Maharishi International University

Maharishi International University (MIU), formerly Maharishi University of Management, is a private university in Fairfield, Iowa, United States. It was founded in 1971 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and practices a "consciousness-based education" system that includes the Transcendental Meditation technique. Its founding principles are the development of the full potential of the individual, fulfilling economic aspirations while maximizing proper use of the environment and bringing spiritual fulfillment and happiness to humanity.<ref name="Kapur"/>

The university is accredited through the doctoral level by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and offers degree programs in art, business, education, communications, mathematical science, literature, physiology & health, regenerative organic agriculture, Vedic Science and sustainable living.

The original campus in Goleta, California, moved in 1974 to a 370-acre campus in Fairfield, Iowa. During the 1990s many older buildings were demolished and replaced with green technology and the principles of ancient Vedic architecture.<ref name="Kapur" /> The university features an academic "block system" (only one subject for four weeks) and a diverse, multinational student body. It is said to offer an organic, vegetarian food program.<ref name="Kapur"/><ref name="Dorfman">Dorfman, Josh (2007) Harry N. Abrams Inc., The Lazy Environmentalist: Your Guide to Easy, Stylish, Green Living, Chapter 21</ref>

History

1971–2004

University sign at campus entrance

The concept for a university came out of a "series of international symposia on Science of Creative Intelligence" (SCI) attended by notable academics.<ref name="Jefferson">Jefferson, William (1976) Pocket Books, The Story of The Maharishi, pp. 118–123</ref> It was established in 1971 by Nat Goldhaber.<ref name="nytimes.com">Template:Cite web</ref> It was created with the belief that a school that incorporated the "philosophy and techniques of Transcendental Meditation" would create an "unusual contribution to higher education".<ref name=Maeroff/>

It was inaugurated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and Robert Keith Wallace assumed his position as the first university president in 1973. Its first location was an apartment complex in Goleta, California. The university enrolled 700 students during its first year of operation.<ref name="Jefferson"/> In August 1974, the university purchased the campus of the bankrupt Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa, for $2.5 million<ref name=Maeroff/> and relocated there.<ref name=Engel>Engel, Allison, "Maharishi International University mixes meditation and education", Change Vol 7 No 4 (May 1975) p. 19</ref><ref name="LA Times">Nelson, Bryce (July 9, 1973), "The Death of a College—Grand Idea That Failed", Los Angeles Times. The college trustees asked for protection of the federal court under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act. In his order, the federal bankruptcy judge, Richard Stageman, admitted "the affection and esteem" in which Iowans held the college but said that it was irretrievably insolvent"</ref>

Aerial photograph of the MIU campus

In 1975, the freshman and sophomore years consisted of interdisciplinary studies, and were organized in a modular format, with each course lasting a few weeks or months. All students, regardless of their previous education, were required to attend 24 interdisciplinary courses,<ref name="Jefferson"/> some of which consisted of pre-recorded video tapes of "resident faculty" who were not on campus,<ref name=Maeroff/><ref name=Engel/> while graduate students and teaching assistants played the video tapes and conducted discussions.<ref name="Jefferson"/> Nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin said that, even though he participated in a symposium on SCI, the use of his name in the MIU catalogue was "perilously close to false advertising". John Lewis, a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who created video-taped lectures for MIU, was supportive, saying that TM "unblocks the student's pathways to education".<ref name="Jefferson"/> During this period, an open admissions policy was instituted, and transfer students were welcomed regardless of their academic history.<ref name=Maeroff/><ref name=Engel/> In 1976, the accreditation evaluation team from the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools said the 19 senior and 20 assistant faculty<ref name="Jefferson"/> were "creative in their vision for higher education and eminently qualified", and the university was granted "candidate for accreditation" status.<ref name=Maeroff/> At that time, faculty and administrators were paid "approximately the same base salary of $275 per month", with additional compensation "on a sliding scale for those with spouses and children", plus free housing in university dormitories.<ref name="Maeroff">Maeroff, Gene I., "College in Iowa flourishes on meditation", The New York Times (May 18, 1976) p. 16 Reprinted [1]</ref> On campus, drugs and alcohol were "shunned" and a "strong sense of community" was said to pervade the institution.<ref name=Maeroff/>

