Malaysian Chinese Association
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox political party
The Malaysian Chinese Association (abbrev: MCA; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), formerly known as the Malayan Chinese Association, is a political party in Malaysia that seeks to represent the Malaysian Chinese community; it was one of the three original major component parties of the coalition party in Malaysia called the Alliance Party, which later became a broader coalition called Barisan Nasional.
The party was once the largest party representing the Chinese community in Malaysia, and was particularly dominant in the early period until the late 1960s. However, it has performed poorly in elections since 2008, with the Malaysian Chinese community mostly voting for the Democratic Action Party and People's Justice Party,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and in the 2018 Malaysian general election, it lost all but one of its parliamentary seats and was relegated to the opposition.<ref name="asia one">Template:Cite news</ref> It returned to power in March 2020 as part of the alliance with Perikatan Nasional.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since the 2022 election, the party has been part of the government backbench.<ref name="pua">Template:Cite news</ref>
Through its holding of companies such as Huaren Holdings, MCA controls The Star, which is Malaysia's best-selling English newspaper.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
History
Formation and early years
Template:Infobox Chinese The Malayan Chinese Association was formed on 27 February 1949 with the implicit support by the post-World War II British colonial administration. A central purpose of the MCA at the time of its founding was to manage the specific social and welfare concerns of the populations interned in the so-called New Villages created under the Briggs Plan in response to the Malayan Emergency.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gin2009">Template:Cite book</ref>
The declaration that announced the MCA as a formal political party in 1951 was written by a prominent Straits Chinese businessman, Tan Cheng Lock, its first president. In general, its early members were landowners, businessmen, or otherwise better off, while the working classes in the New Villages overwhelmingly joined the Socialist Front instead.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many prominent members of the MCA were also Kuomintang members opposed to the Malayan Communist Party. Leong Yew Koh, was a KMT major general who became a cabinet minister and later became governor of Malacca; Malaysia's first minister of finance, Henry H.S. Lee, was a KMT colonel; and Lim Chong Eu, the leader of the Radical Party and joined the MCA in 1952, was a colonel (medical) doctor in the Kuomintang.<ref>Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia</ref>
In 1952, MCA joined force with United Malays National Organisation on a local level to contest the Kuala Lumpur municipal elections which would lead to the formation of the Alliance Party. The alliance was joined by Malaysian Indian Congress in 1954 and they contested the first Malayan General Election in 1955 as one body, and the alliance won 51 of the 52 seat contested.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> MCA won all 15 of the seats allocated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Tan Cheng Lock was succeeded by Lim Chong Eu after a successful challenge by Lim for the presidency in 1958. Lim attempted to amend the party's Constitution to consolidate the power of the Central Committee, and although amendment was passed narrowly, it also split the party.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Prior to the 1959 General Election, Lim pressed for an increase of the allocated number of seats from 28 to 40, but this was refused by UMNO leader Tunku Abdul Rahman. Lim was forced to back down and later resigned as president, with Cheah Toon Lock taking over as acting president. Other members also resigned from MCA to contest the election as independent candidates, which cost the party some seats.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The party only won 19 of the 31 seats eventually allocated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lim himself left the party in December 1960, later becoming one of the founding members of the opposition Gerakan in 1968. In 1961 Tan Siew Sin, son of Tan Cheng Lock and favoured by Tunku, became MCA's third President.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Tan led the party to a firm victory in the 1964 General Election, winning 27 of the 33 parliamentary seats contested.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1969, Tan established Tunku Abdul Rahman College after a proposal for a Chinese-language university was turned down by the government.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1969–1985
The third Malaysian general elections were held on 10 May 1969. MCA faced strong challenges from the new, mainly Chinese, opposition parties Democratic Action Party and Gerakan. Of the 33 parliamentary seats contested, MCA managed to retain only 13. MCA also lost control of the Penang State Government to Gerakan. The gain by the opposition parties led to tension between different communities which erupted into the May 13 Riots. Prior to the riots, on 12 May 1969, Tan Siew Sin announced that the party would withdraw from the Alliance, but reconsidered on 20 May and joined the National Operations Council formed in place of the suspended Parliament after the riots.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The loss of support for MCA among the Chinese population elicited a comment by the then Deputy Prime Minister Dr Ismail that if MCA continue to lose support, UMNO may stop co-operating with it.<ref name="ting">Template:Cite book</ref> To regain Chinese support, Tan attempted to broaden the appeal of the party previously seen as a party of the taukeh (tou jia, rich men), and invited professionals to join the party.<ref name="ting"/> However, many of these were later expelled after a dispute involving Lim Keng Yaik who then joined Gerakan.<ref name="ting"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
With the loss of support for MCA in the 1969 election, and the enlargement of the Alliance party in 1972 (which later became Barisan Nasional) to include Gerakan, UMNO became even more dominant and MCA suffered a loss of status within the coalition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1973, Tan Siew Sin requested a position as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet reshuffle following the death of Tun Dr. Ismail, but this was refused by Tun Abdul Razak, which angered Tan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 8 April 1974, prior to the general election, Tan Siew Sin resigned all of his party and government posts for health reasons.
