Malabar trogon
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox The Malabar trogon (Harpactes fasciatus) is a species of bird in the trogon family. It is found in the forests of India and Sri Lanka. In India it is mainly found in the Western Ghats, hill forests of central India and in parts of the Eastern Ghats. They are insectivorous and although not migratory, may move seasonally in response to rain in hill forest regions. Like in other trogons, males and females vary in plumage. The birds utter low guttural calls that can be heard only at close quarters and the birds perch still on a branch under the forest canopy, often facing away from the viewer making them easy to miss despite their colourful plumage.
Description
Like most other trogons, these birds are brightly coloured and sexually dimorphic. The male has a slaty black head and breast with a white border to the black bib separating it from the crimson on the underside. The back is olive-brown to chestnut. The wing coverts are black with fine white vermiculations. They have 12 tail feathers that are graduated.<ref name=tcj/> The central tail-feathers are chestnut with a black tip, with the second and third pairs from the middle having more black than chestnut. The outer three pairs have long white tips. The female lacks the contrasting black and crimson and has only a slightly darker head and breast that shades into the olive brown on the back while the crimson of the underside of the male is replaced by ochre. In both sexes, the beak is bluish as is the skin around the eye. The iris is dark brown and the feet are pale bluish.<ref name=pcr>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=fbi>Template:Cite book</ref> The nostrils are covered by tufts of filoplumes. The feet are heterodactyl, a feature unique to the trogons, with the digits I and II facing back and digits III and IV pointing forward.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In most birds I, II and III face forward while IV faces back and in zygodactyly II and III face forward while I and IV face backwards.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Several populations have been named. The central Indian subspecies legerli, named by Walter Norman Koelz on the basis of a single specimen obtained from the foot of Mahendra Giri in Orissa is not always recognized,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but said to be slightly larger, longer winged and brighter than malabaricus of the Western Ghats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The nominate race found in the central wet zone of Sri Lanka is smaller and the upperparts are brighter.<ref name=pcr/>
Behaviour and ecology
These birds usually perch still, especially when alarmed<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and will sometimes clinging laterally to branches. When calling they sometimes raise and lower their tail. The call is a series of guttural or purring notes. The song of the male is a series of percussive Template:Not a typo calls. The breeding season in India is mainly February to May (before the Monsoons) while it is March to June in Sri Lanka.<ref name=pcr/>
When they sit still, the appear hunched. The Hindi name used by hunters is Template:Lang and refers to the hunched neckless appearance as if dressed in a fakir's Template:Lang (robe). The Marathi name is Template:Lang while it is called Template:Lang in Kannada.<ref name=tcj>Template:Cite book</ref> In Kerala it is known as Template:Lang (literally "fire-crow").<ref name=var/><ref name=layard>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Sri Lanka, it is known as loha wannichcha.Template:Which langTemplate:Citation needed
Malabar trogons feed exclusively on insects and fruits have not been noted in their diet unlike in the New World trogons.<ref name=fbi/> Seeds have however been reported in the diet of Sri Lankan specimens.<ref name=layard/> In the forests of Sri Lanka, they are often found in mixed-species foraging flocks<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> where they may sometimes be subject to kleptoparasitism by drongos.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A study in Kerala found that they foraged mainly at 5 to 10 m with females tending to forage lower within the canopy. When foraging on bark, they propped themselves using their tail like woodpeckers, especially on decaying tree stumps. They sometimes descend to the ground and search for insects under leaf litter. They will sometimes fly and try to flush prey and then hover to pick up prey. They may also hang upside down to reach prey on vertical tree surfaces. Prey are often mashed or struck on a branch between the mandibles before feeding on them or prior to feeding young. The contact call is a series of about five low intensity Template:Not a typo while these were of higher intensity in territorial fights. The alarm call is a Template:Not a typo and a similar call is also delivered prior to roosting.<ref name=var/> Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly. In the Nilgiri hills they are altitudinal migrants and are found in the higher reaches only during summer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The nest is made in rotting trees or stumps that are easy to carve and pulverize using their bills. The male and female take turns to excavate the nest using their bills. It may take about a month to excavate the nest. The floor is made out of the wood powder and no extra lining is added. Two eggs were seen to be the normal clutch in a study in Kerala although older works suggest that the typical clutch is of three eggs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The eggs are laid with a gap of two days and incubated by both males and females with the females usually incubating at night. The incubation period is about 19 days. The hatchlings are fed mainly caterpillars for the initial period and later provided bugs, flies and orthopterans. The parents do not remove the excreta of the nestlings from the nest. The adults continue to feed the fledged juveniles for nearly 5 to 6 months. They are socially monogamous with pair bonds lasting more than a season.<ref name=var>Template:Cite book</ref>
Sri Lankan birds have been seen to plunge into water from an overhanging branch to bathe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A species of endoparasitic cestode, Triaenorhina burti has been described from the species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Status
The species is becoming rarer in many parts of India and it is thought to be sensitive to forest fragmentation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Salim Ali noted it as being common in some areas of the Surat Dangs where it is now rare. One of his records is from Ajwa in Vadodara district which is believed to be a typographical error for Ahwa further south.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Tickell collected specimens from Dampara in Dholbhum.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
References
Other sources
- Inglis, CM (1944) The nesting of the Malabar Trogon. Jour. Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc. 18:101.