Louis Malle

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Louis Marie Malle (Template:IPA; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French filmmaker who worked in both France and Hollywood. Described as "eclectic" and "difficult to pin down", his works often depicted provocative or controversial subject matter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Malle's most famous works include the crime thriller Elevator to the Gallows (1958), the romantic drama The Lovers (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the period drama Pretty Baby (1978), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the dramedy My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical Au revoir les enfants (1987). He also co-directed the landmark underwater documentary The Silent World with Jacques Cousteau, which won the 1956 Palme d'Or and the 1957 Academy Award for Best Documentary.

Critic Pauline Kael once wrote that the common quality of Malle's films was the "restless intelligence one senses in them".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

Malle is one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. His other accolades include three César Awards, two BAFTAs, and three Oscar nominations. He was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1991.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Life and career

Early years and education

Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and Pierre Malle.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was part Jewish, but raised as a Catholic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During World War II, Malle attended a Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle depicted these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987).

As a young man, Malle studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC.

Career

File:Identite-LouisMalle-1958-Sacem.png
Malle in 1958

Malle worked as co-director and cameraman with Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Template:Lang at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival, respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows). A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old.

Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case about the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The Supreme Court overturned the decision, finding that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. But the court could not agree on a definition of "obscene", with Justice Potter Stewart famously saying, "I know it when I see it".

Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague, but his work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer, and others, and he had nothing to do with Cahiers du cinéma. But Malle's work does exemplify some of the movement's characteristics, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro (Zazie in the Metro, 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write Malle an enthusiastic letter.

Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within (also called Le Feu Follet) centers on a man about to commit suicide. Critic Pauline Kael said it should have solidified Malle's reputation in the U.S. as a great film director but suggested that its commercial failure may have been due to distribution issues.<ref name=":0" /> Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe, Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The latter earned Malle his first Oscar nomination, for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced".

Documentary on India

Malle visited India in 1968, and made the seven-part documentary series L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage and the documentary film Calcutta, which was released in cinemas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Concentrating on real India, its rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years.<ref name="malleind02">Template:Cite web</ref> Malle later said his documentary on India was his favorite film.<ref name="malleind02"/>

Calcutta never opened in New York.<ref name=":0" />

Move to the U.S.

Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; and Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the U.S., My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s.

Towards the end of his life, cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter interviewed Malle extensively for The Times. In 1993, the interviews were included in her book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture.

Personal life

Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine Malle (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From mid-1977 until early 1980, he was in a relationship with Susan Sarandon.<ref>Smith, Liz (April 3, 1980). "Love's Magic Spell". The Baltimore Sun. p. 25.</ref>

Malle married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, Chloé Françoise Malle, on 8 November 1985.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Malle died of lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Works

Film

Short film

Year Title Director Writer Notes
1953 Crazeologie Template:Yes Template:Yes
1954 Station 307 Template:Yes Template:Yes Also cinematographer
1968 William Wilson Template:Yes Template:Yes Segment of Spirits of the Dead

Feature film

Year Title Director Writer Producer
1958 Elevator to the Gallows Template:Yes Template:Yes
The Lovers Template:Yes
1960 Zazie in the Metro Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1962 A Very Private Affair Template:Yes Template:Yes
1963 The Fire Within Template:Yes Template:Yes
1965 Viva Maria! Template:Yes Template:Yes
1967 The Thief of Paris Template:Yes Template:Yes
1971 Murmur of the Heart Template:Yes Template:Yes
1974 Lacombe, Lucien Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1975 Black Moon Template:Yes Template:Yes
1978 Pretty Baby Template:Yes Template:Yes
1980 Atlantic City Template:Yes
1981 My Dinner with Andre Template:Yes
1984 Crackers Template:Yes
1985 Alamo Bay Template:Yes Template:Yes
1987 Au revoir les enfants Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1990 May Fools Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
1992 Damage Template:Yes Template:Yes
1994 Vanya on 42nd Street Template:Yes Template:Yes

Acting credits

Year Title Role
1962 A Very Private Affair A journalist
1969 A Very Curious Girl Jésus
1992 La Vie de Bohème

Documentary film

Year Title Director Writer Notes
1956 The Silent World Template:Yes Co-directed with Jacques Cousteau
1962 Vive le Tour Template:Yes Template:Yes Also cinematographer
1969 Calcutta Template:Yes Template:Yes Also narrator
1973 Human, Too Human Template:Yes
1974 Place de la République Template:Yes Appeared as himself
1976 Close Up Template:Yes Short film
1986 And the Pursuit of Happiness Template:Yes Also cinematographer and narrator

Television

Year Title Notes
1964 Bons baisers de Bangkok Short film
1969 Phantom India Miniseries; Also narrator
1985 God's Country Also cinematographer and narrator

As himself

Year Title Note
1994 Murphy Brown Episode "My Movie with Louis"

Accolades

See also

References

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Further reading

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Template:Louis Malle Template:Navboxes Template:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents Template:French New Wave

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