Lee San Choon took over as Acting President following Tan's resignation, and was then elected president in 1975. After Tan's resignation, the cabinet posts allocated to MCA declined in importance, and MCA lost both the Finance Ministry and Trade and Industry Ministry posts it once held in 1957.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The party performed better in the 1974 election, but lost ground again in the following 1978 general election, with the MCA winning only 17 of the 28 parliamentary seats and 44 of the 60 state seats. In 1979, Michael Chen stood against Lee San Choon for the MCA Presidency but lost, and later in 1981 led a group of MCA dissidents to join Gerakan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The 1982 general election however saw a shift in fortune for MCA. Lee accepted a challenge from the opposition Democratic Action Party which taunted the MCA's leadership for not daring to contest a seat with large urban Chinese majority, and contested the parliamentary seat for Seremban against the incumbent DAP Chairman Chen Man Hin. Lee won his challenge, and led his party to a resounding victory, winning 24 out of 28 allocated parliamentary seats and 55 out of 62 state seats.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After the success in the election and at the height of his career, Lee San Choon unexpectedly resigned his presidency and cabinet post for unspecified reason in 1983.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Neo Yee Pan then led as Acting President until 1985.
1985–2003
In 1985, Tan Koon Swan, who was sacked from the party a year earlier, won the presidential election with the largest majority in the party's history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, in the following year, he was charged with abetting criminal breach of trust relating to his private business dealings in Singapore, and resigned from the presidency.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Koon Swan also originated the Deposit-Taking Cooperatives, which sought to accumulate capital for Chinese Malaysians through investments. The mismanagement of the DTCs' funds led to a scandal, with the central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia, stepping in to freeze the assets of up to 35 DTCs. The total loss was estimated to be RM3.6 billion, and depositors could only recover 62% of their deposits.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Koon Swan was succeeded by his deputy Ling Liong Sik in 1986. He assumed the presidency when the party was still rife with factionalism and faced disillusionment with the Chinese community over the Deposit-Taking Cooperatives scandal.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Ling spent his early years as president working to resolve MCA's financial problems, raising funds while restructuring the party's assets.<ref name="ling liong sik">Template:Citation</ref> Ling presided over a period of relative peace within the party, and worked to maintain the interests of the Chinese community through a closed-door approach within the government.<ref name="tussle">Template:Cite news</ref> He expanded the MCA-owned Tunku Abdul Rahman College through fund-raising and government contributions, and in 2001 set up Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.<ref name="ling liong sik"/><ref name="tussle"/> Ling led MCA to its best electoral performance thus far in the 1995 general election, winning 30 of the 34 allocated parliamentary seats and 71 of the 77 state seats, and secured a majority of Chinese votes at the expense of DAP.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> MCA also performed well in the 1999 general elections, and the successive electoral victory boosted the party's standing within the Barisan Nasional coalition as well as Ling's personal relationship with BN leader and prime minister Mahathir Mohamad.<ref name="ling liong sik"/><ref name="tussle"/>
However, internal power struggles persisted. In 1993 Ling's deputy Lee Kim Sai indicated that he would challenge Ling for the presidency, but withdrew at the eleventh hour.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lee eventually retired in 1996 and was replaced as deputy president by Lim Ah Lek.<ref name="save MCA">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1999, the party was again wracked by factionalism. Deputy president Lim Ah Lek announced his intention to retire as a minister and agreed with Ling to nominate his protégé Chan Kong Choy to the Cabinet after the 1999 elections. However, Ling nominated his own protégé Ong Ka Ting as a minister at the expense of Chan, causing discontent with members aligned to Lim, which became known as "Team B" among party members. The Ling faction was known as "Team A".