List of stock market crashes and bear markets

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets. The difference between the two relies on speed (how fast declines occur) and length (how long they last). Stock market crashes are quick and brief, while bear markets are slow and prolonged. Those two do not always happen within the same decline.

Table

Name	Date	Country	Notes	Ref
Tulip mania Bubble	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	A bubble (1633–37) in the Dutch Republic during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices, and suddenly collapsed.	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Mississippi Bubble	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France.
South Sea Bubble of 1720	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Affected early European stock markets, during early days of chartered joint stock companies.
The Dutch Bubble of 1720	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	A speculative mania in the Dutch Republic fueled by an influx of foreign capital, the rapid creation of new joint-stock companies, and extensive Windhandel—unregulated options and forward contracts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Bengal Bubble of 1769	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Primarily caused by the British East India Company, whose shares fell from £276 in December 1768 to £122 in 1784.
Crisis of 1772	Template:Dts	Template:Flag Template:Flag
Financial Crisis of 1791–92	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791. Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year.
Panic of 1796–1797	Template:Dts	Template:Flag Template:Flag	A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States.
Panic of 1819	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1825	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1837	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1847	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1857	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1866	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Black Friday	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1873	Template:Dts		Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe.
Paris Bourse crash of 1882	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1884	Template:Dts
Encilhamento	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting 3 years, 1890–1893, a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s, causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation.	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Viscount of Taunay; "O Encilhamento; scenas contemporaneas da Bolsa do Rio de Janeiro em 1890, 1891 e 1892" Template:In lang ("The Encilhamento: contemporary scenes of Rio Stock Exchange in 1890, 1891 & 1892") Editora Melhoramentos, Rio 1893</ref>
Panic of 1893	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1896	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Panic of 1901	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting 3 years, the market was spooked by the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, coupled with a severe drought later the same year.
Panic of 1907	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting over a year, markets took fright after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors, notably railways.
Wall Street crash of 1929	Template:Dts–Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting over 4 years, the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in, when their loans were called in. Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression.
Recession of 1937–1938	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting around a year, this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policy.
Kennedy Slide of 1962	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Also known as the 'Flash Crash of 1962'.	<ref>"Back to the Future: Lessons From the Forgotten 'Flash Crash' of 1962"</ref>
Bear Market of 1970	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Over 20 months, rising inflation along with rising interest rates combined with the ongoing Vietnam War caused the S&P 500 to decline by 36.1% coinciding with the Cambodia campaign.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting through the 1970s and early-1980s, this was the end of a boom that started in 1969, compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis.	<ref>Gary Previts, Peter Walton & Peter Wolnizer "A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting And Public Policy; Americas – Volume 14B" The University of Sydney/The Accounting Foundation, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2011 Template:ISBN Page 41, from the last paragraph</ref><ref>Detailed PDF Template:Webarchive Academic work about the subject Template:In lang UNICAMP June 2007</ref><ref>Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; "Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil" ("Histories of Financial Markets in Brazil") Template:In lang Campus Elsevier Brazil 2011 Template:ISBN Introduction and Chapter 4</ref>
1973–1974 stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag/Worldwide	Lasting 23 months, dramatic rise in oil prices, the miners' strike and the downfall of the Heath government.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early 1980s recession	Template:Dts	Template:Flag/Worldwide	Over 21 months, rising interest rates to tame double-digit inflation caused the S&P 500 to decline by 27.1%.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag
Black Monday	Template:Dts	Template:Flag Template:Flag	Infamous stock market crash that represented the greatest one-day percentage decline in U.S. stock market history, culminating in a bear market after a more than 20% plunge in the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Among the primary causes of the chaos were program trading and illiquidity, both of which fueled the vicious decline for the day as stocks continued lower even as volume grew lighter. Today, circuit breakers are in place to prevent a repeat of Black Monday. After a 7% drop, trading would be suspended for 15 minutes, with the same 15 minute suspension kicking in after a 13% drop. However, in the event of a 20% drop, trading would be shut down for the remainder of the day. In New Zealand the stock market continued to crash for the next 5 months down to 60%.
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash, due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline, that led to its collapse, and from which it never recovered.	<ref>Markham, Jeffrey W. "A Financial History of the United States; Volume III (1970–2001)" M.E.Sharpe 2002 Template:ISBN page 147, from last paragraph</ref><ref>Article Template:Webarchive about the decline of Rio Stock Exchange. Last 3 paragraphs are about the 1989 crash</ref><ref>Barcellos & Azevedo 2011, Pages 141–142; 149 to 151, and 154</ref>
Friday the 13th mini-crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Failed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash.
Early 1990s recession	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, causing oil prices to increase. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 18% in three months, from 2,911.63 on 3 July to 2,381.99 on 16 October 1990. This recession lasted approximately 8 months.
Japanese asset price bubble	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Lasting approximately twenty years, through at least the end of 2011, share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession. Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the dot-com bubble. In addition, more recent economic events, such as the 2008 financial crisis and August 2011 stock markets fall have prolonged this period.
Black Wednesday	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit.
