Lurleen Wallace

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Lurleen Burns Wallace (born Lurleen Brigham Burns; September 19, 1926 – May 7, 1968) was an American politician who served as the 46th governor of Alabama for 16 months from January 16, 1967, until her death on May 7, 1968. She was the first wife of Alabama governor George Wallace, whom she succeeded as governor. Facing a constitutional restriction that prevented him from serving consecutive terms,<ref>AL Const. art. V, § 114</ref> George Wallace orchestrated his wife's candidacy in the 1966 gubernatorial election, openly admitting that she would serve as a figurehead while he retained control over administrative policies and decisions.

Wallace was Alabama's first female governor and was the only woman to hold the governorship until Kay Ivey succeeded to the office in April 2017. Wallace is also (as of 2024) the only female governor in U.S. history to have died in office as well as being the first and only female Democrat to have served as governor in Alabama history. In 1973, she was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early years

Lurleen Brigham Burns was born to Henry Burns and the former Estelle Burroughs of Fosters in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on September 19, 1926. She graduated in 1942 from Tuscaloosa County High School at the age of fifteen. She then worked at Kresge's Five and Dime in Tuscaloosa, where she met George Wallace, at the time a member of the United States Army Air Corps. The couple married on May 22, 1943, when she was 16.<ref>Jeff Frederick. Stand Up for Alabama: Governor George Wallace. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007, p. 12.</ref><ref>Stephan Lesher. George Wallace: American Populist. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1994, p. 49.</ref><ref>Ed Watkins. "City Has Been Home of Four Governors", The Tuscaloosa News, April 24, 1969, p. 14E.</ref>

Over the next twenty years, George became well-known in Alabama politics for his segregationist views while Lurleen was a mother and a homemaker. The Wallaces had four children: Bobbi Jo Wallace Parsons (1944–2015), Peggy Sue Wallace Kennedy (born 1950), George III (born 1951), and Janie Lee Wallace Dye (born 1961). Due to George Wallace's neglect of his family and frequent extramarital affairs, Lurleen filed for divorce in the late 1950s, later dropping the suit after he promised to be a better husband.Template:Failed verification<ref name="pbs.org">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When George was elected to his first of four nonconsecutive governor terms in 1963, Lurleen assumed the duties of First Lady of Alabama in 1963. She opened the first floor of the Alabama Governor's Mansion to the public seven days a week. She refused to serve alcoholic beverages at official functions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

1966 gubernatorial election campaign

Template:Main Like most southern U.S. states at the time, Alabama forbade governors from serving two consecutive terms, a provision incorporated in the Alabama Constitution of 1901 (term limit only maintained in Virginia as of 2024). During his first term, George Wallace attempted to lift the ban but was unsuccessful due to opposition in the Alabama Legislature, including from his political rival Ryan deGraffenried Sr. In order to retain power, he offered his wife as a surrogate candidate for governor (though George later succeeded and served three more terms, two of them consecutively).

Amid treatment for cancer, Lurleen Burns Wallace ran in the 1966 Alabama gubernatorial election as "Mrs. George C. Wallace" at the request of George, who wished to remain de facto governor. <ref name=":0">The New York Times, October 31, 1965, p. 63; Stephen Hess and David S. Broder, The Republican Establishment, p. 356</ref> A similar strategy was used in 1924 by former Texas governor, James E. Ferguson, with his wife Miriam Wallace Ferguson.

Shy in public and lacking interest in the workings of politics, Lurleen Wallace was described by an Alabama newspaper editor as the most "unlikely candidate imaginable. It is as difficult to picture her in politics as to envision Helen Hayes butchering a hog." She herself said "it never even crossed my mind that I'd ever enter politics...."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Election field

The Democratic primary field included two former governors, John Malcolm Patterson and Jim Folsom, former congressman Carl Elliott of Jasper, and Attorney General Richmond Flowers, Sr. Lurleen won decisively with 54% and there was no runoff.

