M. G. Ramachandran

Template:Short description Template:Redirect2 Template:Indian name Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 January 1917 – 24 December 1987), popularly known by his initials M. G. R., was an Indian politician, actor, director, film producer, and philanthropist, who served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu from 1977 until his death in 1987. He was the founder and first general secretary of the political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).<ref name="Sri Kantha 2015">Template:Cite web</ref> He is regarded as one of the most influential politicians of post-independent India,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was known by the epithets Makkal Thilagam (Jewel of the People) and Puratchi Thalaivar (Revolutionary Leader).<ref name="TOI"/> In March 1988, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

Born in British Ceylon in 1917, Ramachandran's family emigrated later to India. In his youth, he became part of a drama troupe to support the family. After a few years of acting in plays, he made his debut in the Tamil film industry with Sathi Leelavathi in 1936. In a career spanning more than five decades, he acted in more than 135 films, majority of them in Tamil.<ref name="Film">Template:Cite web</ref> He was regarded as one of the three biggest male actors of Tamil cinema during the period alongside Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He won the National Film Award for Best Actor in 1971, three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, and three Filmfare Awards South.

Ramachandran became part of the Indian National Congress in the late 1930s. In 1953, he became a member of the C. N. Annadurai-led Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). He rose through its ranks based on his popularity as a film star. In 1972, three years after Annadurai's death, he left the DMK to establish AIADMK. He steered the AIADMK-led alliance to victory in the 1977 assembly election, defeating the DMK in the process, and was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. Except for a four-month interregnum in 1980, he remained as chief minister until his death in 1987 and led the AIADMK to electoral wins in the 1980 and 1984 elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with renal failure caused by diabetes, which led to further health problems. Despite undergoing a renal transplant and subsequent treatment at the United States, his condition worsened. He died on 24 December 1987 in his residence in Ramapuram due to a cardiac arrest. On 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end of the Marina beach, where the MGR Memorial was constructed later. In December 2006, a life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled in the Indian Parliament. India Post has released several stamps in his honour, and several establishments and places have been named in his honour including the Chennai Central railway station.

Early life

Ramachandran was born in Nawalapitiya, Kandy District, British Ceylon (now in Sri Lanka) in a Malayali Nair family to Melakkath Gopalan Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama. His family hailed from Palakkad region in the modern-day Indian state of Kerala.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gough">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ramachandran later claimed himself to be of Tamil Kongu Vellalar descent, whose ancestors had settled in the Kerala region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His father worked as a magistrate in Kandy, and moved back to India with his family after retirement.<ref name="Kerala">Template:Cite news</ref> He was the youngest of the two sons, and his elder brother was Chakrapani.<ref name="Kerala"/><ref name="Veeravalli 2019">Template:Cite news</ref> Ramachandran's father died when he was two and a half years old. Soon after the death of his father, his sister also died due to ill health.<ref name="Veeravalli 2019"/> After his father's death, their relatives did not support the family, and his mother moved to her brother's house in Kumbakonam.<ref name="Kerala"/> His mother worked as a housemaid to put both her sons through school.<ref name="Veeravalli 2019"/>

During his school days, Ramachandran joined a drama troupe called Boys Company. He trained himself in various aspects, and took on different roles.<ref name="Veeravalli 2019"/> With help from Kandasamy Mudaliar, he had a brief acting stint overseas in Rangoon and Singapore, where he took up female roles. He returned to India to rejoin Boys Company, and started playing lead roles.<ref name="Veeravalli 2019"/>