1997 Asian financial crisis	Template:Dts	Template:Flag Template:Flag Template:Flag Template:Flag Template:Flag	Investors deserted emerging Asian shares, including an overheated Hong Kong stock market. Crashes occur in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, and elsewhere, reaching a climax in the October 27, 1997 mini-crash.
October 27, 1997, mini-crash	Template:Dts		Global stock market crash that was caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
1998 Russian financial crisis	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The Russian government devalues the ruble, defaults on domestic debt, and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors.
Dot-com bubble	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Collapse of a technology bubble.
Economic effects of the September 11 attacks	Template:Dts		The September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever.
Stock market downturn of 2002	Template:Dts		Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks, indices slid steadily starting in March 2002, with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998. See stock market downturn of 2002.
Chinese stock bubble of 2007	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9% from unexpected selloffs, the largest drop in 10 years, triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2008 financial crisis/ United States bear market of 2007–2009	Template:Dts Template:Dts	Template:Flag/ Worldwide	Beginning in late 2007, fears about growing debt, the growing housing bubble, and general economic weakness kicked off a selling spree in markets. This accelerated on September 16, 2008, due to U.S. financial institutions failing because of the collapse of subprime loans and credit default swap securities. This rapidly devolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of equities (stock) and commodities worldwide. The failure of banks in Iceland resulted in a devaluation of the Icelandic króna and threatened the government with bankruptcy. Iceland was able to secure an emergency loan from the IMF in November. Later on, U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to purchase failing bank assets. Had disastrous effects on the world economy along with world trade.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2009 Dubai debt standstill	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Dubai requested a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the Great Recession. The announcement caused global stock markets to drop.	<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
European sovereign debt crisis	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	Standard & Poor's downgraded Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a €45-billion EU–IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro's value, and furthering a European sovereign debt crisis.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="CNN">Template:Cite news</ref>
2010 flash crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its worst intra-day point loss, dropping nearly 1,000 points before partially recovering.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
August 2011 stock markets fall	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	S&P 500 entered a short-lived bear market between 2 May 2011 (intraday high: 1,370.58) and 4 October 2011 (intraday low: 1,074.77), a decline of 21.58%. The stock market rebounded thereafter and ended the year flat.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2015–16 Chinese stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The Chinese stock market crashed in June and continued falling in July and August. In January 2016, the market also experienced a steep sell-off which set off a global rout.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2015–2016 stock market selloff	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The Dow Jones fell 588 points during a two-day period, 1,300 points from 18 to 21 August. On Monday, 24 August, world stock markets were down substantially, wiping out all gains made in 2015, with interlinked drops in commodities such as oil, which hit a six-year price low, copper, and most Asian currencies – with exception of the Japanese yen – losing value against the United States dollar. With this plunge, an estimated ten trillion dollars had been wiped off the books on global markets since 3 June.	<ref name="Los Angeles Times">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2018 cryptocurrency crash	Template:Dts		The S&P 500 index peaked at 2,930 on its 20 September close and dropped 19.73% to 2,351 by Christmas Eve. Bitcoin price peaked on 17 Dec '17, then fell 45% on 22 Dec '17. The DJIA falls 18.78% during roughly the same period. Shanghai Composite dropped to a four-year low, escalating their economic downturn since the 2015 recession.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2020 stock market crash	Template:Dts	Worldwide	The S&P 500 index dropped 34%, 1145 points, at its peak of 3386 on 19 February to 2237 on 23 March. This crash was part of a worldwide recession caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2022 stock market decline	Template:Dts	Worldwide	The S&P 500 index peaked at 4,796 on its 3 January close and dropped 27.55% to 3,498 by October 2022. The DJIA fell 18.78% since its 4 January high. Nasdaq Composite fell 36.40% from its 19 November high.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2022 Russian stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	As a reaction to the upcoming Russian invasion in Ukraine, the MOEX Index fell 43.58% in four trading days. In response, the markets were closed for a month by the Central Bank of Russia to prevent even deeper decline. After re-opening on 24 March, the index partially recovered but was still down roughly 40% compared to before the invasion.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2024 China stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	The Shanghai Composite Index plummeted from a high of 3703 in September 2021 to 2730 on 2 February 2024, marking a 26.3% decline ahead of the Chinese New Year, prompted by sluggish economic recovery from COVID-19 and downturns in real estate. The government swiftly intervened in the stock market following the crash by prohibiting short selling and reshuffling government officials.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2024 Tokyo stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag	A combination of rising interest rates and a strengthening yen had contributed to a recent unwinding of yen carry trades. Weaker than expected US economic figures (released after Japanese markets had closed for the weekend) led to a global selloff. Upon reopening, the Nikkei 225 recorded a single-day loss of 12.4%, its worst performance since Black Tuesday in October 1987.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2025 stock market crash	Template:Dts	Template:Flag/ Worldwide	On April 2, 2025, President Donald Trump announced large tariffs on all US imports. On April 4, China retaliated with a 34% tariff on all American imports. By the close of trade of April 4, the Dow Jones had lost over 9%, with the S&P 500 entering a bear market and losing 10%, and the Nasdaq Composite entering a bear market and losing 11%. At the lowest point on the following Monday, April 7, the S&P 500 was down 23% from its recent all-time high in February 2025.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• 1991 Indian economic crisis
• Economic bubble
• List of banking crises
• List of economic crises
• List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
• List of recessions in the United Kingdom
• List of recessions in the United States
• Stock market crashes in India

References

• Template:Cite book