Bevan Morris was appointed president and chairman of Maharishi International University's board of trustees in 1979. The following year, the university received accreditation through the doctoral level by the Higher Learning Commission, and became a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCACS).<ref name=HLC/><ref name="Kapur">Kapur, Kamlesh (2010) Sterling Publishers, History Of Ancient India (Portraits Of A Nation), pp. 462–463</ref> 1981 saw the completion of two 20,000 square foot meditation buildings called Golden Domes, that were built on campus for daily group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs.<ref>Magician Mixes Marriage and Meditation; The Hour (Associated Press) Norwalk, CT, December 2, 1981</ref> By this time the Henn Mansion, Trustee Gymnasium and Ballard Hall buildings, built in the early 1900s, showed rapid deterioration. These buildings were scheduled to be demolished but the university spent $500,000 to restore Henn Mansion, beginning in 1984, and nominated six other buildings for the National Historic Register.<ref name ="Iowa Source">Goff, Rory and Rena (November 2012) Remembering Barhydt Chapel, Iowa Source, page F-1</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 1983, the Argus-Press reported that competing meditation seminar teacher, Robin Woodsworth Carlsen, had criticized and ridiculed the university in a full-page advertisement placed in a local newspaper and had filed a lawsuit against the university. As a result, "many students" who were distributing Carlsen's literature on campus were asked to leave the campus and several were suspended with their meditation dome admission privileges revoked.<ref>Munns, Roger, "Upstart stirring up the karma", Owosso Argus-Press (Associated Press) (July 21, 1983)</ref>

In December 1983, the university hosted a three-week "Taste of Utopia" conference with more than 7,000 participants and practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program "from around the world". MIU president Morris later reported that research data indicated the conference had reduced violence in war-torn areas and inspired an increase in the Dow Jones stock index via the Maharishi Effect.<ref name=Osment>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>(November 2010)James McCartney to make American debut in Fairfield Template:Webarchive The Gazette, retrieved April 5, 2012</ref> By 1992, the university had 800 students from more than 70 countries, paying approximately $10,000 a year for their tuition and board.<ref name=DePalma/>

In 1995, Maharishi International University changed its name to Maharishi University of Management (MUM). As part of its master plan to rebuild and expand the campus using natural materials and Maharishi Vastu Architecture design principles, many of the Parsons College buildings, which had high maintenance costs, were demolished, including Foster Hall.<ref name ="Iowa Source"/> In 2019, the name was changed back to the original Maharishi International University.

In 2000, local preservationists protested the demolition of Parsons Hall, built in 1915,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Barhydt Chapel, designed in 1911 by Henry K. Holsman. University officials said that MIU would donate the buildings to any community group who could raise the $1 million needed to move what the local newspaper described as an "ailing building".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Beth Dalby, "M.U.M. reveals plans for Barhydt Chapel, Fairfield Ledger, November 17, 2000, p. 1</ref> In response to protests the university ensured the survival of the chapel's plaques, pipe organ, and stained glass windows, which are now displayed at the Fairfield Arts & Convention Center.<ref name ="Iowa Source"/> Between 2000 and 2005, the university demolished Carnegie Hall, Parsons Hall (1915), Barhydt Chapel (1911), Blum Stadium (1966), Laser Tower, the dining hall, and 38 dormitory-style "pods". Seven student "residence halls" with single rooms were completed in 2005 using eco-friendly designs, natural materials and geo-thermal heating.<ref name="Schuman"/>

Moby performing in 2008

A stabbing incident occurred in 2004, when MIU student Shuvender Sem attacked two other students in separate incidents on the same day.<ref name=Trib>Template:Cite news</ref> He stabbed the first student with a pen and, hours later, fatally stabbed Levi Butler with a knife. Sem was found not guilty due to insanity and the university settled a lawsuit that charged it with negligence.<ref name=Trib/>