Acting career

File:M. G. Ramachandran in Sathi Leelavathi (1936).jpg

Ramachandran in his debut film Sathi Leelavathi

Ramachandran made his film debut in 1936, in the film Sathi Leelavathi,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> directed by Ellis R. Dungan, an American-born film director.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He followed it with minor appearances and supporting roles in many films.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He worked for over a decade in various films before he played his first lead role in Rajakumari, which was commercially successful.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ramachandran later delivered various hit films such as Manthiri Kumari and Maruthanad Elavarasee in 1950.<ref name="Bhaskar">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Career">Template:Cite web</ref> He established himself as an action hero in Tamil cinema with Manthiri Kumari (1950) and Marmayogi (1951).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His popularity rose with the success of En Thangai (1952) and Malaikkallan (1954).<ref name="Bhaskar"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ramachandran's 1955 film Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was the Tamil film industry's first-ever full-length gevacolor film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He acted further in commercially successful films such as Madurai Veeran (1956), Chakravarthi Thirumagal and Mahadevi (both released in 1957).<ref name="HT">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also directed few films, and his first film as a director and producer was Nadodi Mannan (1958), which became a blockbuster.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He later starred in Kalai Arasi (1963), which featured a storyline of aliens visiting the earth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The following year, he appeared in Thozhilali and Padagotti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After starring in numerous commercially successful films, he held a matinée idol status in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="HT"/>

File:MGR and VNJanaki.jpg

Ramachandran with Janaki in Mohini (1948)

Ramachandran was shot in 1967, which permanently changed his voice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His first film to release after his release from the hospital was Arasakattalai, which had been finished earlier. However, he was shooting for the film Kaavalkaaran, when he was shot, and the film had parts featuring his old and new voices across scenes.<ref name="Shot">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ramachandran won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for the film Kudiyirundha Koyil in 1968 and the National Film Award for Best Actor for Rickshawkaran in 1972.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His 1973 film Ulagam Sutrum Valiban was one of the first Tamil films to be filmed abroad, and broke the previous box office records of his films.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His acting career ended in 1978 with his last film being Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan.<ref name="Career"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ramachandran remarked there was no question of retirement for anyone associated in whichever capacity with the cine field.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kali N. Rathnam, a pioneer of Tamil stage drama, and K.P. Kesavan were mentors of Ramachandran in his acting career.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ramachandran was often paired with actresses B.Saroja Devi, and J.Jayalalithaa.<ref name="Pair">Template:Cite web</ref> Jayalalithaa, who later followed him into politics, acted with him in 28 films, with the last film being Pattikaattu Ponnaiya in 1973.<ref name="Pair"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Political career

Early career

Ramachandran was a member of the Indian National Congress till 1953. In 1953, he joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), founded by C. N. Annadurai, and became a prominent member of the party. He became a member of the Madras State Legislative Council in 1962.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

1967 assassination attempt

On 12 January 1967, actor M. R. Radha, who has worked with Ramachandran in various films visited Ramachandran to discuss about a future film project. During the conversation, M. R. Radha stood up and shot Ramachandran near his left ear and then tried to shoot himself.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The bullet was lodged behind the first vertebra, and Ramachandran underwent a surgery to remove the bullet. However, a piece of the bullet was left behind as the doctors were apprehensive that it would cause further damage if attempted to be removed.<ref name="Shot"/>

As a consequence of the surgery, he lost hearing in his left ear and his voice was altered permanently.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The bullet piece left behind got dislodged later, and was removed safely, with Ramachandran attributing it to God's grace.<ref name="Shot"/> He was hospitalised for six weeks and was visited by commoners and people from the film industry, polity and bureaucracy. He conducted his campaign for the 1967 assembly elections from the hospital bed, and was elected to the legislative assembly for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Velayutham 2008">Template:Cite book</ref> Radha was later sentenced to five years in prison for the incident, and died in 1969.<ref name="Shot"/>

Differences with Karunanidhi and birth of AIADMK

After the death of his mentor Annadurai, he became the treasurer of the DMK in 1969 after he helped Karunanidhi became the chief minister of the state and president of the party.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, in the early 1970s, the growing popularity of Ramachandran caused a rift with the DMK president and chief minister Karunanidhi. Ramachandran played a key role in the victory of the DMK in the 1971 assembly elections.<ref name="Vikatan">Template:Cite web</ref>

