List of rulers of Austria
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Template:Short description Template:Infobox former monarchy
From 976 until 1246, the Margraviate of Austria and its successor, the Duchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Babenberg. At that time, those states were part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1246 until 1918, the duchy and its successor, the Archduchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Habsburg. Following the defeat and dissolution of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the titles were abolished or fell into abeyance with the establishment of the modern Republic of Austria.
Margraves and Dukes of Austria under the House of Babenberg
The March of Austria, also known as Marcha Orientalis, was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the March of Pannonia in Carolingian times. The oldest attestation dates back to 996, where the written name "ostarrichi" occurs in a document transferring land in present-day Austria to a Bavarian monastery. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated the march to a duchy, independent of the Duchy of Bavaria.
| Name | Birth Death |
Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: Leopold I the Illustrious | Template:Circa Template:Small 10 July 994 Würzburg Template:Small |
21 July 976 10 July 994 |
March of Austria | Richardis of Sualafeldgau nine children |
Founder of the Babenbergs. |
| File:Henry I, Margrave of Austria.jpg Henry I the Strong | Template:Circa (?) Template:Small 23 June 1018 Template:Small |
10 July 994 23 June 1018 |
March of Austria | Unmarried | In his reign (996), the name Ostarrichi (later Osterreich, Austria) appeared for the first time to designate the land he ruled. |
| File:AdalbertBabenberg.jpg Adalbert I the Victorious | Template:Circa Template:Small 26 May 1055 Melk Template:Small |
23 June 1018 26 May 1055 |
March of Austria | Glismod of West-Saxony no children Frozza Orseolo c.1025? two children |
Expanded his Bavarian margraviate to the Morava and Leitha rivers. |
| File:Stift Heiligenkreuz - Babenbergerfenster 3 Ernst.jpg Ernest the Brave | 1027 Template:Small 10 June 1075 Template:Small |
26 May 1055 10 June 1075 |
March of Austria | Adelaide of Eilenburg 1060 three children Swanhilde of Ungarnmark 1072 no children |
Expanded his Bavarian margraviate to the Morava and Leitha rivers. |
| File:Poppo von Trier und Markgraf Leopold.png Leopold II the Fair | 1050 Template:Small 12 October 1095 Gars am Kamp Template:Small |
10 June 1075 12 October 1095 |
March of Austria | Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg 1065 eight children |
Supported the Gregorian Reforms, and was an active opponent to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor during the Investiture Controversy. |
| File:Leopold III Margrave of Austria.jpg Leopold III the Saint | 1073 Gars am Kamp Template:Small 15 November 1136 Klosterneuburg Template:Small |
12 October 1095 15 November 1136 |
March of Austria | Maria of Perg no children Agnes of Germany 1106 nineteen children |
His second marriage brought the margraviate of Austria closer to the Imperial family, which raised the importance of the Babenbergs. Consequently, more royal rights were granted to Austria. |
| File:Adalbert der Andächtige.jpg Adalbert II the Pious | 1106 Template:Small 9 November 1137 Template:Small |
15 November 1136 9 November 1137 |
March of Austria | Adelaide of Poland 1128/29 no children Hedwig of Hungary 1132 no children |
Usually not counted as margrave,<ref>Some sources state that he was disinherited, while giving no reason for that. It's possible that it this argument was an attempt to justifiy the unusual choice of young Leopold IV as successor to his father.</ref> despite being cited as so as early as 1119. Nevertheless, it's possible that he ruled for a year, or at least as claimant to his younger brother Leopold. If he ruled, he left no children. Knighted in 1125<ref>Continuatio Prædictorum Vindobonensium 1125, MGH SS, p. 725.</ref> |
| File:Stift Heiligenkreuz - Babenbergerfenster 7 Leopold.jpg Leopold IV the Generous | 1108 Template:Small – 18 October 1141 Niederalteich Template:Small |
9 November 1137 18 October 1141 |
March of Austria | Maria of Bohemia 28 September 1138 no children |
Also Duke of Bavaria, title given to him after his struggles with the House of Welf. |
| File:Wien.DukeHeinrichJasomirgott.jpg Henry II Jasomirgott<ref>His epithet as no certain origin; it's possible that it derived from the oath joch sam mir got helfe ("Yes, so help me God")</ref> | 1107 Template:Small 13 January 1177 Vienna Template:Small |