2005–present

Beginning in 2005, film director David Lynch hosted an annual "David Lynch Weekend for World Peace and Meditation" at MIU.<ref name=Reimer>Template:Cite web</ref> The 2008 event included musical performances by Donovan, Moby, and Chrysta Bell.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The fourth annual David Lynch Weekend of November 2009 featured Donovan, MIU professor John Hagelin, and the American debut of James McCartney, who performed at the Fairfield Arts & Convention Center.<ref name=Reimer/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The weekend conference was intended to appeal to those "interested in creativity, film, art, sustainable living, organic agriculture, brain development, consciousness, meditation, natural medicine, renewable living [and] peace".<ref name=Reimer/><ref>Heartland Connection</ref>

By 2007, the university had over 45 campus buildings, including 17 classroom and administrative buildings. Between 1974 and 2008, a total of 43 buildings were demolished and 70 new buildings erected in their place.<ref name="Schuman"/> At that time, MIU had 948 students (813 full time) of whom 78% were foreign students – the third-highest number of foreign students at an Iowa university that year.<ref name=citytown>Template:Cite web</ref> 71% of these students were enrolled in a graduate degree program.<ref name=citytown/> The largest age group was 25–29 years of age (42%).<ref name=citytown/> In this same year, MIU awarded 125 Master's degrees and 34 Bachelor degrees.<ref name=citytown/>

In 2008, the Argiro Student Center was completed, featuring "the most advanced green technologies"<ref name="Kapur"/> and included dining areas, student cafe, book store, interdenominational chapel, auditorium, classrooms, exercise studio and student government offices.<ref name="People and Places . . . THIS WEEK">People and Places . . . THIS WEEK Architecture Week, 06 February 2008</ref>

In 2010, there were 1,210 students enrolled – 754 full-time and 456 part-time students, with 928 full- and part-time graduate students.<ref name=HLC>Template:Cite web</ref>

Enrollment in 2013 included 337 students from 54 countries and the university graduated the largest class in its history.<ref name="Heartland 2013">Template:Cite web</ref> That year the university began offering a program called the David Lynch MA in Film. The program's segments include courses called Advanced Narrative, Advanced Screenwriting and Acting for Film. Other features include a three-month film project and question and answer sessions with Lynch both in-person and via Skype.<ref name="IndieWire">Template:Cite web</ref> As of August 2013, 826 graduate and undergraduate full-time students and 365 part-time students were enrolled at MIU.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The following year, Jim Carrey delivered the university's commencement address and received an honorary doctorate for his achievements as a comedian, artist, author, and philanthropist;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> his address has frequently been described as one of the best in the genre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2016 Bevan Morris retired as president and the board of trustees appointed John Hagelin.<ref name="Hallman"/>

Administration and faculty

The board of trustees consists of 37 members and is chaired by Ed Malloy, former mayor of Fairfield. Other members include Bevan Morris, chairman emeritus of MIU, John Hagelin, honorary chairman, and Jeffrey Abramson, a partner in The Tower Companies.<ref>National Building Museum Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Iowa Independent, Linda Waddington, January 2 2009 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Past trustees include Ramani Ayer, former chairman of The Hartford Financial Services Group Inc., retired major general and author Franklin M. Davis Jr., Theodore Dreier, an engineer and educator who was one of the founders of Black Mountain College,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Alfred L. Jenkins, a career diplomat who served as chairman of MIU for three years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable past and present faculty at MIU include Arthur Aron and Elaine Aron, David Orme-Johnson, Ashley Deans, and Elaine Ingham.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

In 2007 the university had 52 faculty members<ref name=Citytown>Citytown Info</ref> and average salaries for full-time faculty ranged from $6,678 for some instructors and assistant professors to $19,595 for full professors.<ref name=Citytown/><ref>"Faculty Salaries, Benefits and Total Compensation", National Center for Educational Statistics Template:Webarchive</ref> In 2011, MIU was one of more than 1,000 corporations which requested a waiver to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's requirement to offer maximum payouts of $750,000 per employee.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Campus