File:AIADMK Flag.svg

Flag of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Later in the same year, when the DMK government led by Karunanithi wanted to repel the law that was in effect in Tamil Nadu, Ramachandran launched a staunch opposition to it. In 1972, Ramachandran accused that corruption had grown in the DMK after the demise of Annadurai, and demanded the ministers to publicly declare their assets. As a consequence, Ramachandran was expelled from the party temporarily on 10 October 1972, and permanently four days later.<ref name="Vikatan"/>

On 17 October 1972, Ramachandran became the leader and general secretary of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), established by Anakaputhur Ramalingam.<ref name="Vikatan"/> He continued to act in films such as Netru Indru Naalai (1974), Idhayakkani (1975), Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga (1977), and used cinema as a medium to spread his political messages.<ref name="Film"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Chief ministership and continued success

First elections

The AIADMK allied with Congress (I) for the 1977 parliamentary election. Though the combine won 34 of the 39 seats in Tamil Nadu, the Janata party won the election and Morarji Desai became the prime minister.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The AIADMK contested the 1977 elections, and was part of a four cornered contest against the DMK, the Indian National Congress (Organisation) and the Janata Party. The AIADMK allied itself with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), while Congress (I) and Communist Party of India (CPI) contested as allies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The AIADMK-led alliance won the elections by winning 144 seats out of 234 and Ramachandran became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 30 June 1977.<ref name="Elec">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CM">Template:Cite web</ref>

However, Ramachandran later extended unconditional support to the Janata party government. He continued his support to the Charan Singh-led government in 1979, and Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor from the AIADMK became part of the Union Cabinet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Janata">Template:Cite web</ref>

1980 elections

File:Sedpatti Muthiah with M.G.Ramachandiran.jpg

Ramachandran with his party colleagues

After the fall of the Charan Singh government, fresh parliamentary elections were conducted in 1980. The AIADMK and Janata party alliance won only two seats in the elections, that was won by the DMK-Congress (I) coalition. Following the victory, the AIADMK ministry and the Tamil Nadu assembly dismissed by the central government led by the Congress and fresh elections conducted in 1980.<ref name="Janata"/> Despite their victory at the 1980 Lok Sabha polls, DMK and Congress failed to win the legislative assembly election. AIADMK won the election and Ramachandran was sworn in as chief minister for the second time.<ref name="Elec"/><ref name="CM"/>

Karunanidhi claimed in April 2009 and in May 2012 that Ramachandran was ready for the merger of his party with the DMK in September 1979, with former Orissa chief minister Biju Patnaik acting as the mediator. The plan failed, because Panruti S. Ramachandran, who was close to Ramachandran acted as a spoiler and Ramachandran changed his mind.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Later years

Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who sought a fresh mandate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ramachandran-led AIADMK allied with the Congress for the 1984 Indian general election. Despite his poor health, he did contest the assembly election held later that year while still confined to the hospital, winning from Andipatti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the election, photos of Ramachandran recuperating in hospital were published, creating a sympathy wave among the people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Indira Gandhi's assassination, Ramachandran's appeals from the hospital, and Rajiv Gandhi visits to the state helped create a sympathy wave that helped the alliance sweep both the elections.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the Tamil Nadu assembly, the combine won 195 seats and Ramachandran was later sworn in as the chief minister for the third time.<ref name="Elec"/><ref name="CM"/>

Policies and governance

Ramachandran was very popular in the state and had high approval from the public.<ref name="Pandian">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He introduced and expanded welfare schemes such as free electricity to farmers, and mid-day meal scheme.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The meal scheme for school students, which had been introduced by Kamaraj in 1956, was significantly expanded by Ramachandran in 1980. The scheme was expanded to cover all government and aided schools for all the days of the year including holidays.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He introduced a free electricity scheme for small and marginal farmers in 1984.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

However, as per a study by the Madras Institute of Development Studies in 1988, Ramachandran's tenure did not see a significant upliftment in the economic condition of the poor and the shift of government resources from industrial sector to social welfare schemes contributed to the same.<ref name="Pandian"/>