18 October 1141 13 January 1177 |
March of Austria Template:Small Duchy of Austria Template:Small |
Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 1 May 1142 one child Theodora Komnene 1148 three children |
Succeeded his younger brother in Austria and also as Duke of Bavaria. Moved his capital to Vienna. In 1156, Austria was raised to a Duchy. |
| File:Leopold V, Duke of Austria.jpg Leopold V the Virtuous | 1157 Template:Small 31 December 1194 Graz Template:Small |
13 January 1177 31 December 1194 |
Duchy of Austria | Helena of Hungary 1174 four children |
Children of Henry II, divided Austria: Leopold V kept the main duchy and annexed the Duchy of Styria to his domain in 1192. |
| File:Herzog Heinrich der Aeltere von Moedling.JPG Henry I the Elder | 1158 Template:Small 31 August 1223 Template:Small |
13 January 1177 31 August 1223 |
Duchy of Mödling | Richeza of Bohemia 1177 one child |
Leopold gave his brother Henry the so-called Duchy of Mödling (title Henry used from 1205Template:Sfn), which spanned from Liesing to Piesting and Bruck an der Leitha. Henry I and his descendants became mostly interested in the arts. |
| File:Fridrich1Bab.jpg Frederick I the Catholic | 1175 Template:Small 16 April 1198 The Holy Land Template:Small |
31 December 1194 16 April 1198 |
Duchy of Austria | Unmarried | Left no children. |
| File:Leopold der Glorreiche.Rathausplatz.Wien.JPG Leopold VI the Glorious | 15 October 1176 Template:Small 28 July 1230 San Germano Template:Small |
16 April 1198 28 July 1230 |
Duchy of Austria | Theodora Angelina 1203 seven children |
|
| File:Heinrich der Grausame.jpg Henry II the Profane | 1208 Template:Small 29 November 1228 Template:Small |
31 August 1223 29 November 1228 |
Duchy of Mödling | Agnes of Thuringia 29 November 1225 Nuremberg one child |
Nephew of Henry I, apparently succeeded him as ruler, preceding his cousin (Henry I's son). He is referenced as Heinricus iuvenis dux who died in 1227,<ref>Continuatio Scotorum 1227, MGH SS IX, p. 624</ref> and Henrici de Medlico (Henry of Mödling).<ref>Continuatio Zwetlenses III 1252, MGH SS IX, p. 655.</ref> |
| File:Herzog Heinrich der Juengere von Moedling.JPG Henry III the Younger | 1182 Template:Small 1236 Template:Small |
29 November 1228 1236 |
Duchy of Mödling | Unmarried | After his death the duchy reverted to his cousin Gertrude, daughter of Henry II. |
| File:HGM Statue Herzog Friedrich II der Streitbare.jpg Frederick II the Quarrelsome | 25 April 1211 Wiener Neustadt Template:Small 15 June 1246 Leitha Template:Small |
28 July 1230 15 June 1246 |
Duchy of Austria | Eudokia Sophia Laskarina AngelinaTemplate:Sfn no children Agnes of Merania 1229 no children |
His troublesome marriages with no children opened a succession crisis in Austria. |
| File:Gertrud Erbtochter von Babenberg.PNG Gertrude | 1226 Template:Small 24 April 1288 Template:Small |
1236 4 October 1250 |
Duchy of Mödling | Vladislaus of Bohemia 1246 no children Herman VI, Margrave of Baden 1248 two children Roman Danylovych 1252 one child |
Heiress of Mödling. After her cousin's death in 1246, she was the first to claim the duchy. She was associated with her first two husbands. However, as Herman of Baden failed to defeat the opposition of Austrian nobility, her rule weakened substantially, giving them minimal control over the duchies. Her first refusal of a third marriage with the brother of William II of Holland, combined with the occupation of Austria by her cousin Margaret and Ottokar of Bohemia in 1252, halted her claims. Although she was even given a part of Styria in 1254, she did not forswear her claim; her territorial portion was taken away from her in 1267. |
| 15 June 1246 4 October 1250 1254–1267 |
Duchy of Austria Template:Small | ||||
| Vladislaus of Bohemia | 1227 Template:Small 3 January 1247 Leitha Template:Small |
15 June 1246 3 January 1247 |
Duchy of Austria Template:Small |
Gertrude 1246 no children | |
| File:Herman VI, Margrave of Baden.jpg Herman VI, Margrave of Baden | c.1226 Template:Small 4 October 1250 Template:Small |
1248 4 October 1250 |
Duchy of Austria Template:Small |
Gertrude 1248 two children | |
| File:Konradin.jpg Frederick I, Margrave of Baden | 1249 Alland Template:Small 29 October 1268 Naples Template:Small |
1254 1267 |
Duchy of Austria Template:Small |
Unmarried | |
| File:Margarete von Babenberg.JPG Margaret | 1204 Template:Small 29 October 1266 Krumau am Kamp Template:Small |
6 May 1252 29 October 1266 |
Duchy of Austria Template:Small |