The campus sits on Template:Convert located Template:Convert west of the Mississippi River. The grounds include wooded areas, fields and two small lakes with U.S. News & World Report categorizing the campus setting as "urban".<ref name="US News Education">Maharishi University of Management U.S. News Education College, retrieved June 23, 2012</ref>

The original Parsons College campus included 60-80 buildings before closing due to bankruptcy, standing empty and being purchased by MIU.<ref name="LA Times"/><ref>Olson, Carl (2007) Rutgers University Press, The Many Colors of Hinduism, page 339, "bankrupted Parsons College"</ref> The Library Building continues to be used and houses the main library, classrooms, administrative offices, multimedia computer lab, Unity Art Gallery, Campus Security and Facilities Management. The library catalog includes 140,000 volumes, 60 reference databases and Internet reference resources, 7,000 electronic books, 12,000 full-text periodicals, special collections including the Science of Creative Intelligence Reserve Collection, Journal of Modern Science and Vedic Science, PhD dissertations by university students, and a Vedic literature collection. A campus-wide closed-circuit television network includes 10,000 hours of video- and audio-taped courses, conferences and presentations. Additional facilities include network plug-in ports for laptop users, support for international distance education students, and DVD/video rentals with over 1,500 titles. Inter-library loans include books and articles and access to the University of Iowa Library as well as to libraries worldwide.

Many structures have been replaced since 1974 as part of MIU's master plan for reconstruction and expansion which includes careful attention to environmental conservation, incorporating renewable energy, state-of-the-art building technologies, natural building materials and Maharishi Sthapatya Veda principles of architecture.<ref name="insidehighered.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Two golden domes were erected between 1980 and 1981 and are used for daily group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and the TM-Sidhi program and have been called "particle accelerators of consciousness" by the university's founder.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The campus was "thoroughly rebuilt" in the 1990s and seven student residence halls, with single rooms, were completed in 2005 using eco-friendly designs, natural materials and geo-thermal heating.<ref name="Schuman"/> By 2007, the university had over 45 campus buildings, including 17 classroom and administrative buildings. Between 1974 and 2008, a total of 43 buildings had been demolished and 70 new buildings had been erected in their place.<ref name="Schuman">Schuman, Samuel (2009) Johns Hopkins University Press, Seeing the Light: Religious Colleges in Twenty-First-Century America, pp. 39–41</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The newly-created Dreier Building houses the offices of Admissions, Alumni, Campus Reconstruction, Development, the dean of faculty, the deans of women and men, the Enrollment Center, the executive vice-president, legal counsel, Human Resources, and six classrooms.

Argiro Student Center and dining hall

The Template:Convert Argiro Student Center was completed in 2008 and houses a large, open reception area, dining rooms, kitchens, student cafe, student book store and shopping area, interdenominational chapel, an auditorium, classrooms, exercise studio, and student government offices.<ref name="People and Places . . . THIS WEEK"/> The building incorporates many principles of Vedic architecture such as eastern orientation, specific room placement size and proportions, energy efficiency, day lighting, non-toxic and natural building materials and "higher than normal" energy efficiency.<ref name="Kapur"/>

In 2012, the university completed construction of a Sustainable Learning Center (SLC) building.<ref name="Kelly"/><ref>Net Zero Is Bliss At Maharishi University in Iowa Earthtechling, retrieved June 22, 2012</ref> According to the university, the building sets a "new global standard for green buildings" by incorporating local building materials and being completely energy self-sufficient, even during its construction.<ref name="Kelly">Radio Iowa, Maharishi University hopes to set the standard for "green" buildings, Kelly</ref><ref name="mormontimes.com">Mormon lends skills to constructing self-sustaining, eco-friendly building, Kikari Loftus, June 10, 2010 [2] Template:Webarchive</ref> It was designed to meet the Living Building Challenge requirements and become one of three buildings in the US to meet that standard as well as LEED Platinum certification.<ref name="Kelly"/><ref name="mormontimes.com"/><ref name="radioiowa.com">Template:Cite web</ref> It houses both research and classroom activities and allows students to "interactively monitor performance and energy efficiency".<ref name="Kelly"/><ref name="mormontimes.com"/><ref name="radioiowa.com"/><ref>The Hawkeye, Sustainable Living Center is unique in US, April 26, 2010</ref> University officials hope this building proves that the county has the expertise for technological jumps of this kind.<ref name="Des Moines Register 2006"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Academics