The decision-making was often centralised during Ramachandran's tenure. While there were criticism regarding the efficiency of such working, supporters of Ramachandran counter that most of these problems were a result of the party members serving Ramachandran rather than the leader himself. His charisma and popularity trumped policy decisions that led to his eventual success during his tenure as chief minister.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Ramachandran allowed the continued sale of liquor, which he opposed when the ban on which was overturned by his predecessor Karunanidhi in 1971. He rescinded the ban on toddy in 1981, and reversed it six years later. He established the Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation in 1983 for the import and sale of foreign made liquor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Natwar Singh in his autobiography One Life is Not Enough alleged that Ramachandran covertly supported the cause of independent Tamil Eelam and financed the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a militant organisation in Sri Lanka. He also alleged that the LTTE cadres were given military training in Tamil Nadu, and that Ramachandran had gifted Template:INRconvert rupees to the group without the knowledge of the Indian government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ramachandran's government often used state machinery against political criticism and opposition.<ref name="Pandian"/> In April 1987, the editor of Ananda Vikatan S. Balasubramanian was sentenced to 3 months in jail by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for publishing a cartoon, depicting government ministers as bandits and lawmakers as pickpockets, though specific legislature was not specified. He was later released due to media outcry and Balasubramanian won a case against his arrest. Vaniga Otrumai editor A.M. Paulraj was also sentenced to two weeks imprisonment by the assembly for his writing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Elections results

Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

Elections	Assembly	Constituency	Political party		Result	Vote percentage	Opposition
							Candidate	Political party		Vote percentage
1967	4th	St. Thomas Mount	DMK	rowspan=2 Template:Party color cell	rowspan=5 Template:Won	66.67%	T. L. Raghupathy	INC	Template:Party color cell	32.57%
1971	5th			61.11%	INC(O)	Template:Party color cell		38.10%
1977	6th	Aruppukottai	AIADMK	rowspan=3 Template:Party color cell	56.23%	M. Muthuvel Servai	JP	Template:Party color cell	17.87%
1980	7th	Madurai West		59.61%	Pon. Muthuramalingam	DMK	rowspan=2 Template:Party color cell	37.59%
1984	8th	Andipatti		67.40%	Thangaraj		31.22%

Positions held

Elections	Position	Constituency	Term in office
			Assumed office	Left office	Time in office
1962	Member of the Legislative Council	Template:N/a	30 March 1962	7 July 1964	2 years, 99 days
1967	Member of the Legislative Assembly	St. Thomas Mount	15 March 1967	5 January 1971	3 years, 296 days
1971			22 March 1971	31 January 1976	4 years, 315 days
1977	Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu	Aruppukottai	30 June 1977	17 February 1980	2 years, 232 days
1980		Madurai West	9 June 1980	9 February 1985	4 years, 245 days
1984		Andipatti	10 February 1985	24 December 1987	2 years, 317 days

Illness and death

File:MGR Memorial 9 December 2007.jpg

MGR Memorial at Marina beach in Chennai

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney failure as a result of uncontrolled diabetes, which was soon followed by a heart attack and stroke.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He underwent a kidney transplant at the Downstate Medical Center in New York City, United States. He returned to Madras on 4 February 1985 following his recovery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Over the next three years, Ramachandran had frequent trips to the United States for treatment. He never fully recovered from his health issues and died on 24 December 1987 at 3:30 am in his Ramavaram Garden residence in Manapakkam at the age of 70.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His body was kept in state at Rajaji Hall for two days for public viewing. On 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end of the Marina beach, now called MGR Memorial, adjacent to the Anna Memorial.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Around one million people were estimated to have attended his funeral.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ramachandran's death sparked a frenzy of public rioting over the state, and various shops, cinemas, buses and other public and private property became the target of the violence. The police were given shoot-at-sight orders to bring the situation under control. Schools, colleges and various establishments announced holidays due to the situation. The state of affairs continued for almost a month across Tamil Nadu. Some women allegedly shaved their heads bald, and dressed like widows. A few whipped or self immolated themselves. Violence during the funeral alone left 129 people dead and 47 police personnel wounded.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Death">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal life

