chairman Megawati Soekarnoputri, causing PDI support to collapse in the 1997 election. PDI votes further eroded as support instead went to its breakaway Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati in the post-Suharto 1999 election, resulting in the party winning only two seats in contrast to the PDI-P's 153 seats.Template:Sfn After poor electoral performance and failure to register for the 2004 election, PDI rebranded itself as the Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI) in 2003.Template:Sfn<ref name="Partai2">Template:Cite book</ref>
Several parties claimed inheritance from former political parties existing prior to the New Order era, resulting in parties sharing similar political party names, with faction names as the only characteristics that made those parties distinct from each other. Example on this case was on claimants to the heritage of the former Indonesian National Party (PNI), Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI), Masyumi Party, and Murba Party.
Most of the parties failed to gain even a single seat due to lack of votes.Template:Sfn<ref name="seasite2004" /> After the new electoral law authorised the use of a parliamentary threshold to determine the division of DPR seats, those parties were forced to reorganise themselves in order to be able to register for the next 2004 election.<ref name="gantinama">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Below is the list of political parties participating only in the 1999 election which failed to participate in the next 2004 election.
| Logo | Name | Established | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aceh Orphans' Foundation Party Partai Abul Yatama |
PAY | 1999<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| All-Indonesia Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia |
PSPSI | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| Democratic Catholic Party Partai Katolik Demokrat |
PKD | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" /> | |
| Democratic Islamic Party Partai Islam Demokrat |
PID | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" /> | |
| Democratic National Party Partai Nasional Demokrat |
PND | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| Familial Consultative Party of Mutual Assistance Partai Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Gotong Royong |
MKGR | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| Indonesian Democratic Alliance Party Partai Aliansi Demokrat Indonesia |
PADI | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| File:PUDI.jpg | Indonesian Democratic Union Party Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia |
PUDI | 1996<ref name="wajah33-48" /> |
| File:Logo of the Masyumi Party.svg | Indonesian Islamic Political Party "Masyumi" Partai Politik Islam Indonesia "Masyumi" |
1998<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn | |
| Indonesian Islamic Ummah Party Partai Umat Muslimin Indonesia |
PUMI | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Lambang PSII.svg | Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia |
PSII | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" />Template:Refn |
| File:PSII 1905.jpg | Indonesian Islamic Union Party 1905 Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia 1905 |
PSII 1905 | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn |
| Indonesian Muslim Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Muslim Indonesia |
KAMI | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| Indonesian National Christian Party Partai Kristen Nasional Indonesia |
Krisna | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| Indonesian National Party – Marhaenist Front Partai Nasional Indonesia – Front Marhaenis |
PNI-FM | 1999<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn | |
| Indonesian National Party – Marhaen Masses Partai Nasional Indonesia – Massa Marhaen |
PNI-MM | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn | |
| Indonesian National Party – Supeni Partai Nasional Indonesia – Supeni |
PNI-Supeni | 1995 / 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" />Template:Refn | |
| Indonesian National Union Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Uni Nasional Indonesia |
SUNI | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Partai Rakyat Indonesia (2003).svg | Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia |
Pari | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" /> |
| Indonesian Workers' Party Partai Pekerja Indonesia |
PPI | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Logo Partai Ummat Islam.png | Islamic Ummah Party Partai Ummat Islam |
PUI | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> |
| League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia |
IPKI | 1994 / 1998Template:Sfn<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn | |
| Love and Peace Party Partai Cinta Damai |
PCD | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Logo of the Murba Party.svg | Murba Party Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak |
Murba | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" />Template:Refn |
| National Freedom Party Partai Kebangsaan Merdeka |
PKM | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| National Love Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa |
PDKB | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| National Party of the Indonesian Nation Partai Nasional Bangsa Indonesia |
PNBI | 1998<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Partai Indonesia baru.png | New Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Baru |
PIB | 1999<ref name="wajah1-16" /> |
| File:Partai Masyumi Baru.png | New Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi Baru |
1995<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| People's Choice Party Partai Pilihan Rakyat |
Pilar | 1998<ref name="wajah17-32" /> | |
| People's Sovereignty Party Partai Daulat Rakyat |
PDR | 1999<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Logo Partai Keadilan.svg | Justice Party Partai Keadilan |
PK | 1999Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn |
| File:PPP 1982-98.png | United Party Partai Persatuan |
PP | 1999<ref name="wajah33-48" /> |
| Ummah Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Umat |
PKU | 1998<ref name="wajah1-16" /> | |
| Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja |
PSP | 1999<ref name="wajah33-48" /> | |
| File:Indonesian People's Democratic Party Logo.svg | People's Democratic Party Partai Rakyat Demokratik |
PRD | 1996<ref name="wajah1-16" /> |
.svg){kind=link}
Parties participating in 2004 and 2009 elections
After the 1999 legislative election, 150 parties were registered with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. However, after a review by the newly formed General Election Commission, this number was reduced to 50, and then to 24.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="seasite2004" /> This decrease from the 48 parties that ran in the 1999 legislative election was primarily due to a new election law that allowed only parties that had won 2% of DPR seats or 3% of seats in provincial and regental legislatures in half of the provinces to run in the 2004 election. Only six parties met this criterion, and the others were forced to merge or reorganize into a new party.<ref name="Electoral Studies">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2009, introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5% of the popular vote would be seated in the DPR.<ref name="threshold">Template:Cite news</ref> This threshold was raised to 3.5% in 2014,<ref name="Kompas0604142">Template:Citation</ref> then finally to 4% in 2017 as a way to cut election costs and ensure stability.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result small parties have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold.