Accreditation and rankings

The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The university’s business programs (BA, MBA, and PhD) are accredited by the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE).

The "Best Colleges 2013" Master's Midwest Category of U.S. News & World Report college and university rankings gave MIU (then called Maharishi University of Management) a tier two rating,<ref name=usnews>Template:Cite web</ref> which places the school in the bottom 25% of colleges.<ref name=usnewsfaq>Template:Cite web</ref> The report listed its application deadline as rolling, its acceptance rate as 41%, its freshman retention rate as 80%, and its student–faculty ratio as 12:1.<ref name=usnews/>

Class structure

Maharishi International University operates on a block system. Students take one course at a time during a four-week period.<ref name=DePalma/><ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite news</ref>

Consciousness-Based Education

Golden dome for the group practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs

MIU is committed to achieving its goals through Consciousness-Based Education (CBE) which aims to unfold "creative potential" and create life in harmony with the laws of nature.<ref name="Kapur"/> CBE includes traditional subjects while simultaneously cultivating the student's potential from within.<ref name="Schuman"/> As a component of Consciousness-Based Education, students and faculty practice the Transcendental Meditation technique twice daily.<ref name="Schuman"/> Both Consciousness-Based Education and Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) are said to include the personal experience and intellectual understanding of consciousness. Classes at MIU present subjects such as art, economics, physics, literature, and psychology in the context of these universal principles of consciousness.<ref name=Jefferson/><ref name=Stark>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Atlas>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Before 2009 MIU freshmen and transfer students began their first semester with the 33-lesson SCI course.<ref name=JME>Schmidt-Wilk, Jane, Heston, Dennis & Steigard, David, "Higher education for higher consciousness: Maharishi University of Management as a model for spirituality in management education", Journal of Management Education Vol. 24, No. 5, 580-611 (2000) Template:Doi</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The university president, Morris, has credited the knowledge and principles of SCI with contributing to the success of its graduates<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and SCI degrees have been awarded to Morris,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Doug Henning,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mike Tompkins,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Benjamin Feldman, the finance minister for Global Country of World Peace,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and author John Gray.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Programs

The university offers Bachelor of Arts degrees in 13 areas including Vedic science and sustainable living.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to a 2006 report in The Des Moines Register, MIU "is establishing itself as a leader in sustainable living architecture" among Iowa's colleges and universities<ref name="DM Register">Template:Cite news</ref> and offers a sustainable living program. The program includes a BS in Sustainable Living and an MBA in Sustainable Business.<ref name="Des Moines Register 2006">Template:Cite news</ref> MIU is listed with the Institute for Sustainability as a university that offers eco-curriculums and a Bachelor of Science in "sustainable living/environmental science" which teaches students methods for designing and maintaining environmentally friendly communities. Course content includes sustainable practices for agriculture, technology, architecture, landscape design, business and the ecology of living systems.<ref name="Dorfman"/>

MIU is reported to be the only university in the U.S. that offers a PhD degree in the Neuroscience of Human Consciousness.<ref name=DePalma/> The university participates in a state-sponsored, fast-track license program for school teachers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20090731/NEWS02/907310344/-1/BUSINESS04 Template:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>

