Macrina the Younger

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Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Infobox saint Macrina the Younger (Template:Langx; c. 327 – 19 July 379) was an early Christian consecrated virgin. Macrina was elder sister of Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Naucratius and Peter of Sebaste. Gregory of Nyssa wrote a work entitled Life of Macrina in which he describes her sanctity and asceticism throughout her life. Macrina lived a chaste and humble life, devoting her time to prayer and the spiritual education of her younger brother Peter.

She is regarded as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Anglican churches.

Family

Macrina was born at Caesarea, Cappadocia. Her parents were Basil the Elder and Emmelia, and her grandmother was Macrina the Elder. Among her nine siblings were two of the three Cappadocian Fathers, her younger brothers Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, as well as Peter of Sebaste and the famous Christian jurist Naucratius. Her father arranged for her to marry, but her fiancé died before the wedding. After having been betrothed, Macrina did not believe it was appropriate to marry another man, but saw Christ as her eternal bridegroom.<ref name="Peter Brown">Peter Brown, The Body and Society, Columbia University Press, 1988, 272.</ref>

Macrina had a profound influence on her brothers and her mother with her adherence to an ascetic ideal. In Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Macrina he remembers her as a child who was devoted to study of the scriptures, especially the Wisdom of Solomon, and those parts of it which have an ethical bearing, "such parts as you would think were incomprehensible to young children were the subject of the girl's studies".<ref>Gregory of Nyssa, Life of St. Macrina, Macrina's childhood</ref>

Macrina, who resolved never to leave her mother,<ref>Gregory of Nyssa, Life of St. Macrina,</ref> moved with her to one of their rural estates and lived within a community of virgins who came from both an aristocratic and a non-aristocratic background.<ref name="Cvetković_2021" /> All members were free, and slaves got the same rights and obligations as their masters. The death of the brother Naucratius shocked her mother and gave to Macrina a priority role in the domestic life.<ref name="Cvetković_2021">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 379, Macrina died at her family's estate in Pontus, which with the help of her younger brother Peter she had turned into a convent of virgins. Gregory of Nyssa composed a Dialogue on the Soul and Resurrection (peri psyches kai anastaseos), entitled ta Makrinia (P.G. XLVI, 12 sq.), to commemorate Macrina, in which Gregory purports to describe the conversation he had with the dying Macrina, in a literary form modelled on Plato's Phaedo.<ref>Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Women and words, in Frances Young, Lewis Ayres, Andrew Louth, eds, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, (2010), p385</ref> It was a work that represented one of the very rare philosophical dialogues in which a woman is the protagonist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Even when dying, Macrina continued to live a life of sanctity, as she refused a bed, and instead chose to lie on the ground. Her feast day is 19 July.

Legacy

Macrina is significant in that she set the standard for being a holy Early Christian woman. She contributed to her brother's writings and his belief that virginity reflected the "radiant purity of God".<ref name="Peter Brown"/>

Universalists, including Thomas Allin and J. W. Hanson, claim Macrina as a committed universalist, citing passages from the Dialogue on the Soul and Resurrection which they believe demonstrate her conviction that all sinners and demons will at last be purified and confess Christ.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This claim to her Universalism is questionable, due to her plea for Election to Salvation at the end of her life.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This suggests a more nuanced Eschatology, such as the Universal Reconciliation of Maximus the Confessor.Template:Citation needed

Macrina is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 19 July.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

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