Henry (VII) of Germany 29 November 1225 Nuremberg two children Ottokar II of Bohemia 11 February 1252 Hainburg an der Donau Template:Small no children |
Margaret and her husband, future King of Bohemia, invaded Austria in 1252 and were successfully proclaimed Dukes of Austria. After the annulment of their marriage, Margaret retired and Ottokar continued his rule until 1276, when he signed away his claims in Austria in favor of Rudolph of Habsburg. The matter would be settled with his defeat and death at the Battle on the Marchfeld (1278). |
| File:Ottokar II of Bohemia.jpg Premislaus Ottokar II of Bohemia The Iron and Golden King | 1233 Městec Králové Template:Small 26 August 1278 Dürnkrut Template:Small |
6 May 1252 1261 |
Duchy of Austria Template:Small |
Margaret 11 February 1252 Hainburg an der Donau Template:Small no children Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych 25 October 1261 Pressburg three children | |
| 1261 November 1276 |
Duchy of Austria |
Dukes and Archdukes of Austria under the House of Habsburg
Template:Main Count Rudolf of Habsburg, elected as king of Germany (1273), was able during 1276–1278 to decisively defeat his main rival, the Bohemian king Ottokar II, and to regain his Austrian domains back for the Empire. By his imperial authority, Rudolf later (1282) invested his sons Albrecht and Rudolf with the duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing them for the House of Habsburg. Austria remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.
The most important Austrian rulers until the Victory at Vienna in 1683 are described in the book Symmetria iuridico Austriaca.
Possessions (and partitions) of Austria under Habsburg domain
| Duchy of Austria (1291–1379) Template:Small | |||
| Duchy of Lower Austria (1379–1457) |
Duchies of Inner and Further Austria Template:Small (1379–1406) | ||
| Duchy of Inner Austria Template:Small (1406–1453) |
Duchy of Further Austria (1406–1439) |
County of Tyrol (1406–1439) | |
| Duchy of Further Austria Template:Small (1439–1453) | |||
| Template:Small Archduchy of Inner Austria (1453–1490) |
Template:Small Archduchy of Further Austria (1453–1490) | ||
| Archduchy of Austria Template:Small (1490–1564) | |||
| Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria (1564–1619) |
Archduchy of Inner Austria (1564–1619) |
Archduchy of Further Austria Template:Small (1564–1619) | |
| Archduchy of Austria (1619–1623) | |||
| Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria (1623–1665) |
Archduchy of Further Austria (1623–1665) | ||
| Archduchy of Austria Template:Small (1665–1804) | |||
Table of rulers
| Ruler | Birth Death |
Reign | Ruling part | Consort(s) Child(ren) |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Minnigerode-rudolf.JPG Rudolph I |
1 May 1218 Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl Template:Small 15 July 1291 Speyer Template:Small |
November 1276 December 1282 |
Duchy of Austria | Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg 1253 Elsass ten children Isabella of Burgundy 6 February 1284 Remiremont no children |
Brought the rule of Austria to the Habsburgs after definitively defeating Ottokar II of Bohemia between 1276 and 1278. |
| File:AlbrechtI.jpg Albert I |
July 1255 Vienna Template:Small 1 May 1308 Windisch Template:Small |
December 1282 1 May 1308 |
Duchy of Austria | Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol 20 December 1274 Vienna twelve children |
Sons of Rudolf I, Albert I and Rudolf II, co-ruled in Austria only one year (1282–83) when the sole rule was entrusted by the Treaty of Rheinfelden to Albert alone according to the principle of primogeniture. Albert was elected as king of Germany in 1298, and that same year he associated his own eldest son, Rudolf III in Austria. Rudolf III was also elected King of Bohemia in 1306, but predeceased his father, dying in the following year. Albert himself was assassinated by his nephew John Parricida. |
| File:König Rudolf I. mit Agnes von Böhmen.jpg Rudolf II the Debonair |
July 1270 Rheinfelden Template:Small 10 May 1290 Prague Template:Small |
December 1282 1283 |
Duchy of Austria | Agnes of Bohemia March 1289 Prague one child | |
| File:Rudolph III of Habsburg.jpg Rudolf III the Good |
Template:Circa 1281 Vienna Template:Small 3/4 July 1307 Horažďovice Template:Small |
21 November 1298 3/4 July 1307 |
Duchy of Austria | Blanche of France 25 May 1300 one child Elisabeth Richeza of Poland 16 October 1306 Prague no children | |