MIU also offers undergraduate programs in China.<ref name=HLC/>

Student life

Health and ecology

The university's endeavor to create a sustainable campus include the use of green, energy-efficient architecture and community planning that incorporates Maharishi Sthapatya Veda architecture – a system of country, town, village, and home planning that utilizes natural building materials and procedures.<ref name="Des Moines Register 2006"/> The university operates an organic vegetable farm including a Template:Convert, year-round greenhouse, which provides students and faculty with a 100% organic food program.<ref>Food Management, Whole Earth Campus, Mike Bazalka, January 1, 2009 Template:Webarchive</ref> In 2011, the university participated in the Southeast Alaska Conservation Council's solar energy project, Sustain Angoon.<ref>[3]Template:Dead link Washington Examiner, Film Looks Energy Saving Efforts, Richard Radford, Feb 26 2011, retrieved March 4, 2011</ref>

Sports and recreation

MIU students compete in numerous team and individual sports. Men's and women's golf is an intercollegiate sport; men's and women's soccer is a club sport. Intramural sports include soccer, archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, fencing, field hockey, football, rock climbing, sailing, swimming, tennis, ultimate Frisbee and weight lifting.<ref name=Peterson>Template:Cite book </ref>

Residence halls

Single, furnished rooms are standard for all students to ensure quiet and privacy, and include high-speed Internet connections. Most residence halls are equipped with exercise and TV rooms. Freshmen are required to live on campus.<ref name=citytown/> Compared to other colleges, MIU offers dorm rooms to a higher than average percentage of its students.<ref name=citytown/>

Research

Maharishi International University publishes the Journal of Modern Science and Vedic Science. MIU faculty members have published on TM in scientific journals including the American Heart Association's journals, Hypertension and Stroke.<ref>Stress Reduction Through TM, Eureka Alert, March 2, 2000</ref>

Since the establishment of its research facilities, the university has been awarded over 150 federal, state, and private grants and contracts totaling over $24 million,<ref name=nih>NIH web site, grants to MUM in 2005 and 2006 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="Becker">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="list.uvm.edu">Template:Cite web</ref> including funding from the NIH's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and its Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. In 2012, the US Department of Defense granted MIU and the San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center $2.4 million to research the effectiveness of TM for the treatment of PTSD.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention

The Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention (INMP) (formerly the Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention) has received grants totaling over $10.5 million for research on prevention-oriented natural medicine.<ref name=Blumenthal>Template:Cite news</ref> The university had received more than $20 million in funding from different branches of the National Institutes of Health as of 2002<ref name=Blumenthal/><ref>Walsh, Tom (Sept 4, 2003) TM gains mainstream respect Medical researchers rethink 'junk' science and take it seriously, The Gazette</ref> The university's Department of Physiology and the Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention received $8 million from the NIH National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to establish the first research center in the U.S. specializing in "natural" preventive medicine for minorities.<ref name=Becker/>

Other institutes and centers

• The Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy (ISTPP) was founded by John Hagelin to identify, scientifically evaluate and implement proven, prevention-oriented, forward-looking solutions to critical national and global problems
• The Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS), whose founder and director is David R. Leffler
• The Center for Brain, Consciousness, and Cognition, whose director is faculty member, Fred Travis<ref>ABC News, Transcendental Meditation Thrives in Iowa, John Berman and Maggie Burbank, January 8, 2010, [4]</ref>