She faced one-term Republican U.S. representative James D. Martin in the general election. Though there had not been a Republican governor of Alabama since 1874, Martin's run was promising and he was expected to win by some political commentators. Martin campaigned with US senator Strom Thurmond and 1964 presidential nominee Barry Goldwater, focusing on the unpopular Vietnam War, inflation, and urban unrest occurring nationally under Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson as well as challenging state issues such as George Wallace handling road and school construction with "secret deals", issuing an expensive contract to a friend, and forging "conspiracies between the state house and the White House."<ref>The Huntsville Times, September 12, 14, 19, 20, 1966; Montgomery Advertiser, September 30, 1966</ref><ref>The Montgomery Advertiser, October 12, 1966</ref> Martin bemoaned having to campaign against a woman and proclaimed that Wallace was a "proxy" candidate, a manifestation of her husband's "insatiable appetite for power."

At her general election campaign kickoff in Birmingham, Lurleen Wallace pledged "progress without compromise" and "accomplishment without surrender ... George will continue to speak up and stand up for Alabama."<ref>The Huntsville Times, September 28, 30, October 10, 11, 1966; The Montgomery Advertiser, September 30, 1966</ref> She used the slogan "Two Governors, One Cause" and proclaimed the words Alabama and freedom to be synonyms.<ref>"A Dozen Years in the Political Wilderness", p. 22</ref> It was during this 1966 campaign that George Wallace coined his famous line: "There's not a dime's worth of difference" between the two national parties."<ref>George C. Wallace, Stand Up for America (New York, 1976), p. 110; The Huntsville Times, October 10, 1966</ref> George Wallace's organization proved insurmountable despite an early poll that placed Martin within range of victory.<ref>Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, July 22, 1966, p. 1489</ref> Wallace had strong support for stemming from his firm opposition to desegregation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"A Dozen Years in the Political Wilderness", p. 21</ref> Neither candidate sought support from African American voters, many of whom had been registered in the previous year due to the Voting Rights Act.<ref>The Huntsville Times, September 3–4, 1966; The Montgomery Advertiser, September 1–6, 1966</ref>

Lurleen Wallace won with 537,505 votes (63.4 percent). Martin trailed with 262,943 votes (31 percent). A third candidate running to the political left of the major candidates, Dr. Carl Robinson, received 47,655 (5.6 percent). Wallace won every Alabama county besides Greene (which she lost by six votes), and Winston, a predominately Republican county in the North.

Illness and governorship

Lurleen was diagnosed with cancer early as April 1961, when her surgeon biopsied suspicious tissue that he noticed during the cesarean delivery of her last child. As was common at the time, the physician did not tell the news to Lurleen but to her husband, who insisted she remain unaware, and failed to seek appropriate care for her. When she saw a gynecologist for abnormal bleeding in 1965, her diagnosis of uterine cancer came as a complete shock. Lurleen was outraged to learn from one of her husband's aides that the staffers had known of her cancer since George's 1962 campaign three years earlier.<ref name="Carter">The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, by Dan T. Carter (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995, 2000) at 277-280, 308-9, 317-322. Template:ISBN Not available online.</ref>

Lurleen Wallace cooperated with a campaign of dissimulation and misdirection as she underwent radiation therapy in December 1965 and a hysterectomy in January 1966. Since Alabama then lacked adequate cancer treatment facilities, Wallace traveled to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for treatment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite her ill health, Wallace maintained an arduous campaign schedule throughout 1966 until she won the election. At the January 1967 inauguration, she gave a 24-minute speech, her longest ever, and stated that her husband would be her "number one assistant".<ref name="pbs.org" /><ref name="Carter" />

Early in her term, Wallace's condition began to deteriorate. In June 1967, doctors found an abdominal growth which a July 10 surgery revealed to be an egg-sized malignancy on her colon. She began a second course of radiation therapy. Wallace's most notable independent action as governor was increasing appropriations for the Bryce Hospital and the Partlow State School, a residential institution for the developmentally disabled. She visited both institutions in Tuscaloosa on her own initiative in February 1967 after reading a news story about overcrowding and poor staffing, and was horrified by the filthy, barracks-like settings.<ref name="Carter" /> She also obtained a large funding increase for Alabama state parks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Death