| File:Frederick III the Fair.jpg Frederick I/III the Fair<ref>His numbering, if counted as I, reflects, not the ducal succession of the Babenbergs (being in fact the third ruler of Austria bearing this name), but of the comital Habsburgs, being the first member of the family with this name. However, he may have adopted his German numeral III in Austria, as the next de facto rulers of Austria who bore the same name styled themselves as Frederick IV and Frederick V. So, inadvertently, the numbering of de facto ruling Fredericks actually follow the Babenberg counting.</ref> |
Template:Circa 1289 Vienna Template:Small 13 January 1330 Gutenstein Template:Small |
1 May 1308 13 January 1330 |
Duchy of Austria | Isabella of Aragon 11 May 1315 Ravensburg three children |
Younger brothers of Rudolf III, and co-rulers in Austria and Styria. Leopold, despite being younger than Frederick, was the one who primarily inherited the County of Habsburg, the oldest land of the family, and it was only after his death (1326) that Frederick came to rule there. In 1314, Frederick was elected King of the Romans, firstly as rival of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and then accepting co-rulership. |
| File:Leopold I Habsburg.jpg Leopold I the Glorious<ref>His numbering reflects, not the ducal succession of the Babenbergs (being in fact the seventh ruler of Austria bearing this name), but of the comital Habsburgs, being the first member of the family with this name.</ref> |
4 August 1290 Vienna Template:Small 28 February 1326 Strassburg Template:Small |
1 May 1308 28 February 1326 |
Duchy of Austria | Catherine of Savoy 26 May 1315 Basel two children | |
| File:Albert II of Austria.jpg Albert II the Wise |
12 December 1298 Habsburg Castle Template:Small 16 August 1358 Vienna Template:Small |
13 January 1330 16 August 1358 |
Duchy of Austria | Joanna of Pfirt 15 February 1324 Vienna six children |
Younger brothers of the predecessors, and co-rulers. Albert established the primogeniture law into their domains. He also brought Carinthia and Carniola into Habsburg rule and laid an unsuccessful siege to Zürich. Otto administered the Swabian Habsburg lands. Otto's minor sons, Frederick (II) and Leopold (II), succeeded him in the co-rulership as titular dukes (1339–1344). |
| File:Otto the Merry.jpg Otto I the Merry |
23 July 1301 Vienna Template:Small 17 February 1339 Neuberg an der Mürz Template:Small |
13 January 1330 17 February 1339 |
Duchy of Austria | Elisabeth of Bavaria 15 May 1325 Straubing two children Anne of Bohemia 16 February 1335 Znaim no children | |
| File:Rudolph IV of Austria.jpg Rudolf IV the Founder |
1 November 1339 Vienna Template:Small 27 July 1365 Milan Template:Small |
16 August 1358 27 July 1365 |
Duchy of Austria | Catherine of Bohemia 13 July 1356 Vienna no children |
After the unchanging of privileges for the Habsburgs in the decree of the Golden Bull in 1356, Rudolf gave the order to draw up the Privilegium Maius, a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers. He was the first to style himself as "Archduke", a title which was only made official in 1453. Rudolf also brought Tyrol into the Habsburg domain. |
| The Privilegium Maius, fabricated by Rudolf in 1359, attempted to invest the Dukes of Austria with the special position of an "Archduke". This title was frequently used by Ernest the Iron and other Dukes but not recognized by other princes of the Holy Roman Empire until Frederick V became Emperor and confirmed the Privilegium in 1453. After the death of Rudolf in 1365, his brothers Albert and Leopold succeeded him together, but divided their possessions between them in the Treaty of Neuberg of 1379:
| |||||
| File:Albrecht Dritte Habsburg1.jpg Albert III the Pigtail |
9 September 1349 Vienna Template:Small 29 August 1395 Laxenburg Template:Small |
29 July 1365 25 September 1379 |
Duchy of Austria | Elisabeth of Bohemia after 19 March 1366 Vienna no children Beatrice of Nuremberg 4 March 1375 Vienna one child |
Brothers of the predecessor, divided their domains in 1379. Leopold himself lost his life fighting in the Battle of Sempach (1386), a turning point that established the growth of the Swiss Confederacy and the effective decline of Habsburg power in their Swiss homeland. |
| 25 September 1379 29 August 1395 |
Duchy of Lower Austria | ||||
| File:Leopold III of Austria.jpg Leopold III the Just<ref>Numbered III by including the titular duke Leopold II (1339–1344)</ref> |
1 November 1351 Vienna Template:Small 9 July 1386 Sempach Template:Small |
29 July 1365 25 September 1379 |
Duchy of Austria | Viridis Visconti 23 February 1365 Vienna six children | |
| 25 September 1379 9 July 1386 |
Duchies of Inner and Further Austria with County of Tyrol | ||||
| File:Wilhelm Austria.jpg William the Courteous |
