Macquarie River
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use Australian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox river
The Macquarie River or Wambuul is part of the Macquarie–Barwon catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is one of the main inland rivers in New South Wales, Australia.
The river rises in the central highlands of New South Wales near the town of Oberon and travels generally northwest past the towns of Bathurst, Wellington, Dubbo, Narromine, and Warren to the Macquarie Marshes. The Macquarie Marshes then drain into the Darling River via the lower Barwon River.
Lake Burrendong is a large reservoir with capacity of Template:Convert located near Wellington which impounds the waters of the Wambuul Macquarie River and its tributaries the Cudgegong River and the Turon River for flood control and irrigation.<ref name=lake>Template:NSW GNR</ref>
Name
The Wiradjuri are the people of the three rivers, Wambuul, Kalare (Lachlan) and the Murrumbidjeri (Murrumbidgee). Wambuul means winding river, and included the tributary Fish River.<ref name="GNB proposal">Template:Cite web</ref> It has also been spelt Wambool.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The river was first documented for the British crown near Bathurst by European explorer, George Evans in 1812, who named the river in honour of Lieutenant-Colonel Lachlan Macquarie,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Scott1">Template:Cite book</ref> who served as Governor of the Colony of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821.
In December 2021, Wambuul was recognised as an official dual name by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales after support from a local movement and the Bathurst Local Aboriginal Land Council. Either or both names may be used and both are given equal status.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Gazette NSW</ref>
Geography
From its origin the Wambuul Macquarie River flows for Template:Convert and drops around Template:Convert over its length.<ref name=bonzle>Template:Cite web</ref> Lake Burrendong at Template:Convert is the only dam along the length of the river. Windamere Dam, on the Cudgegong River, is operated in conjunction with Burrendong.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sources
The Macquarie River starts below the locality of White Rock near Bathurst at an elevation of Template:Convert.<ref name=bonzle/> It is a combination of two water systems which are the overflow from Chifley Dam which is fed by the Campbells River, and the Fish River which flows into and out of the Oberon Dam.
Tributaries
A number of rivers and creeks flow into the Wambuul Macquarie River, with descending elevation as follows:<ref name=bonzle/>
| Tributary | Elevation at junction | |
|---|---|---|
| Fish River | Template:Convert | |
| Queen Charlotte's Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Winburndale Rivulet | Template:Convert | |
| Turon River | Template:Convert | |
| Tambaroora Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Pyramul Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Curragurra Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Cudgegong River | Template:Convert | |
| Triamble Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Wuuluman Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Bell River | Template:Convert | |
| Little River | Template:Convert | |
| Wambangalong Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Cumboogle Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Talbragar River | Template:Convert | |
| Mogriguy Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Whylandra Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Coolbaggie Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Brummagen Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Gin Gin Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Greenhide Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Bulla Bulla Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Five Mile Cowal | Template:Convert | |
| Marebone Break | Template:Convert | |
| Bulgeraga Creek | Template:Convert | |
| Oxley Break | Template:Convert | |
Communities and bridge crossings along the river
| Location | Bridge name | Comments/use | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bathurst | Railway bridge, Main Western line | This bridge served the Main Western and Broken Hill railway lines from 1876 to Template:Circa. The wrought iron lattice girder bridge was constructed to the design of John Whitton, the Chief Engineer of the New South Wales Government Railways, and is listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register. The railway bridges at Wellington and Dubbo (see below) are to the same design. A concrete girder bridge replaced the 1870 bridge in Template:Circa. | File:Railway bridge over the Macquarie River, Bathurst 1.jpg | <ref>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref> |
| Evans Bridge, Great Western Hwy | A road and pedestrian crossing for the Great Western Highway/Sydney Road. The Evans Bridge is Bathurst's main traffic thoroughfare across the Macquarie River, linking the central business district with Kelso, and hence, Sydney. | File:Evans Bridge.JPG | ||
| Denison Bridge | Constructed between 1869 and 1870, this bridge replaced a bridge at the same location that was washed away by floods in 1867. It is the second oldest metal truss bridge remaining in New South Wales and now serves pedestrian traffic only. | File:Denison Bridge, Bathurst NSW, Australia.jpg | <ref name=denison>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref> | |