Below is the list of political parties participating in the 2004 and 2009 elections which failed to participate in the next 2014 election.
| Name<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Established | Dissolved | Contested elections | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 2009 | ||||||
| Labour Party Partai Buruh |
PB | 1998 As "National Labour Party"<ref name="wajah33-48" /> |
2021 Reformed into the Labour Party |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion Partai Kasih Demokrasi Indonesia |
PKDI | 1998 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Patriot Party Partai Patriot |
1998 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |||
| Ulema National Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama |
PKNU | 2000s | 2022 Merged into the People's Sovereignty Party (PKR)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
File:X mark.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Archipelago Republic Party Partai Republika Nusantara |
RepublikaN | 2001 | 2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party<ref name="gabunghanura">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |
| Prosperous Peace Party Partai Damai Sejahtera |
PDS | 2001 | 2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party<ref name="gabunghanura" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Indonesian National Party Marhaenism Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme |
PNIM | 2002Template:Sfn Merger of PNI–Supeni and PNI–MM |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |||
| Pioneers' Party Partai Pelopor |
PP | 2002Template:Sfn | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Reform Star Party Partai Bintang Reformasi |
PBR | 2002 | 2011 Merged into the Gerindra Party<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Regional Unity Party Partai Persatuan Daerah |
PPD | 2002 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| New Indonesia Association Party Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru |
PPIB | 2002 | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |
| Concern for the Nation Functional Party Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa |
PKPB | 2002 | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |||
| Democratic Nationhood Party Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan |
PDK | 2002 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn">Template:Cite news</ref> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Freedom Party Partai Merdeka |
PM | 2002 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
| Indonesian Unity Party Partai Sarikat Indonesia |
PSI | 2002 | 2005 Merged into the National Mandate Party<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |
| Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia |
PPNUI | 2003 | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | |||
| Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia |
PPDI | 2003Template:Sfn | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
File:Symbol confirmed.svg | File:Symbol confirmed.svg | ||
Political parties in post-reform era (2005–present)
{{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}{{#ifeq:||}}
Below is the list of defunct political parties established in a period from 2005 to present.
Name {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
|
Established | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | Contested elections | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Renewal Party Partai Demokrasi Pembaruan |
PDP | 2005 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
||
| Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan |
PK | 2006 | 2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party<ref name="gabunghanura" /> |
||
| National People's Concern Party Partai Rakyat Peduli Nasional |
PPRN | 2006 | 2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party<ref name="gabunghanura" /> |
||
| National Sun Party Partai Matahari Bangsa |
PMB | 2006 | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
|
| Functional Party of Struggle Partai Karya Perjuangan |
Pakar Pangan | 2007 | 2012 Merged into Democratic Party<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
|
| Indonesian Youth Party Partai Pemuda Indonesia |
PPI | 2007 | 2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
||
| National Front Party Partai Barisan Nasional |
PBN | 2007 | |||
| Prosperous Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Sejahtera |
PIS | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party<ref name="ppn" /> |
|
| Nusantara Prosperous Party Partai Kemakmuran Bangsa Nusantara |
PKBN | 2011 | 2012 Merged to form the Concern for the Nation Functional Party<ref name="yenny" /> |
||
| New Indonesia National Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan Bangsa Indonesia Baru |
PKBIB | 2012 | |||
| Peace and Safe Islamic Party Partai Islam Damai Aman |
Idaman | 2015 | 2018 Merged into the National Mandate Party<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
|
| Indonesian People's Da'wah Party Partai Dakwah Rakyat Indonesia |
PDRI | 2021 | 2025 Merged into the Ummah Party<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
||
Others
Indonesian integrationist parties
| Logo | Name | Established | Dissolved | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Logo of Indonesian Irian Independence Party.svg | Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian Indonesian Irian Independence Party |
PKII | 1946 | 1962 | Founded in Netherlands New Guinea, advocated integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia. |
| File:APODETI logo 1974.png | Associação Popular Democrática Timorense Timorese Popular Democratic Association |
APODETI | 1974 | 2007 | Founded in Portuguese Timor, advocated integration of East Timor into Indonesia. |
See also
- Politics of Indonesia
- List of political parties by country
- List of youth wings of political parties in Indonesia
References
Notes
Citations
Selected bibliography
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- Dirkse, Jan-Paul; Hüsken, Frans & Rutten, Mario, eds. (1993). Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.
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