Template:Circa 1370 Vienna Template:Small 15 July 1406 Vienna Template:Small |
9 July 1386 15 July 1406 |
Duchies of Inner and Further Austria with County of Tyrol | Joan II of Naples 13 November 1401 Vienna no children |
Co-ruled with his brother Leopold IV. Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1406. |
| File:Leopold IV.jpg Leopold IV the Fat |
Template:Circa 1371 Vienna Template:Small 3 June 1411 Vienna Template:Small |
9 July 1386 15 July 1406 |
Duchies of Inner and Further Austria with County of Tyrol | Catherine of Burgundy 15 August 1393 Vienna no children |
Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1411. After the partition of 1406, kept Further Austria. |
| 15 July 1406 3 June 1411 |
Duchy of Further Austria | ||||
| File:Albrecht IV.jpg Albert IV the Patient |
19 September 1377 Vienna Template:Small 14 September 1404 Klosterneuburg Template:Small |
29 August 1395 14 September 1404 |
Lower Austria | Joanna Sophia of Bavaria 24 April 1390 Vienna two children |
His rule was marked by tensions and conflicts with the Leopoldinian line and the Luxemburg dynasty. |
| Template:Small | Succeeded as a minor, under guardianship of his Leopoldinian uncles. He was elected, in 1437 38, as King of Bohemia and King of Hungary, and also as King of Germany, beginning a three centuries long succession of Habsburg rulers as Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors. | ||||
| File:Albrecht II as Roman-German king.jpg Albert V the Magnanimous |
16 August 1397 Vienna Template:Small 27 October 1439 Neszmély Template:Small |
14 September 1404 27 October 1439 |
Duchy of Lower Austria | Elizabeth of Luxembourg 26 April 1422 Vienna three children | |
In 1406, after the death of William, the living brothers of the Leopoldinian Line made a new division of their territories:
| |||||
| File:Ernest the Iron.jpg Ernest the Iron |
Template:Circa 1377 Bruck an der Mur Template:Small 10 June 1424 Bruck an der Mur Template:Small |
15 July 1406 10 June 1424 |
Duchy of Inner Austria | Margaret of Pomerania 14 January 1392 Bruck an der Mur no children Cymburgis of Masovia 25 January 1412 Kraków nine children |
In 1414, he became the last Duke to be enthroned according to Carantanian traditional rite at the Prince's Stone in Carinthia, and from that time on called himself Archduke. Beside Rudolf IV, he was the only one who used the title before it became official in 1453. |
| File:Friedrich IV of Austria.jpg Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets<ref>Numbered IV by including either only the de facto duke Frederick the Fair, sometimes numbered III, or by including the titular dukes Frederick (II) (1339–1344) and Frederick (III) (1347–1362).</ref> |
Template:Circa 1382 Template:Small 24 June 1439 Innsbruck Template:Small |
15 July 1406 3 June 1411 |
County of Tyrol | Elisabeth of the Palatinate 24 December 1407 Innsbruck one child Anna of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 11 June 1411 Innsbruck four children |
Also held regency in Inner Austria 1424–1435. Because he sided with Antipope John XXIII, the Council of Constance stripped him of the remaining important Swiss possessions of the family, which went to the Swiss Confederacy. |
| 3 June 1411 24 June 1439 |
County of Tyrol with Further Austria | ||||
| Vacant 1439–1440 | |||||
| Template:Small | Succeeded as a minor, under the guardianship of his Ernestine cousin. His death without descendants ended the Albertinian line. The domains which he inherited in Bohemia and Hungary were lost, and were only recovered during the reign of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. | ||||
| File:Ladislaus Posthumous.jpg Ladislaus the Posthumous |
22 February 1440 Komárom Template:Small 23 November 1457 Prague Template:Small |
22 February 1440 23 November 1457 |
Duchy of Lower Austria Template:Small Archduchy of Lower Austria Template:Small |
Unmarried | |
| Lower Austria annexed to Inner Austria | |||||
| Template:Small | In 1490 he abdicated his control over his territories, giving way for the reunification of Austria. | ||||
| File:SigismundAustria.jpg Sigismund the Rich |
26 October 1427 Innsbruck Template:Small 4 March 1496 Innsbruck Template:Small |
24 June 1439 1490 |
Duchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol Template:Small Archduchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol Template:Small |
Eleanor of Scotland 12 February 1449 Innsbruck one child Katharina of Saxony 24 February 1484 Innsbruck no children | |
| Further Austria and Tyrol annexed to Inner Austria | |||||