Views on research

Lola Williamson, who practiced the TM-Sidhi program until 1981,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> wrote a book called Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion. In the book, she cites two former professors who in the late 1980s "testified against the research practices conducted at the university". In the book, she writes that former MIU professor of economics and business law Anthony DeNaro alleged in 1986 that there was "a very serious and deliberate pattern of fraud ... designed to misrepresent the TM movement as a science (not a cult), and fraudulently claim and obtain tax exempt status with the IRS". Williamson writes in her book that Dennis Roark, former dean of faculty and chair of the physics department in the 1970s, was a "witness to routine suppression of negative data" and that Roark wrote in a 1987 letter that it was his "belief that the many scientific claims both to the factual evidence of unique, beneficial effects of T.M. and physics are not only without any reasonable basis, but in fact in many ways fraudulent". Roark said "he had questioned" MIU faculty member Michael Dillbeck regarding his studies of brain wave coherence using EEG measurements during practice of the TM-Sidhi program, and that Dilbeck confirmed that it was impossible to make EEG measurements while the subjects are moving. Williamson writes in her book that Roark questioned other investigators "regarding the alleged reduction in crime if enough people practice TM or the TM-Sidhi program" and they "confirmed that they had suppressed negative evidence".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The EEG research referred to by Roark, which required researchers to make EEG measurements during the TM-Sidhi program, was subsequently published in two separate studies in the International Journal of Neuroscience.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The editor-in-chief, Sydney Weinstein, said that the studies published in his journal are reviewed by "a distinguished group of scientists from leading universities," and added, "Not once have these scientists ever questioned the integrity or scientific validity of the papers on Transcendental Meditation."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2002, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids and Iowa City) and Chicago Sun-Times reported that although "a few years ago" many "major medical schools" would have "turned up their noses" at the studies MIU was conducting, "things have changed" and MIU has received so many offers that it has "turned away" collaboration proposals from a few institutions.<ref name="Chicago Sun Alt Med">Krantz, Colleen, (September 12, 2002) Schools team with Maharishi Gets requests to be partner on studies of alternative medicine, Chicago Sun-Times</ref> According to an MIU spokesperson, the university had received almost $18 million in grant support from the National Institutes of Health in the prior 15 years and "its researchers are strict about scientific standards because they work more often with other, larger universities"<ref name="Chicago Sun Alt Med"/> including the University of Iowa; University of California, Irvine; and University of Hawaii. The article reports that Maharishi University and the University of Iowa were working on a study that looked at the effects of holistic therapy on heart disease.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

According to news reports in 2003, MIU's Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention (CNMP) was in collaboration with a "growing list of mainstream universities" including Howard University, the Medical College of Wisconsin, the University of Pennsylvania, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science and the University of California at Irvine. According to the article, "mainstream medical researchers – including many scientists suspicious of spiritualism" no longer believe that MIU's research is junk science.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Reception

MIU has received both criticism and acclaim. Author Samuel Schuman reports that while many in the higher education community did not take the university seriously when it began in 1974, the college has "persisted cheerfully" for more than three decades and its achievements and results are "incontestably impressive".<ref name="Schuman"/> Some members of the local community were initially against the university with 540 residents signing a petition protesting the local school board for allowing four MIU students to visit the public schools as observers.<ref name=Maeroff/> However, author William Jefferson reports that by 1976, 200 local people had "taken up Transcendental Meditation themselves" and compared to the "wild and woolly" students of the prior college, "nearly all the residents now agree that they [MIU students] are nice people to have around".<ref name="Jefferson"/>

A 1976 article in The New York Times described the campus as a "cheerful, optimistic place where people smile a lot and tend to be considerate and trusting".<ref name=Maeroff/> In 1992, The New York Times reported that the university was a place where all students and faculty meditate, and all the Maharishi's teachings are woven into mathematics, physics and every other subject, similar to colleges with strong religious affiliations, while noting it is "an accredited university with grant-winning faculty members and competitive students". The article goes on to say that even as the university gains research grants and subsequent credibility, it also faces controversy. For example, one critic, 1979 alumnus Curtis Mailloux, called the campus a "coercive environment" with a "propensity for fraudulent research".<ref name=DePalma>Template:Cite news</ref> Accreditation officials say they are aware of these accusations and "have been aggressive in checking Marahishi Template:Sic International's academic freedom". The deputy director of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCACS), Steven D. Crow, says "Every move the university's made has been monitored" and MIU's library, faculty, academic mission and classroom space have been deemed appropriate.<ref name=DePalma/> At the same time, John W. Patterson a professor at Iowa State University, has harshly criticized The North Central Association's evaluation, saying it "does nothing more than to lend credibility to these crackpots".<ref name=DePalma/> The article also reports that many non-students have moved to the city of Fairfield "so they can meditate in the [campus meditation] domes".<ref name=DePalma/>

