MacRobertson Air Race
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates Template:Location map+ The MacRobertson Trophy Air Race (also known as the London to Melbourne Air Race) took place in October 1934 as part of the Melbourne Centenary celebrations. The race was devised by the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Sir Harold Gengoult Smith,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the prize money of £15,000 was provided by Sir Macpherson Robertson, a wealthy Australian confectionery manufacturer, on the conditions that the race be named after his MacRobertson confectionery company, and that it was organised to be as safe as possible.<ref name=":0" /> A further condition was that a gold medal be awarded to each pilot who completed the course within 16 days.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Organisation and rules
The race was organised by an Air Race Committee, with representatives from the Australian government, aviation, and Melbourne Centenary authorities.<ref name=":0" /> The Royal Aero Club oversaw the event.<ref name=rac>Template:Citation</ref> The race ran from RAF Mildenhall in East Anglia to Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne,<ref name=":0" /> approximately Template:Convert.<ref name=":1" /> There were five compulsory stops, at Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville, Queensland; otherwise the competitors could choose their own routes.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite Q</ref> A further 22 optional stops were provided with stocks of fuel and oil provided by Shell and Stanavo. The Royal Aero Club put some effort into persuading the countries along the route to improve the facilities at the stopping points.
The basic rules were: no limit to the size of aircraft or power, no limit to crew size, and no pilot to join the aircraft after it had left England. Aircraft had to carry three days' rations per crew member, floats (e.g. buoyancy aids or personal flotation devices), smoke signals, and efficient instruments. There were prizes for the outright fastest aircraft (£10,000 and a trophy, £1,500 and £500) and for the best performance on a handicap formula (£2000 and £1000) by any aircraft finishing within 16 days.<ref name=Flight1166/><ref name=":0" />
The start was set at dawn (6:30) on 20 October 1934. By then, the initial field of over 60 had been reduced to 20, including three purpose-built de Havilland DH.88 Comet racers,Template:Efn two of the new generation of American all-metal airliners, and a mixture of earlier racers, light transports, and old bombers.
First off the line, watched by a crowd of 60,000, were Jim Mollison and his wife Amy Johnson in the Comet Black Magic, and they were early leaders in the race until forced to retire at Allahabad with engine trouble. This left the DH.88 Grosvenor House flown by Flight lieutenant C. W. A. Scott and Captain Tom Campbell Black well ahead of the rest of field, and they went on to win in a time of less than three days, despite flying the last stage with one engine throttled back because of an oil-pressure indicator giving a faulty low reading. They would have also won the handicap prize, but the race rules stipulated that no aircraft could win more than one prize. For their efforts the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded them the silver medal for Aeronautics.
Significantly, both second and third quickest times were taken by airliners, the KLM Douglas DC-2 PH-AJU Uiver ("Stork") and Roscoe Turner's Boeing 247D. Both completed the course in less than a day more than the winner; KLM's DC-2 was even flying a regular route with passengers.
During the race, the Uiver, low on fuel after the crew had become lost when caught in severe thunderstorms, ended up over Albury, New South Wales.<ref name="AlburyCity">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "ABC">Template:Cite web</ref> Lyle Ferris, the chief electrical engineer of the post office, went to the power station and signalled "A-L-B-U-R-Y" to the aircraft in Morse code by turning the town street lights on and off. Arthur Newnham, the announcer on radio station 2CO Corowa appealed for cars to line up on the racecourse to light up a makeshift runway.<ref name="ABC"/>
The Uiver landed successfully, and next morning was pulled out of the mud by locals to fly on to Melbourne and win the handicap section of the race, coming second overall. In gratitude KLM made a large donation to Albury District Hospital and Alf Waugh, the Mayor of Albury, was awarded an Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau.<ref name="ABC"/>
Later that year the DC-2, on a flight from The Netherlands to Batavia, crashed in the Syrian desert near Rutbah Wells in western Iraq, killing all seven on board; it is commemorated by a flying replica.
Comet G-ACSR promptly flew film of the race back to Britain setting a round trip record of 13 days 6 hr 43 min.<ref>Lewis, Peter. British Racing and Record Breaking Aircraft. London: Putnam, 1970. Template:ISBN. p272</ref>
The race was the basis for a 1991 Australian television miniseries The Great Air Race.