| Template:Small | Sons of Ernest I, ruled jointly. Occasionally, Albert revolted against Frederick, occupying until his death the lands known today as Upper Austria and Lower Austria. On his part, Frederick was elected, between 1440 and 1452, King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. With this dignity, he conceded and made official, in 1453, the Habsburg title of Archduke. He officially elevated the Duchy into an Archduchy, which he came to inherit a few years later. Despite having reunited all of Austria, Frederick's rule wasn't always uncontested: in 1485–1490, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, occupied the proper Duchies of Austria and Styria, claiming the title Archduke of Austria. | ||||
| File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg Frederick V the Peaceful |
21 September 1415 Innsbruck Template:Small 19 August 1493 Linz Template:Small |
10 June 1424 1490 |
Duchy of Inner Austria Template:Small Archduchy of Inner Austria Template:Small |
Eleanor of Portugal 16 March 1452 Rome five children | |
| 1490 19 August 1493 |
Archduchy of Austria | ||||
| File:Albert VI of Austria.jpg Albert VI the Prodigal |
12 September 1418 Vienna Template:Small 2 December 1463 Vienna Template:Small |
10 June 1424 2 December 1463 |
Duchy of Inner Austria Template:Small Archduchy of Inner Austria Template:Small |
Mechthild of the Palatinate 1452 Vienna no children | |
| File:Maximilian I of Austria.jpg Maximilian I the Last Knight |
22 March 1459 Wiener Neustadt Template:Small 12 January 1519 Wels Template:Small |
19 August 1493 12 January 1519 |
Archduchy of Austria | Mary of Burgundy 18 August 1477 Ghent three children Anne of Brittany 18 December 1490 Rennes no children Bianca Maria Sforza 16 March 1494 Hall in Tirol no children |
In 1490, he reconquered lost Austrian lands after Matthias Corvinus's death and persuaded his cousin Sigismund to cede Tyrol to him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Appointed King of the Romans in 1486 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1508. His first marriage allowed him to extend Habsburg domain over the Low Countries. |
| File:Jakob Seisenegger 001.jpg Charles I |
24 February 1500 Ghent Template:Small 21 September 1558 Yuste Template:Small |
12 January 1519 1521/1556 |
Archduchy of Austria | Isabella of Portugal 10 March 1526 Seville seven children |
Grandson of his predecessor. Through his mother he gained, in 1516, the recently unified Kingdom of Spain. He founded a Spanish branch of the Habsburgs that reigned until 1700. In 1519, he inherited the Austrian Archduchy, and was the first solely elected (not crowned) King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V). In 1521, he abdicated from Austria. He was succeeded in Austria by his brother, but continued being his brother's overlord until 1556. In this year, Charles abdicated control over all his possessions and retired to the Monastery of Yuste. |
| File:Hans Bocksberger der Aeltere 001.jpg Ferdinand I Template:Small |
10 March 1503 Alcalá de Henares Template:Small 25 July 1564 Vienna Template:Small |
1521/1556 25 July 1564 |
Archduchy of Austria | Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 25 May 1521 Linz fifteen children |
Brother of the predecessor. While Charles I's son Philip II of Spain inherited the "Western" possessions (Low Countries, Spain with ultramarine lands, and Italian states), Ferdinand inherited the rest (Austrian possessions), while gaining the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, and came to be elected King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, after his brother's abdication. |
In 1564, after Ferdinand I's death, the Archduchy was once more divided between his sons:
| |||||
| File:Nicolas Neufchâtel 002.jpg Maximilian II |
31 July 1527 Vienna Template:Small 12 October 1576 Regensburg Template:Small |
25 July 1564 12 October 1576 |
Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria | Maria of Spain 13 September 1548 Valladolid sixteen children |
Maximilian, as the eldest son, was elected King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor in 1564, and inherited also the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. |
| File:Francesco Terzio 002.jpg Ferdinand II |
14 June 1529 Linz Template:Small 24 January 1595 Innsbruck Template:Small |
25 July 1564 24 January 1595 |
Archduchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol | Philippine Welser ca. 1576 four children Anne Juliana Gonzaga 14 May 1582 Innsbruck three children |
Had descendants, but from his morganatic marriage, making them unsuitable for succession; his lands were eventually inherited by the senior Austrian line. |