| Gordon Edgell Bridge | A low level road and pedestrian bridge, north of George Street, this bridge is often subject to localised flooding. | File:Gordon Edgell Bridge Bathurst closed due to flooding Dec 2010.jpg | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Rankens Bridge, Eglinton | Constructed circa 1856 to serve road traffic, to a design by Mr George Ranken and funded with his support. It was damaged in the floods of 1867, but subsequently restored. The restored bridge was dismantled and a new concrete bridge erected a few hundred metres downstream, just prior to the floods of 1998. A pillar of the old bridge still stands. | <ref name=denison/><ref name="Ranken adb">Template:Australian Dictionary of Biography</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| Wellington | Road bridge, Mitchell Hwy | One span of the previous bridge collapsed in February 1989 due to a truck damaging a truss. A temporary pontoon bridge was installed about Template:Convert downstream by engineers from the Army's 17th Construction Squadron, and used until the current bridge was completed in 1991. | File:1989 Wellington bridge.JPG | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| Temporary pontoon bridge, Mitchell Highway | Light Assault Floating Bridge (LAFB) constructed in 1989 by Sappers from 9 Troop, 17 Construction Squadron at Wellington NSW; Troop Commander Lieutenant Andrew Stanner. | File:1989 LAFB at Wellington.jpg | ||
| Railway bridge, Main Western line | Opened in 1881 and built to the same design by John Whitton as the Bathurst and Dubbo railway bridges. | |||
| Geurie | Scabbing Flat Bridge | A Dare type timber truss bridge, it was completed in 1911 and serves road traffic only. | <ref name=scabbing>Template:Cite web</ref> | |
| Dubbo | Rawsonville Bridge | A Dare type timber truss bridge that was completed in 1916, the bridge serves road traffic only. | <ref name=rawsonville>Template:Cite NSW HD</ref> | |
| Dundullimal Railway Bridge | Opened in 1925 as part of the loop railway from Molong to Dubbo. | <ref name=dundullimal>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| LH Ford Bridge, Mitchell Hwy | This bridge was completed in 1970 and replaced the Albert Bridge that originally operated as a toll bridge, was constructed of timber, and featured three arches. The L H Ford Bridge is Dubbo's main traffic thoroughfare across the Macquarie River, linking the central business district with West Dubbo. It provides both road and pedestrian access. | File:LH Ford Bridge over the Macquarie River viewed from the Lions Park boat ramp (2).jpg | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| Emile Serisier Bridge, Newell Hwy | A low level bridge built for the Newell Highway to bypass Dubbo city centre. | |||
| Railway bridge, Main Western line | Completed in 1882 to a standard design by Chief Railway Engineer, John Whitton. The same design was used for the Bathurst and Wellington railway bridges over the Macquarie (see above). | File:Western end of the Macquarie River Railway Bridge (2).jpg | ||
| Troy Bridge | Located north of Dubbo | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| Trangie | Gin Gin Bridge | A standard Callendar-Hamilton truss bridge, prefabricated in England for the Department of Main Roads. The Template:Convert bridge was opened in February 1963. | File:GinGinMacquarieRiverBridge.JPG | |
| Warren | Sturt Bridge | <ref name=SMHWarren/> | ||
| Bells Bridge |
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
Catchment
The Macquarie system covers an area of more than Template:Convert. Over 72% of land is flat, with an additional 17% undulating to hilly. The remainder is steep to mountainous, rising progressively to elevations above Template:Convert. To the east the boundary is formed by the Great Dividing Range. This boundary extends from near Oberon in the south to Coolah in the north. A well defined ridge extends north-west from the Great Dividing Range for around Template:Convert, then the boundary turns north.<ref name=anra>Template:Cite web</ref>
From Bathurst, near the formation of the river, it passes through the following geographic areas:
- Bathurst Plains, undulating country of Template:Convert elevation surrounded by high tablelands on all sides. This includes an extensive floodplain around Bathurst
- past Hill End Plateau, where it is joined from the east by the Turon River, the river drains a plateau extending from near Portland to Sofala. The elevation is around Template:Convert in the south and Template:Convert in the north. This area is predominantly rugged slopes.
- Burrendong Dam, the Macquarie River is joined from the east by the Cudgegong River, which rises in the hills around Rylstone with a general elevation around Template:Convert
- through Wellington and Dubbo where the river is joined by the Bell and Little Rivers. The Bell River rises in flat to undulating country of the Orange plateau, which has a general elevation of Template:Convert with the highest point being the extinct volcanic peak of Mount Canobolas at roughly Template:Convert. Between Wellington and Dubbo extensive flat areas are evident.
- north of Dubbo, the Talbragar River joins the Macquarie. The Talbragar is the most important downstream tributary. This river rises in mountainous country at the junction of the Great Dividing Range and the Liverpool Range. The country through which the Talbragar River runs is broad and flat, bordered by undulating hills that disperse as the river nears Dubbo.
- north of Dubbo, the river passes through flat plains flowing north-west through Narromine and Warren. A complex series of effluent creeks connect the Macquarie, Darling and Bogan Rivers.
- Macquarie Marshes lie at the end of the river channel proper. Near Carinda, the Macquarie is joined by Marthaguy Creek which drains an area Template:Convert and carries spill-over water from the Macquarie and Castlereagh Rivers during floods.
