Lysosomal storage disease

Template:Infobox medical condition (new) Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; Template:IPAc-en) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several critical enzymes. If one of these enzymes is defective due to a mutation, the large molecules accumulate within the cell, eventually killing it.<ref name="Campbell">Template:Cite book</ref>

Lysosomal storage disorders are caused by lysosomal dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins (sugar-containing proteins), or mucopolysaccharides. Individually, lysosomal storage diseases occur with incidences of less than 1:100,000; however, as a group, the incidence is about 1:5,000 – 1:10,000.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Most of these disorders are autosomal recessively inherited such as Niemann–Pick disease, type C, but a few are X-linked recessively inherited, such as Fabry disease and Hunter syndrome (MPS II).Template:Cn

The lysosome is commonly referred to as the cell's recycling center because it processes unwanted material into substances that the cell can use. Lysosomes break down this unwanted matter by enzymes, highly specialized proteins essential for survival. Lysosomal disorders are usually triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether. When this happens, substances accumulate in the cell. In other words, when the lysosome does not function normally, excess products destined for breakdown and recycling are stored in the cell.Template:Cn

Like other genetic disorders, individuals inherit lysosomal storage diseases from their parents. Although each disorder results from different gene mutations that translate into a deficiency in enzyme activity, they all share a common biochemical characteristic – all lysosomal disorders originate from an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the lysosome.Template:Cn

Lysosomal storage diseases affect mostly children and they often die at a young age, many within a few months or years of birth.Template:Cn

Classification

Standard classification

The lysosomal storage diseases are generally classified by the nature of the primary stored material involved, and can be broadly broken into the following: (ICD-10 codes are provided where available)Template:Cn

• (E75) Lipid storage disorders
  • Gangliosidoses (including Tay–Sachs disease (E75.0-E75.1) - they are a subtype of sphingolipidoses
  • Sphingolipidoses that are not gangliosidoses, including Gaucher's and Niemann–Pick diseases (E75.2-E75.3)
  • Leukodystrophies
• (E76.0) Mucopolysaccharidoses, including Hunter syndrome and Hurler disease
• (E77) Glycoprotein storage disorders
• (E77.0-E77.1, E75.11) Mucolipidoses; Mucolipidosis IV is a gangliosidosis

Also, glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease) is a defect in lysosomal metabolism as well,<ref>eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Pediatric Neurology > Lysosomal Storage Disease Author: Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD. Coauthor(s): Rowena Emilia Tabamo, MD; Brian Klein, MD. Updated: Sep 25, 2008</ref> although it is otherwise classified into E74.0 in ICD-10. Cystinosis is an lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine.Template:Cn

By type of defect protein

Alternatively to the protein targets, lysosomal storage diseases may be classified by the type of protein that is deficient and is causing buildup.

Type of defect protein	Disease examples	Deficient protein
Lysosomal enzymes primarily	Tay–Sachs disease, I-cell disease,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sphingolipidoses (e.g., Krabbe disease, gangliosidosis: Gaucher, Niemann–Pick disease and glycolipids: Metachromatic leukodystrophy), Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency	Various
Posttranslational modification of enzymes	Multiple sulfatase deficiency	Multiple sulfatases
Membrane transport proteins	Mucolipidosis type II and IIIA	N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase
Enzyme protecting proteins	Galactosialidosis	Cathepsin A
Soluble nonenzymatic proteins	GM2-AP deficiency, variant AB, Niemann–Pick disease, type C2	GM2-AP, NPC2
Transmembrane proteins	SAP deficiency	Sphingolipid activator proteins
	Niemann–Pick disease, type C1	NPC1
	Salla disease	Sialin
Unless else specified in boxes, then the applicable reference is:<ref name="Kumar7-6">Template:Cite book</ref>

Lysosomal storage disorders

Lysosomal storage diseases include: Template:Columns-list

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of lysosomal storage diseases vary depending on the particular disorder and other variables such as the age of onset, and can be mild to severe. They can include developmental delay, movement disorders, seizures, dementia, deafness, and/or blindness. Some people with lysosomal storage diseases have enlarged livers or spleens, pulmonary and cardiac problems, and bones that grow abnormally.<ref name="NavaretteMartinez">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Diagnosis

The majority of patients are initially screened by enzyme assay, which is the most efficient method to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.<ref name=NavaretteMartinez/> In some families where the disease-causing mutations are known, and in certain genetic isolates, mutation analysis may be performed. In addition, after a diagnosis is made by biochemical means, mutation analysis may be performed for certain disorders.Template:Cn

Treatment

No cures for lysosomal storage diseases are known, and treatment is mostly symptomatic, although bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) have been tried with some success.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> ERT can minimize symptoms and prevent permanent damage to the body.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, umbilical cord blood transplantation is being performed at specialized centers for a number of these diseases. In addition, substrate reduction therapy, a method used to decrease the production of storage material, is currently being evaluated for some of these diseases. Furthermore, chaperone therapy, a technique used to stabilize the defective enzymes produced by patients, is being examined for certain of these disorders. The experimental technique of gene therapy may offer cures in the future.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Ambroxol has recently been shown to increase activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, so it may be a useful therapeutic agent for both Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ambroxol triggers the secretion of lysosomes from cells by inducing a pH-dependent calcium release from acidic calcium stores.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Hence, relieving the cell from accumulating degradation products is a proposed mechanism by which this drug may help.Template:Cn

History

Tay–Sachs disease was the first of these disorders to be described, in 1881, followed by Gaucher disease in 1882. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, de Duve and colleagues, using cell fractionation techniques, cytological studies, and biochemical analyses, identified and characterized the lysosome as a cellular organelle responsible for intracellular digestion and recycling of macromolecules. This was the scientific breakthrough that would lead to the understanding of the physiological basis of the lysosomal storage diseases. Pompe disease was the first disease to be identified as an lysosomal storage disease in 1963, with L. Hers reporting the cause as a deficiency of α-glucosidase. Hers also suggested that other diseases, such as the mucopolysaccharidosis, might be due to enzyme deficiencies.Template:Cn

See also

• Mannosidosis
• Molecular chaperone therapy