| File:Anonym Erzherzog Karl II.jpg Charles II<ref> In German Articles and Books these Archdukes' names and titles are normally completed with the territorial names of their Duchy as: "Charles II of Inner Austria" = "Karl der II. von Inner Österreich"</ref> |
3 June 1540 Vienna Template:Small 10 July 1590 Graz Template:Small |
25 July 1564 10 July 1590 |
Archduchy of Inner Austria | Maria Anna of Bavaria (I) 26 August 1571 Vienna fifteen children |
Unlike his brother Maximilian, Charles was Catholic and promoted the Counter-Reformation in his domains. |
| File:Hans von Aachen 003.jpg Rudolf V |
18 July 1552 Vienna Template:Small 20 January 1612 Prague Template:Small |
12 October 1576 1608 |
Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria | Unmarried | Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. He was a patron of the arts, known for his support of Mannerist art. |
| File:Lucas van Valckenborch 003.jpg Matthias |
24 February 1557 Vienna Template:Small 20 March 1619 Vienna Template:Small |
24 January 1595 26 June 1612 2 November 1618 20 March 1619 |
Archduchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol | Anna of Tyrol 4 December 1611 Vienna no children |
Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. |
| 1608 20 March 1619 |
Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria Template:Small | ||||
| File:Henseiller Maximilian III of Austria.jpg Maximilian III |
12 October 1558 Vienna Template:Small 2 November 1618 Vienna Template:Small |
26 June 1612 2 November 1618 |
Archduchy of Further Austria | Unmarried Template:Small |
In 1587 stood as a candidate for the throne of the [[Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. He also held the regency of Lower and Upper Austria 1593–1595. |
| File:Rubens - arquiduquealbertoVII01.jpg Albert VII |
13 November 1559 Wiener Neustadt Template:Small 13 July 1621 Brussels Template:Small |
20 March 9 October 1619 |
Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria | Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain 18 April 1599 Valencia no children |
Also Viceroy of Portugal under Philip II of Spain, and ruler of the Low Countries (1598–1621). Ruled a few months as archduke, before abdicating. His abdication resulted in a new reunion of Austria. |
In 1619, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III of Austria) reunited the Archduchy. During the Thirty Years' War, he felt the need to divide the land once more:
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| Template:Small | Also Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), and King of Hungary and Bohemia. In 1619, he reunited Austria, but divided it again. | ||||
| File:Kaiser Ferdinand II. 1614.jpg Ferdinand III |
9 July 1578 Graz Template:Small 15 February 1637 Vienna Template:Small |
10 July 1590 9 October 1619 |
Archduchy of Inner Austria | Maria Anna of Bavaria (II) 23 April 1600 Graz seven children Eleonora Gonzaga (I) 2 February 1622 Innsbruck no children | |
| 9 October 1619 1623 |
Archduchy of Austria | ||||
| 1623 15 February 1637 |
Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria | ||||
| File:Joseph Heintz d. Ä. 007.jpg Leopold V |
9 October 1586 Graz Template:Small 13 September 1632 Schwaz Template:Small |
1623 13 September 1632 |
Archduchy of Further Austria | Claudia de' Medici 19 April 1626 Innsbruck five children |
When he was chosen as archduke regnant, he abdicated his ecclesiastical status (as he previously held the Bishoprics of Passau and Strasbourg) in order to get married and have children. |
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| File:Frans Luycx - Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria.jpg Ferdinand Charles |
17 May 1628 Innsbruck Template:Small 30 December 1662 Kaltern Template:Small |
13 September 1632 30 December 1662 |
Archduchy of Further Austria | Anna de' Medici 10 June 1646 Innsbruck two children | |
| File:Frans Luycx 002.jpg Ferdinand IV |
13 July 1608 Graz Template:Small 2 April 1657 Vienna Template:Small |
15 February 1637 2 April 1657 |
Lower Austria and Inner Austria | Maria Anna of Spain 20 February 1631 Vienna six children Maria Leopoldine of Austria 2 July 1648 Linz one child Eleonora Gonzaga (II) 30 April 1651 Wiener Neustadt four children |
Also Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657), and King of Hungary and Bohemia. |
| File:Giovanni Maria Morandi 002.jpg Sigismund Francis |
27 November 1630 Innsbruck Template:Small 25 June 1665 Innsbruck Template:Small |
30 December 1662 25 June 1665 |