Competitors
| Aircraft type | Identity | Race No. |
Crew | Country of origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DH.88 Comet Grosvenor House |
G-ACSS | 34 | C. W. A. Scott, Tom Campbell Black |
United Kingdom | Elapsed time 71 h 0 min Outright Winner |
| Douglas DC-2 Uiver |
PH-AJU | 44 | K.D. Parmentier, J.J. Moll, B. Prins, C. van Brugge |
Netherlands | Elapsed time 90 h 13 min Winner on handicapTemplate:Efn |
| Boeing 247D Warner Bros. Comet |
NR257Y | 5 | Roscoe Turner, Clyde Edward Pangborn, Reeder Nichols |
United States | Elapsed time 92 h 55 min. Second in speed race. |
| DH.88 Comet | G-ACSR | 19 | O. Cathcart Jones, K.F. Waller |
United Kingdom | Elapsed time 108 h 13 min. Third in speed race. |
| Miles M.2F Hawk Major | ZK-ADJ | 2 | S/Ldr. M. McGregor, H.C. Walker |
New Zealand | Elapsed time 7 d 14 h Fastest single-engined |
| Airspeed AS.5 Courier | G-ACJL | 14 | S/Ldr. D. Stodart, Sgt. Pilot K. Stodart |
United Kingdom | Elapsed time 9 d 18 h |
| DH.80 Puss Moth My Hildergarde |
VH-UQO | 16 | C.J. 'Jimmy' Melrose | Australia | Elapsed time 10 d 16 h Second on handicapTemplate:Efn |
| Desoutter Mk.II | OY-DOD | 7 | Lt. M. Hansen, D. Jensen |
Denmark | Arrived 31 October |
| DH.89 Dragon Rapide Tainui |
ZK-ACO | 60 | J.D. Hewitt, C.E. Kay, F. Stewart |
New Zealand | Arrived 3 November |
| Not classified | |||||
| Miles M.3 Falcon | G-ACTM | 31 | H.L. Brook, Miss E. Lay (passenger) |
United Kingdom | Arrived 20 November |
| Fairey IIIF | G-AABY | 15 | F/O C.G. Davies, Lt.Cdr. C.N. Hill |
United Kingdom | Arrived 24 November |
| Fairey Fox I | G-ACXO | 35 | Ray Parer, G. Hemsworth |
Australia | Withdrew from race at Paris. Eventually reached Melbourne 13 February 1935<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
| Lambert Monocoupe 145 Baby Ruth |
NC501W | 33 | J.H. Wright, J. Polando Warner |
United States | Withdrew at Calcutta |
| DH.88 Comet Black Magic |
G-ACSP | 63 | Jim Mollison, Amy Johnson |
United Kingdom | From Karachi, Mollison lost his way, and landed at Jubulpur. No high-octane fuel available, filled up with petrol. Engines "burned out" on flight to Allahabad. |
| Pander S4 Postjager |
PH-OST | 6 | Gerrit Johannes Geysendorffer, D.L. Asjes, P. Pronk |
Netherlands | Destroyed in ground collision at Allahabad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| B.A. Eagle The Spirit of Wm. Shaw & Co Ltd |
G-ACVU | 47 | F/Lt. G. Shaw | United Kingdom | Withdrew at Bushire |
| Lockheed Vega Puck |
G-ABGK | 36 | J. Woods, D.C. Bennett |
Australia | Overturned on landing at Aleppo, withdrew |
| Airspeed AS.8 Viceroy | G-ACMU | 58 | T. Neville Stack, S.L. Turner |
United Kingdom | Withdrew with multiple mechanical issues at Athens |
| Granville Gee Bee R-6H Q.E.D. |
NX14307 | 46 | Jacqueline Cochran, W. Smith Pratt |
United States | Withdrew with malfunctioning flaps after landing damage at Bucharest |
| Fairey Fox I | G-ACXX | 62 | H.D. Gilman, J.K. Baines |
United Kingdom | Crashed near Palazzo San Gervasio in Italy; both crew killed |
See also
Notes
Template:NotelistTemplate:Reflist
References
- Lewis, Peter. 1970. British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft. Putnam Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite magazine
Further reading
External links
- MacRobertson Air Race - State Library of NSW
- MacRobertson Air Race - Uiver Memorial DC-2 Restoration Project, Albury NSW
- Comet DH88 - fastest from England to Australia
- The Great Air Race, a TV Movie about MacRobertson Air Race
- The Uiver Collection, Albury NSW
- Tom Campbell Black co-winner of the MacRobertson London to Melbourne Air Race 1934