Rainfall
Rainfall varies across the catchment of the Macquarie River. Generally the peaks and tablelands receive higher rainfall due to the shadowing effects of the surrounding ranges. The Great Dividing Range area receives between Template:Convert and Template:Convert annual median rainfall. This is distributed relatively uniformly throughout the year. Where breaks in the Dividing Range allow the intrusion of moist easterly air streams inland, annual median rainfall of Template:Convert or more is experienced further westward. Further north-west in the Castlereagh and middle portions of the Macquarie valleys the annual median rainfall is Template:Convert to Template:Convert.<ref name="anra" />
Rainfall can vary dramatically over several years. For example, records show a variation from >200% to <50% of the average annual figure. Evaporation varies from less than Template:Convert south-east of Bathurst up to more than Template:Convert at Bourke.<ref name="anra" />
Statistics
| Area total | Template:Convert |
| Total storage volume | Template:Convert |
| Total surface water use | 406,840 ML/yr |
| Development category | overdeveloped |
| Mean annual run-off | 0 ML/yr |
History
Aboriginal history
The Wiradjuri people are the original inhabitants of the area that includes the Macquarie River catchment.<ref name=wiradjuri>Template:Cite web</ref> The Wiradjuri knew the river as the Wambool, which means "winding river".<ref name=wambool>Template:Cite web</ref> The noted Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne came from the upper Macquarie River region, and was fatally wounded from a gun shot after a man hunt was commissioned by the crown in 1829.<ref name="Windradyne adb">Template:Australian Dictionary of Biography</ref> Near Carinda, between the Macquarie River and Marra Creek, the oldest evidence of bread making in the world (approximately 30,000 years old) was found at an ancient lake known as Cuddie Springs.<ref name=cuddie-springs>Template:Cite web</ref>
European history
The upper reaches of the Macquarie River were first seen by Europeans in 1813 and the river was named in honour of the then Governor of the Colony of New South Wales, Lieutenant-Colonel (later Major-General) Lachlan Macquarie. In 1813 Deputy Surveyor of Lands and explorer, George Evans wrote in his journal:<ref name="Scott1"/>
30 November 1813: I have at length reached the Ridge I so much wished to do after walking about 2 Miles, where I had a prospect to the North for a great distance; A Mist arises from a part I suppose to be a River or a large Lagoon about 20 Miles Off; and on 9 December 1813: I have called the Main Stream "Macquarie River".
Two years later Governor Macquarie inspected the country surrounding Bathurst and the Macquarie River and wrote on 10 June 1815, on his return to Government House in Sydney:<ref name="Scott2">Template:Cite book</ref>
At the distance of seven miles from the bridge over the Campbell River, Bathurst Plains open to the view, presenting a rich tract of campaign country of 11 miles in length, bounded on both sides by gently rising and very beautiful hills, thinly wooded. The Macquarie River, which is constituted by the junction of the Fish and Campbell River, takes a winding course through the plains, which can be easily traced from the high lands adjoining by the particular verdure of the trees on its bank, which are likewise the only trees throughout the extent of the plains. The level and clear surface of these plains gives them at first view very much the appearance of lands in a state of cultivation. It is impossible to behold this grand scene without a feeling of admiration and surprise, whilst the silence and solitude, which reign in a space of such extent and beauty as seems designed by nature for the occupancy and comfort of man, create a degree of melancholy in the mind which may be more easily imagined than described.