Archduchy of Further Austria | Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach 13 June 1665 Sulzbach no children |
Brother of the predecessor. After his death, his territories reverted to the elder line. |
| File:Benjamin von Block 001.jpg Leopold VI |
9 June 1640 Vienna Template:Small 5 May 1705 Vienna aged 64 |
2 April 1657 25 June 1665 |
Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria | Margaret Theresa of Spain 12 December 1666 Vienna four children Claudia Felicitas of Austria 15 October 1673 Graz two children Eleanor Magdalene of Palatinate-Neuburg 14 December 1676 Passau eleven children |
Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1665, he unified Austria once more. |
| 25 June 1665 5 May 1705 |
Archduchy of Austria | ||||
| File:JosephI.1705.JPG Joseph I |
26 July 1678 Vienna Template:Small 17 April 1711 Vienna Template:Small |
5 May 1705 17 April 1711 |
Archduchy of Austria | Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick 10 June 1646 Vienna three children |
Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. |
| File:Johann Gottfried Auerbach 004.jpg Charles III |
1 October 1685 Vienna Template:Small 20 October 1740 Vienna Template:Small |
17 April 1711 20 October 1740 |
Archduchy of Austria | Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1 August 1708 Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona five children |
Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1700, he claimed the Kingdom of Spain in the War of Spanish Succession (1700–1713). |
| File:Maria Theresia im Spitzenbesetzten Kleid.jpg Maria Theresa Template:Small |
13 May 1717 Hofburg Imperial Palace Template:Small 29 November 1780 Hofburg Imperial Palace Template:Small |
20 October 1740 29 November 1780 |
Archduchy of Austria | 12 February 1736 Vienna sixteen children |
Also Queen of Bohemia and Hungary. |
| File:Francis I HRE.jpg Francis I Stephen Template:Small |
8 December 1708 Nancy Template:Small 18 August 1765 Innsbruck aged 56 |
20 October 1740 18 August 1765 |
Archduchy of Austria | Also Holy Roman Emperor (1740–1765). Exchanged his original Duchy of Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1737). | |
| The Austrian agnatic branch ended in 1780 with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria and was replaced by a combination of the Austrian cognatic branch of the Habsburgs and the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself as Habsburg-Lorraine (Habsburg-Lothringen). All Habsburgs living today are in the agnatic descendants of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen. | |||||
| File:Anton von Maron 006.png Joseph II |
13 March 1741 Vienna Template:Small 20 February 1790 Vienna Template:Small |
29 November 1780 20 February 1790 |
Archduchy of Austria Template:Small |
Isabella of Parma 6 October 1760 Vienna two children Maria Josepha of Bavaria 23 January 1765 Schönbrunn no children |
Co-ruling with his mother since the death of his father. Also Holy Roman Emperor (1765–1790). |
| File:Johann Daniel Donat, Emperor Leopold II in the Regalia of the Golden Fleece (1806).png Leopold VII |
5 May 1747 Vienna Template:Small 1 March 1792 Vienna Template:Small |
20 February 1790 1 March 1792 |
Archduchy of Austria Template:Small |
Maria Luisa of Spain 16 February 1764 Innsbruck sixteen children |
Had a brief reign. Also elected Holy Roman Emperor (1790–1792). |
| File:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor at age 25, 1792.png Francis II |
12 February 1768 Florence Template:Small 2 March 1835 Vienna Template:Small |
1 March 1792 11 August 1804 |
Archduchy of Austria Template:Small |
Elisabeth of Württemberg 6 January 1788 Vienna one child Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 15 September 1790 Vienna twelve children Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 6 January 1808 Vienna no children Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 29 October 1816 Vienna no children |
In 1804 Francis adopted the new title Emperor of Austria, but kept the title of Archduke of Austria. |
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In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.
Emperors of Austria (1804–1918)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Francis created his own Austrian Empire.
Following the defeat in World War I, Austria-Hungary was dissolved in 1918.
See also
- Austrian nobility
- History of Austria
- Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
- List of Austrian consorts
- List of heirs to the Austrian throne
- List of presidents of Austria
- List of chancellors of Austria
- List of Marshals of Austria
- Symmetria iuridico Austriaca