John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

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John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919), was a British physicist and hereditary peer who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies".

Rayleigh provided the first theoretical treatment of the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the light's wavelength, a phenomenon now known as Rayleigh scattering, which notably explains why the sky is blue. He studied and described transverse surface waves in solids, now known as Rayleigh waves. He contributed extensively to fluid dynamics, with concepts such as the Rayleigh number (a dimensionless number associated with natural convection), Rayleigh flow, the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and Rayleigh's criterion for the stability of Taylor–Couette flow.

Rayleigh also formulated the circulation theory of aerodynamic lift. In optics, he proposed a well-known criterion for angular resolution. His derivation of the Rayleigh–Jeans law for classical black-body radiation later played an important role in the birth of quantum mechanics (see ultraviolet catastrophe). His textbook, The Theory of Sound (1877), is still used today by acousticians and engineers. He introduced the Rayleigh test for circular non-uniformity, which the Rayleigh plot visualises.

Rayleigh served as President of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908, and as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1908 until his death in 1919.

Biography

John William Strutt was born on 12 November 1842 at Langford Grove, Maypole Road in Maldon, England,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the son of John James Strutt, 2nd Baron Rayleigh, and Clara Elizabeth La Touche. In his early years, he suffered from frailty and poor health.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Strutt attended Eton College and Harrow School (each for only a short period),<ref name=prixnobel/> before entering Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1861, where he studied mathematics. In 1865, he received his B.A. (Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman), and was elected a Fellow of Trinity College the following year. He obtained an M.A. in 1868.<ref> Template:Acad</ref><ref name=prixnobel> Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1871, Stutt resigned from his fellowship to marry Evelyn Balfour, the daughter of James Maitland Balfour, with whom he had three sons. In 1873, on the death of his father, he inherited the Barony of Rayleigh. On 12 June, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1879, following the death of James Clerk Maxwell, Rayleigh was appointed Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge. In 1883, he first described dynamic soaring by seabirds in Nature.<ref name=soaring>Template:Cite journal</ref> The following year, he resigned as Cavendish Professor to continue his experimental work at Terling Place.<ref name=prixnobel/>

From 1887 to 1905, Rayleigh was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution. During this period, he carefully and precisely measured atomic mass of oxygen and hydrogen, and by 1892 he moved on to nitrogen. By isolating nitrogen in different ways he discovered a small but significant difference, which indicated a heavier inert gas present in the air besides nitrogen. William Ramsay joined this research topic, and in August 1894 they discovered argon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1904, Rayleigh and Ramsay were awarded the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry, respectively; both for research related to the discovery of argon.

Around 1900, Rayleigh developed the duplex (combination of two) theory of human sound localisation using two binaural cues, interaural phase difference (IPD) and interaural level difference (ILD) (based on analysis of a spherical head with no external pinnae). The theory posits that we use two primary cues for sound lateralisation, using the difference in the phases of sinusoidal components of the sound and the difference in amplitude (level) between the two ears.

File:Lord Rayleigh Vanity Fair 21 December 1899.jpg
Caricature of Lord Rayleigh in the London magazine Vanity Fair, 1899

Rayleigh received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Abel.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref><ref>Template:Cite web (in Norwegian)</ref>

From 1905 to 1908, Rayleigh served as President of the Royal Society. From time to time, he participated in the House of Lords; however, he spoke up only if politics attempted to become involved in science.

During the First World War, Rayleigh was President of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which was located at the National Physical Laboratory and chaired by Richard Glazebrook.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1919, Rayleigh served as President of the Society for Psychical Research.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As an advocate that simplicity and theory be part of the scientific method, he argued for the principle of similitude.

Rayleigh died on 30 June 1919 in Witham at the age of 76, and was buried in the graveyard of All Saints' Church in Terling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His son Robert, a physicist, succeeded him as Baron Rayleigh.<ref name=prixnobel/>

Religious views

Rayleigh was an Anglican. Though he did not write about the relationship between science and religion, he retained a personal interest in spiritual matters.<ref>Peter J. Bowler (2014). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, University of Chicago Press. p. 35</ref> When his scientific papers were to be published in a collection by the Cambridge University Press, Strutt wanted to include a quotation from the Bible, but he was discouraged from doing so, as he later reported:

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Still, he had his wish and the quotation was printed in the five-volume collection of scientific papers. In a letter to a family member, he wrote about his rejection of materialism and spoke of Jesus Christ as a moral teacher:

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He held an interest in parapsychology and was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). He was not convinced of spiritualism but remained open to the possibility of supernatural phenomena.<ref>DeYoung, Ursula. (2011). A Vision of Modern Science: John Tyndall and the Role of the Scientist in Victorian Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178. Template:ISBN</ref> Rayleigh was the president of the SPR in 1919. He gave a presidential address in the year of his death but did not come to any definite conclusions.<ref>Haynes, Renee. (1982). The Society for Psychical Research 1882–1982: A History. London: MacDonald & Co. p. 198. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Lindsay, Robert Bruce. (1970). Men of Physics Lord Rayleigh–The Man and His Work. Pergamon Press. pp. 227–242. Template:ISBN</ref>

Recognition

Awards

Honours

A lunar crater, as well as a Martian crater, are named in his honour.<ref>Template:GPN</ref><ref>Template:GPN</ref> The asteroid 22740 Rayleigh was named after him on 1 June 2007.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> A type of surface waves are known as Rayleigh waves, and the elastic scattering of electromagnetic waves is called Rayleigh scattering. The rayl, a unit of specific acoustic impedance, is also named for him.

Rayleigh was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902,<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Sir William Ramsay, his co-worker in the investigation to discover argon, described Rayleigh as "the greatest man alive" while speaking to Lady Ramsay during his last illness.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

H. M. Hyndman said of Rayleigh that "no man ever showed less consciousness of great genius".<ref name=":0" />

In honour of Lord Rayleigh, the Institute of Acoustics sponsors the Rayleigh Medal (established in 1970) and the Institute of Physics sponsors the John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize (established in 2008).

Many of the papers that he wrote on lubrication<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> are now recognized as early classical contributions to the field of tribology. For these contributions, he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

There is a memorial to him by Derwent Wood in St Andrew's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.<ref>The Abbey Scientists, Hall, A. R. p. 59: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref>

Publications

Theory of sound, 1894

See also

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References

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Further reading

  • Life of John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., (1924) Longmans, Green & Co.
A biography written by his son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh

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