<ref name="tussle"/><ref name="save MCA"/> Tensions flared further after MCA, through its holding company Huaren, moved to acquire the independent daily Nanyang Siang Pau. This was vehemently opposed by Team B, fearing a complete control of the Chinese media by Team A. They were joined by Chinese journalists and non-governmental organisations, who made their opposition public through demonstrations.<ref name="tussle"/> The situation turned farcical when chairs were thrown during the 2001 Youth general assembly over the issue.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> Huaren eventually succeeded in taking over Nanyang Siang Pau. Huaren also controls The Star and China Press,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the domination of media press resulted in strong resentments in the divided party and concerns over press freedom.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mahathir, as BN leader, eventually stepped in to resolve the conflict, suggesting a "peace plan" among the factions. The scheduled 2002 party elections were cancelled, while Ling and Lim stepped down to be replaced by their respective protégés.<ref name="tussle"/>
2003–2008
In May 2003, the leadership transition occurred as planned. Ong Ka Ting, who was then a vice-president succeeded Ling Liong Sik as president, while Chan Kong Choy succeeded Lim Ah Lek as deputy president. The Ong-led MCA contributed to Barisan Nasional's overwhelming victory in the 2004 general elections. MCA won 31 of the 40 parliamentary seats and 76 of the 90 state seats allocated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the 2005 party elections, Teams A and B ran on a united front, easily quashing the challenge by vice-president Chua Jui Meng (for president) and secretary-general Ting Chew Peh (for deputy president).<ref name="tussle"/>
The Ong-Chan leadership continued the soft approach to protecting the Chinese community's interests,<ref name="tussle"/> although tension with UMNO over racial issues flared up now and again after the 2004 election.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In early 2008, vice-president and Health Minister Chua Soi Lek, a prominent Johor member, was involved in a sex scandal. DVDs of Chua having sex with a woman were circulated in Johor, prompting Chua to resign all his political positions, including as Member of Parliament.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Chua suggested that his political enemies within the party who might have felt threatened by him for plotting his downfall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the March 2008 general elections, MCA fared badly, winning only 15 parliamentary seats and 32 state seats, less than half the number of seats they won in the previous election. Ong decided not to contest the presidency during the party elections later that year, to allow a new leader to take over. The October 2008 party election marked a realignment of the party's factions, with the return of Chua Soi Lek to the fold. Ong Ka Ting's anointed successor was vice-president Ong Tee Keat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Meanwhile, Chua entered the race for deputy president, facing among others, Ong Ka Chuan, the elder brother of Ka Ting. Ong Tee Keat won the presidency comfortably, while Chua edged out Ka Chuan. Following his victory, Tee Keat pledged reform and reaching out to more young voters to revive the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2008–present
After the 2008 leadership change, factional infighting continued and the relationship between the Ong Tee Keat and Chua Soi Lek remained tense. Chua was sidelined by Ong from taking an active role in the party's leadership, and he was also excluded from government posts.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> He was then sacked by MCA in August 2009 for damaging the party's image with his sex scandal more than a year prior.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In response, Chua's supporters forced an extraordinary general meeting which passed a vote of no confidence against incumbent president Ong and annulled the expulsion of Chua. The EGM, however, failed to reinstate Chua as deputy president.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ong refused to resign despite the vote of no confidence, but pledged with Chua to set aside their differences under the "greater unity plan."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, this was opposed by vice-president Liow Tiong Lai who demanded Ong step down and that new elections be held.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This set in motion a new leadership crisis, which lasted almost six months.