In January 1968, after extensive testing, Lurleen informed her staff (but not the public) that she had a cancerous pelvic tumor which was pressing on the nerves of her back down through her right hip.<ref name="Carter" /> Her last public appearances as governor were at the 1967 Blue–Gray Football Classic on December 30 and a January 11 campaign appearance for George's presidential bid on the American Party ticket. The pelvic tumor was removed in late February. This was followed by surgery to treat an abdominal abscess, and in late March 1968, more surgery to dissolve a blood clot in her left lung. By April, the cancer was in her liver and lungs, and she weighed less than eighty pounds.<ref name="Carter"/>

George Wallace continued to make campaign stops nationwide during her last weeks of life and persistently lied to the press about her condition, claiming in April 1968 that "she has won the fight" against cancer. On May 5, the day he was to leave for a Michigan appearance, doctors warned him that Lurleen's condition was unstable. She was too ill to be moved back to the hospital, and at her request, George cancelled a May 6 television appearance. She died in Montgomery, Alabama, at 12:34 A.M. May 7, 1968, at home with her husband beside her and the rest of her family, including her parents, just outside her room, and the couple's three youngest children in the next room near it. She was 41 years old.<ref name="Carter"/>

Wallace lay in state in the Capitol building on May 8, and 21,000 mourners<ref name="pbs.org"/> waited as long as five hours to view her silver casket. Despite her emphatic request for a closed casket, George insisted that her body be on view, with a glass bubble over the open part of the coffin. The day of her funeral, May 9, all public and private schools closed except for the Anniston Academy, all state offices closed, and most businesses closed or had abbreviated hours. She was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Montgomery.<ref name="Carter"/>

At the time of her funeral, George Wallace had left the governor's mansion and moved into a Montgomery home they had purchased in 1967. He did not take his children with him, instead sending the siblings, ages 18, 16, and 6, to live with family and friends. The Wallaces’ eldest daughter had married and left home.<ref name="Carter"/> George Wallace had two subsequent marriages to the former Cornelia Ellis Snively and Lisa Taylor, both of which ended in divorce.

Governor Lurleen Wallace was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer, a one-time ally of her husband who retained the office in the 1970 election, with support from President Richard Nixon. George Wallace returned as governor in January 1971, where he remained for two consecutive terms and then returned for a fourth and final term from 1983 to 1987.

Legacies

Lurleen Wallace Office Building in Montgomery

In honor of her support for parks, Lake Lurleen and Lurleen B. Wallace Boulevard, both in her native Tuscaloosa County, are named in her memory.

Following Lurleen's death, her successor, Governor Albert Brewer, spearheaded the Lurleen Wallace Courage Crusade to fund and build a new cancer center in Alabama. The University of Alabama Hospital at the University of Alabama at Birmingham was selected as the site for the cancer center, and a formal cancer center program was begun in 1970. Funding was received from the National Cancer Institute, and the center became one of the first eight NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dr. John Durant served as its first director.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Construction of the Lurleen B. Wallace Tumor Institute at the University of Alabama began in 1974 and was completed in 1975, seven years after the death by cancer of Gov. Wallace.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It (the Tumor Institute) was then renovated, with the renovation project completing in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Wallace Patient Tower, an addition to University Hospital, was built in her honor, as was Lurleen B. Wallace Community College in Andalusia, Alabama; and Lurleen B. Wallace Hall on the campus of the University of West Alabama.

Artist Nina Simone sang that "Lurleen Wallace has made me lose my rest" in several live performances of her 1964 civil rights song, "Mississippi Goddam".

See also

• List of female governors in the United States

External links

• ADAH page Template:Webarchive
• Pictures of her life Template:Webarchive
• Alabama Women's Hall of Fame
• Lurleen B. Wallace Community College page
• Template:Find a Grave
• Wallace Tumor Institute

Further reading

• Smith, Anita (1969). The intimate story of Lurleen Wallace:Her crusade of courage. Montgomery, Alabama: Communications Unlimited Incorporated.

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