During 1817 and 1818, explorer John Oxley was commissioned to explore the course of the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers respectively. Writing in his journal, published in 1820, Oxley described the junction of the two rivers:<ref name="Scott3">Template:Cite book</ref>
The river in Wellington Valley had been swelled by the late rains, insomuch that the water below its junction with the Macquarie was quite discoloured. From the fineness of the soil, the rain had made the ground very soft, rendering it difficult for the horses to travel..... Our day's journey lay generally over an open forest country, with rich flats on either side of the river .... The river had many fine reaches, extending in straight lines from one to three miles, and of a corresponding breadth. The rapids, although frequent, offered no material obstruction to the boats. The current in the long reaches was scarcely perceptible .... The river expanded into beautiful reaches, having great depth of water, and from two to three hundred feet broad, literally covered with water-fowl of different kinds: the richest flats bordered the river, apparently more extensive on the south side. The vast body of water which this river must contain in times of flood is confined within exterior banks, and its inundations are thus deprived of mischief..... The trees were of the eucalyptus (apple tree), and on the hills a few of the callitris macrocarpa [Note: Callitr. Vent decad.] were seen.... The main bed of the river was much contracted, but very deep, the waters spreading to the depth of a foot or eighteen inches over the banks, but all running on the same point of bearing. After going about twenty miles, we lost the land and trees: the channel of the river, which lay through reeds, and was from one to three feet deep, ran northerly. This continued for three or four miles farther, when although there had been no previous change in the breadth, depth, and rapidity of the stream for several miles, and I was sanguine in my expectations of soon entering the long sought for Australian sea, it all at once eluded our farther pursuit by spreading on every point from north-west to north-east, among the ocean of reeds which surrounded us, still running with the same rapidity as before. There, was no channel whatever among those reeds, and the depth varied from three to five feet. This astonishing change (for I cannot call it a termination of the river), of course left me no alternative but to endeavour to return to some spot, on which we could effect a landing before dark.... To assert positively that we were on the margin of the lake or sea into which this great body of water is discharged, might reasonably be deemed a conclusion which has nothing but conjecture for its basis; but if an opinion may be permitted to be hazarded from actual appearances, mine is decidedly in favour of our being in the immediate vicinity of an inland sea, or lake, most probably a shoal one, and gradually filling up by immense depositions from the higher lands, left by the waters which flow into it. It is most singular, that the high-lands on this continent seem to be confined to the sea-coast, or not to extend to any great distance from it.
By 1828, explorer Charles Sturt was commissioned to ascertain "the limits of the Colony" by following the Macquarie River "for the express purpose of ascertaining the nature and extent of that basin into which the Macquarie was supposed to fall, and whether any connection existed between it and the streams falling westerly".<ref name="Scott4">Template:Cite book</ref> Navigating the marshes (later named in honour of Lachlan Macquarie), Sturt was the first European to visit the Darling River, named in honour of General Ralph Darling.
Water management
Irrigation
The Macquarie River catchment is a regulated Water Management Area and includes private irrigation as well as several public irrigation schemes<ref name=irrigation>Template:Cite web</ref> located at Narromine – Trangie, Buddah Lakes, Tenandra, Trangie – Nevertire, Nevertire, and Marthaguy.
The River is classified as over-subscribed
Flooding
The Macquarie River has a history of flooding. Some significant events are listed below. After major floods, water can flow past the Macquarie Marshes and into the Barwon-Darling river system upstream of Brewarrina.<ref name=majorflood>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 1867Template:Spaced ndashdevastating floods wash away the first Denison Bridge at Bathurst<ref name=denison/> and also debris damages Ranken's Bridge
- 1955Template:Spaced ndashserious flooding of Macquarie River amongst other river systems
- 1979Template:Spaced ndash heavy flooding of the low lying sections along the river<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 1986Template:Spaced ndashsevere localised flooding in Bathurst<ref name=Bx>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 1990Template:Spaced ndashsevere localised flooding in Bathurst<ref name=Bx/>
- 1998Template:Spaced ndashthere was a large flood that affected the farming of cotton and vegetables. Bathurst was severely affected<ref name=Bx/>
- 2010Template:Spaced ndashNovember/December saw major flooding of the lower Macquarie River following heavy rainfall events throughout Eastern Australia<ref name=abcflooding>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
- 2016Template:Spaced ndashAugust/September saw moderate to major flooding along the entire river.
Recreation
Recreational activities are popular along the length of the river particularly in the communities it passes by.
- FishingTemplate:Spaced ndashThe following species of fresh water fish can be caught: brown trout, carp, eel-tailed catfish, golden perch, murray cod, rainbow trout, redfin, silver perch, trout cod and yabbies.<ref name=bonzle/>
- Lake BurrendongTemplate:Spaced ndasha large dam very popular with water sports enthusiasts activities include skiing, jet skis, sailing, and general boating.
- ParksTemplate:Spaced ndashin Bathurst along the bank of the river is Bi-Centennial Park. This park is used for recreation purposes, picnics, events, bicycle riding, etc. In Warren, Macquarie Park, off Burton St, has English-style formal gardens and a monument in honour of Oxley and Sturt who traced the course of the Macquarie River. Oxley camped near Warren in 1818 and is further commemorated in the naming of Oxley Park on the other side of the river. Sturt passed by just to the north-east in 1828 and the bridge over the river is named after him. Hundreds of galahs roost in the red gums at sunset. The adjacent Red River Gum Walk follows the riverbank around to a 500-year-old river gum adjacent the Warren Hole, a natural and permanent waterhole once used for swimming and fishing.<ref name=SMHWarren>Template:Cite news</ref>
References
External links
- Template:Cite web
- Daily river reportsTemplate:Spaced ndashNSW Government
Further reading
Template:Rivers of the Darling River catchment Template:Rivers of New South Wales Template:Rivers of the Murray–Darling basin