Finally in March 2010, Chua, along with his supporters in the central committee resigned. Along with the resignations of Liow's supporters in the CC, more than two-thirds of the CC had vacated their seats, paving the way for an election per the party constitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The subsequent election saw Chua defeating incumbent Ong Tee Keat and former leader Ong Ka Ting in the race for president, while Liow defeated Kong Cho Ha in the contest for deputy president.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Chua and his deputy Liow pledged to co-operate, and opened the party to non-Chinese.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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MCA's electoral performance meanwhile continued to deteriorate, as in the 2013 General Election, MCA only managed to score only 7 of the 37 parliamentary seats and 11 of the 90 state seats it contested, leading to calls for Chua's resignation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The so-called "Chinese tsunami" where the great majority of Chinese votes went to the opposition was blamed by Najib Razak for the losses of the governing coalition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> MCA's poor performance in the two elections, along with continued factionalism, raised concerns over the party's relevance in the Malaysian political arena.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also as a result of its poor performance, there was no MCA representation in the cabinet for the first time since independence due to a resolution that MCA would not accept cabinet posts if it performed badly in the general election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nst mca">Template:Cite news</ref>
Chua did not enter the following party poll for president, and in December 2013, Liow Tiong Lai was elected the president of MCA.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Liow also reversed the resolution not to serve in the government and re-entered the cabinet.
In the 2018 election, MCA suffered its worst ever defeat, as it has lost all state seats it has contested, and only managed to retain one elected representative in the national parliament - Wee Ka Siong, who represents Ayer Hitam constituency in Johor. MCA, as part of the Barisan Nasional coalition, was also relegated to the opposition for the first time since independence. Wee Ka Siong was elected president on 4 November 2018 while Liow decided not to stand for party polls after his defeat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> MCA later regained a seat in the 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In March 2020, MCA returned to power as part of Barisan Nasional aligned to the Perikatan Nasional coalition after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the 2022 election, the Pakatan Harapan won the most seats but not the majority, and returned to government with the support of Barisan Nasional. MCA won two seats, however, it was not given any government cabinet posts and it stayed as a backbencher of the government.<ref name=pua /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Controversy
1MDB scandal
Template:Main On 8 July 2020, a sum of RM835,258.19 seized by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) from Pahang MCA for allegedly being linked to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) fund scandal, has been forfeited to the Malaysian government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Central Committee Members
Incumbent leadership of MCA was elected by general assembly delegates in the 2023 Malaysian Chinese Association leadership election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="#1">Template:Cite web</ref>
| Position | Incumbent | State | Division |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Wee Ka Siong | Template:Flag | Johor Bahru |
