List of political parties in Taiwan
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Politics of Taiwan
This article lists the political parties in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 7 December 1949.
The organization of political parties in Taiwan is governed by the Template:Illm, enacted on 6 December 2017. The Political Parties Act defines political parties as "political groups consisting of Republic of China (ROC) citizens with a common political ideology who safeguard the free, democratic, constitutional order, assist in shaping the political will of the people, and nominate candidates for election to public office."<ref name="cnappapass">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cnappa2019">Template:Cite news Republished as: Template:Cite news</ref>
Prior to the passage of the Political Parties Act, political organizations in Taiwan followed the Civil Associations Act, also known as the Civil Organizations Act, promulgated in 1989.<ref name="cnappapass"/><ref name="cnappa2019"/> The Civil Associations Act required that groups held a convention to announce the formation of a political party, and within thirty days of the announcement, provide a list of party members and a party charter to the Ministry of the Interior.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Groups established when the Civil Associations Act was in effect should have revised their charters to comply with the Political Parties Act by 7 December 2019. To be compliant with the Political Parties Act, political groups must additionally convene a representative assembly or party congress for four consecutive years and have followed relevant laws and regulations governing the nomination of candidates to campaign in elections for public office for the same time period. Within one year of filing for political party status, a political group must complete legal person registration. The Ministry of the Interior requires that political parties submit annual property and financial statements. Political organizations that do not meet these regulations were dissolved and removed from the registry of political parties.<ref name="cnappapass"/><ref name="cnappa2019"/>
Current parties
Parties with national or local representation
- National representation includes the President, the Vice President, and the 113 national legislator seats in the Legislative Yuan.
- Local representation includes the 22 mayors/magistrates executive positions and 912 local legislator (councils) seats of the 6 special municipalities, 3 cities and 13 counties.
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Historical parties
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Taiwan under Japanese rule
Political party movements in Taiwan started in the late 1910s after World War I, during the Taishō era (Taishō democracy). Taiwanese political movements at this time were to modify the discriminatory colonial laws established in earlier years, and to set up local autonomy systems like in Mainland Japan. The largest political movement at this time was the Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament. At the same time, the International Communist Movement also influenced Taiwan, many Left-wing parties and organizations were also established.
Notable Taiwanese parties during this time are:
- Taiwan Dōkakai (Template:Zh, Japanese: Taiwan Dōkakai)
- New People Society (Template:Zhi; Shinminkai)
- Taiwanese Cultural Association (Template:Zhi; Taiwan Bunka Kyōkai)
- Taiwanese Federation of Workers' Unions (Template:Zhi; Taiwan Kōyū Sōrenmei)
- Taiwanese Peasants Union (Template:Zhi; Taiwan Nōmin Kumiai)
- Taiwanese Communist Party (Template:Zhi; Taiwan Kyōsan-tō)
- Taiwanese People's Party (Template:Zhi; Taiwan Minshu-tō)
- Taiwan Local Autonomy Union (Template:Zhi; Taiwan Tihō-jiti Renmei)
At the same time, the political parties in Mainland Japan also affected Taiwan. Those who served as Governor-General of Taiwan were also members of the House of Peers of the Imperial Diet Template:Nihongo. Party affiliations of the Governor-Generals were:
In the late 1930s, the Empire of Japan joined the Second World War. To prepare for the Pacific War, all political parties in Mainland Japan were merged by then-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe into a single organization
with its Taiwanese branch
was the only legal political party-like organization in Taiwan until the end of World War II.
Taiwan under the Republic of China
Taiwan was ceded back to the Republic of China, founded in 1912 on the mainland, on 25 October 1945. From 1945 until 1949, political parties in China which had operated covertly under Japanese rule were permitted to operate in Taiwan province. The ruling Kuomintang set up formal branches in Taiwan, and so did other major political parties including the Chinese Communist Party (in 1946). Although it had no formal connection with the Taiwanese Communist Party suppressed by Japanese authorities in the 1930s (which was instead affiliated with the Communist Party of Japan), the Taiwan branch of the Chinese Communist Party absorbed many former members of the Taiwanese Communist Party. However, against the backdrop of the Chinese Civil War which erupted soon after the retrocession of Taiwan, the Kuomintang-controlled Republic of China government attempted to restrict the operation of Chinese Communist Party cells in Taiwan, and other opposition parties.
With the Republic of China government rapidly losing the Chinese Civil War against the Chinese Communist Party, the ruling Kuomintang began preparing to move the government to Taiwan in 1949. Taiwan was placed under martial law from 19 May 1949 to 15 July 1987. The Taiwan provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party was particularly targeted, and by 1952 had been completely destroyed.
During this time, all forms of opposition were forbidden by the government, only three political parties that retreated to Taiwan were allowed to participate the elections.
- Kuomintang (Template:Zh)Template:Refn
- Chinese Youth Party (Template:Zh)
- China Democratic Socialist Party (Template:Zh)Template:Refn
All other oppositions who were not allowed not form a political party could only be listed as "independent candidate". These movements were called Tangwai movement (Template:Zh, literally outside of Kuomintang). A notable exception in this era was
It was established "illegally" on 28 September 1986, then was legalized in the next year by the lifting of the martial law.
As Taiwan democratized in the late 1980s, the number of legally registered political parties in Taiwan had increased exponentially and continued to increase year by year, indicating a liberal democracy and high political freedom in Taiwan.
| Year | 1990 | 1992 | 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. parties | 60 | 72 | 75 | 82 | 87 | 94 | 99 | 110 | 122 | 145 | 177 | 234 | 264 | 310 | 334 | 220 |
In recent decades, Taiwan's political campaigns can be classified to two ideological blocs
- The Pan-Green Coalition, led by Democratic Progressive Party, favors Taiwanization and the Taiwan independence movement, eventually aiming to establish a Taiwanese sovereign state.
- The Pan-Blue Coalition, led by Kuomintang, is in favor of building closer ties with mainland China and the eventual Chinese unification under the Government of the Republic of China.
The majority in both coalitions state a desire to maintain the status quo for now. Many minor parties in Taiwan are unaligned with either coalition.
On 6 December 2017, the Political Parties Act ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was enforced. The Act requires the political parties to maintain a number of compliance, including
- File a declaration to the Ministry of the Interior, AND register as a legal person to a District Court,
- Convene representative assembly or party congress at least once in a four-year period,
- Nominate candidates in national or local elections at least once in a four-year period, and
- Compliance on funding source, accounting, and financial transparency.
By the end of 2018, among the 343 existing political party declarations: 220 have met the new compliance, 56 chose to dissolve or transformed to a national political association.
See also
- Conservatism in Taiwan
- Progressivism in Taiwan
- February 28 Incident
- History of Taiwan
- Economic history of Taiwan
- Politics of the Republic of China
- Political parties of the Empire of Japan
- History of political parties in China
- List of political parties by country
- List of rulers of Taiwan
- Elections in Taiwan
Notes
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