File:M g .r நினைவு இல்லம் முகப்பு தோற்றம்.JPG

Ramachandran's erstwhile house at T. Nagar in Chennai

In 1939, Ramachandran married Chitarikulam Bhargavi, who later died in 1942 due to an illness. In late 1942, he married Sadanandavati, who died later due to tuberculosis in 1962.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Wife">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1963, he married actress V. N. Janaki, who later became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu after his death.<ref name="Wife"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He had no biological children from any of his marriages.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In his early days, Ramachandran was a devout Hindu and a devotee of Murugan and his mother's favourite god, Guruvayurappan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After joining the DMK, he identified himself as a rationalist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He gifted a golden sword weighing half a Kilogram to Mookambika temple in Kollur, Udupi district.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ramachandran was the founder and editor of Thai weekly magazine and Anna daily newspaper in Tamil.Template:Cn He established Sathya Studios and Emgeeyar Pictures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He offered personal financial donations during disasters and calamities, and donated Rs. 75,000 to the war fund during the Sino-Indian War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy and honours

File:MGR Statue at the MGR Memorial.jpg

Ramachandran's statue at the MGR Memorial in Chennai

Ramachandran was awarded honorary doctorates by The World University in 1974 for his contributions to Indian cinema,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the University of Madras in 1987 for his contributions to public affairs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously honoured with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He became the third chief minister of the state to receive the award after C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj. The timing of the award was controversial, and his opponents criticised the central government led by Congress under Rajiv Gandhi to have influenced the decision to give the award to help win the upcoming 1989 Lok Sabha election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ramachandran is widely known by the epithets "Makkal Thilagam" (Jewel of the People), "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader), and "Ponmana Chemmal" (Generous one) in Tamil Nadu.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1989, Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired was established at the his erstwhile residence in Ramapuram, in accordance with his last will and testament written in January 1987.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His official residence located at 27, Arcot Street, Thyagaraya Nagar was converted into a memorial house and opened for public viewing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women was established in a part of the land that housed Sathya Studios.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled on 7 December 2006 in the Parliament House by then Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> To commemorate Ramachandran's birth centenary in 2017, the Reserve Bank of India issued Rs. 100 and Rs.5 coins that bore his image as a portrait along with an inscription mentioning the event.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Several localities, roads, places, and establishments have been named in his honour. MGR Nagar, a residential neighbourhood in Chennai was named after him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Salem Central Bus Stand,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tirunelveli New Bus Stand,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and M.G.R. Bus Stand at Madurai are named after him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 5 April 2019, Government of India renamed the Chennai Central railway station as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station to honour him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 31 July 2020, Central Metro station of the Chennai Metro was renamed after Ramachandran.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 17 October 2021, the AIADMK headquarters in Royapettah was renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai by party leaders in memory of the party's founder.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Film awards

Year	Event	Category	Film	Conferred by
1971	19th National Film Awards	Best Actor in a Leading Role	Rickshawkaran	Government of India
1968	2nd Tamil Nadu State Film Award	Best Actor	Kudiyirundha Koyil	Government of Tamil Nadu
1969	3rd Tamil Nadu State Film Award	Best Film	Adimai Penn
1978	12th Tamil Nadu State Film Award	Special Award	Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan
1965	13th Filmfare Awards South	Special Award – South	Enga Veettu Pillai	Filmfare
1969	17th Filmfare Awards South	Best Film – Tamil	Adimai Penn
1973	21st Filmfare Awards South	Special Award – South	Ulagam Sutrum Valiban

In popular culture

Ramachandran's autobiography, "Naan Yaen Piranthen? (Why Was I Born?)", was published in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The 1997 Tamil film Iruvar, by Mani Ratnam, is based on the rivalry and friendship between Ramachandran and Karunanidhi. Mohanlal played Anandan, the character based on Ramachandran.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the 2019 web series Queen, Indrajith Sukumaran portrayed G. M. Ravichandran, the fictional adaptation of Ramachandran.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the Tamil film Thalaivii (2021), Ramachandran was portrayed by Arvind Swamy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• M. G. Ramachandran's unrealised projects

External links

• Template:IMDb name
• Template:Rotten Tomatoes person