In 1986, seven "former devotees" filed a fraud suit against the Maharishi saying they paid thousands of dollars for lessons at Maharishi International University that were designed to reduce stress, improve memory, reverse aging, and develop clairvoyance and levitation. One plaintiff said that after ten years he had not acquired any of the special abilities that were promised.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to reviews of the 1992 book, Heaven on Earth – Dispatches from America’s Spiritual Frontier,<ref name=Dantonio>Template:Cite book</ref> author and reporter Michael D'Antonio wrote that the MIU physics department was teaching theories that he believed were "dead wrong"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and alleged that the university had taken Transcendental Meditation "into a grandiose narcissistic dream, a form of intellectual bondage, that they call enlightenment".<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>

MIU is listed in Peterson's 440 Great Colleges for Top Students 2010.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to the National Survey of Student Engagement MIU scored in the top 3% for "active and collaborative learning," in the top 4% for "enriching educational experience," in the top 7% for "student/faculty interaction," in the top 8% for "supportive campus environment," and in the top 26% for "level of academic challenge."<ref name="Schuman"/> MIU graduates also gave their college experience a "higher than average satisfaction" rating as recorded in the "annual ACT alumni survey." Specifically, 73% said they would choose MIU again, more than twice the national average of 32%.<ref name="Schuman"/>

The university has been categorized as a "Sierra Club Cool School" and in 2014 was ranked as the fourth best environmental science school by career guide website, Environmental Science.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In popular culture

The Beach Boys recorded their 1978 album M.I.U. Album on the campus, and named it after the university.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Man on the Moon, a biopic of entertainer Andy Kaufman, includes a scene at Maharishi International University in which Kaufman is asked to leave a retreat because his behavior was unbecoming an enlightened individual.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In October 2011, Oprah Winfrey visited MIU, toured the campus and attended a group meditation in the golden dome for women.<ref>"Oprah Winfrey visited Maharishi University in Fairfield (Iowa)|Personal development and spiritual blog: AmAre happiness blog", October 21, 2011</ref> Video footage of her visit to the MIU campus was shown on an episode of her show.<ref>Sundays at 9/8c on OWN Template:Webarchive #Nextchapter, Retrieved 27 March 2012</ref><ref>"Fairfield's fame levitates after Oprah's meditation" Template:Webarchive Des Moines Register, March 24, 2012</ref>

Notable alumni and faculty

Name	Notability	Notes
Michael C. Dimick	Natural Law Party candidate	Received MBA degree<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Chicago Tribune, March 25, 1997, Jon Van, Firm Says Internet Can Slash Call Rates</ref>
John Gray	Author	Has been called an alumnus of MIU<ref name="GM">Template:Cite news</ref>
		Other sources list him as an alumnus of Maharishi European Research University (MERU) in Switzerland<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Peter McWilliams	Self-help author	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ron Parker	Canadian Natural Law Party candidate	Received his PhD in physics from MIU
Jeff Peckman	ufologist	Attended for one year
Jennie Rothenberg-Gritz	Senior editor at The Atlantic	<ref>Jennie Rothenberg- Gritz on Multimedia Storytelling' Template:Webarchive, Writers Voices, May 23, 2008</ref><ref>Atlantic Bio</ref>
Mike Zak	Video game developer	Received his master's degree in digital media from the university.<ref>Kyllo, Brian (Nov 14, 2007) What Halo 3 has done to the industry Template:Webarchive Straight.com, accessed Dec 24, 2012</ref>
Ashley Deans	Executive director of Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nat Goldhaber	Original founder of the University
Bevan Morris	Former president of Maharishi International University	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
David Orme-Johnson	Researcher, former professor at Maharishi International University	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1994, the son of Mozambique's president, Joaquim Chissano, and several children of the country's Cabinet members, attended the university on scholarships.<ref>Keller, Bill (Feb 10, 2012) Beatles' Guru Offers Nirvana to Mozambique, accessed Dec 31, 2012 "Mr. Chissano's son and several other children of Cabinet members are studying on scholarships at the Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa"</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Further reading

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External links

• Official website