| Deputy President | Mah Hang Soon | Template:Flag | Tapah |
| Secretary-General | Chong Sin Woon | Template:Flag | Seremban |
| Vice President | Wee Jeck Seng | Template:Flag | Tanjung Piai |
| Lim Ban Hong | Template:Flag | Tangga Batu | |
| Lawrence Low Ah Keong | Template:Flag | Kota Raja | |
| Tan Teik Cheng | Template:Flag | Bukit Mertajam | |
| Ling Tian Soon | Template:Flag | Ayer Hitam | |
| Wong You Fong | Template:Flag | Pulai | |
| Youth Chief | Ling Tian Soon | Template:Flag | Ayer Hitam |
| Women Chief | Wong You Fong | Template:Flag | Pulai |
| Treasurer-General | Tan Tuan Peng | Template:Flag | Pasir Gudang |
| National Organising Secretary | Leaw Kok Chan | Template:Flag | Seremban |
| Deputy Secretary-General | Pamela Yong | Template:Flag | Kota Kinabalu |
| Deputy Treasurer-General | Adrian Lee Yin Chung | Template:Flag | Kinabatangan |
| Deputy National Organising Secretary | Kang Meng Fuat | Template:Flag | Bentong |
| Central Committee Members (elected) | Koh Nai Kwong | Template:Flag | Alor Gajah |
| Chua Hock Kuan | Template:Flag | Kota Bharu | |
| Monna Ong Siew Siew | Template:Flag | Marang | |
| Chris Lee Ching Yong | Template:Flag | Bakri | |
| Tan Chong | Template:Flag | Labis | |
| Tan Kok Eng | Template:Flag | Kepong | |
| Leong Kok Wee | Template:Flag | Pandan | |
| Chan Quin Er | Template:Flag | Seputeh | |
| Ooi Jing Ting | Template:Flag | Beruas | |
| Choong Shin Heng | Template:Flag | Tapah | |
| Quek Tai Seong | Template:Flag | Indera Mahkota | |
| Lee Ban Seng | Template:Flag | Hulu Langat | |
| Koh Chin Han | Template:Flag | Jasin | |
| Lu Yen Tung | Template:Flag | Sepanggar | |
| Lee Ting Han | Template:Flag | Johor Bahru | |
| Cally Ting Zhao Song | Template:Flag | Gopeng | |
| Tan Gim Tuan | Template:Flag | Damansara | |
| Lawrence Chiew Kai Heng | Template:Flag | Subang | |
| Saw Yee Fung | Template:Flag | Raub | |
| Chin Tung Leong | Template:Flag | Padang Serai | |
| Chua Thiong Gee | Template:Flag | Sungai Petani | |
| Woon Yong Teai | Template:Flag | Kubang Pasu | |
| Wong Tat Chee | Template:Flag | Temerloh | |
| Central Committee Members (appointed) | Pamela Yong | Template:Flag | Kota Kinabalu |
| Nicole Wong Siaw Ting | Template:Flag | Seputeh | |
| Mike Chong Yew Chuan | Template:Flag | Wangsa Maju | |
| Tee Hooi Ling | Template:Flag | Klang |
State Liaison Committees Leadership
On 31 October 2023, President MCA had announced lists of State Liaison Committees chairpersons.
| State | Chairperson | Youth Chief | Women Chief |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Flag | YB Datuk Seri IR Dr. Wee Ka Siong | ||
| Template:Flag | Sdr. Chua Thiong Gee | ||
| Template:Flag | Sdr. Chua Hock Kuan | ||
| Template:Flag | YB Datuk Wira Lim Ban Hong | ||
| Template:Flag | Dato' Leaw Kok Chan | ||
| Template:Flag | Datuk Chong Sin Woon | ||
| Template:Flag | Datuk Tan Teik Cheng | ||
| Template:Flag | Dato' Dr. Mah Hang Soon | ||
| Template:Flag | Sdr. Chuah Tian Hee | ||
| Template:Flag | Datuk IR Lawrence Low Ah Keong | Tan Jie Sen | Tee Hooi Ling |
| Template:Flag | Dato' Dr. Monna Ong Siew Siew | ||
| Template:Flag | Datuk Teah Heok Kuin | Pamela Yong | |
| Template:Flag | YB Dato' Sri Dr. Wee Jeck Seng | Mike Chong Yew Chuan |
MCA Youth
Wanita MCA
List of party leaders
Presidents of the Malayan Chinese Association
| Order | Name | Term of office | Elected | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tan Cheng Lock | 27 February 1949 | 27 March 1958 | |
| 2 | Lim Chong Eu | 27 March 1958 | July 1959 | |
| – | Cheah Toon Lok | July 1959 | November 1961 | acting |
| 3 | Tan Siew Sin | November 1961 | 16 September 1963 | |
Presidents of the Malaysian Chinese Association
| Order | Name | Term of office | Elected | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Tan Siew Sin | 16 September 1963 | 8 April 1974 | |
| – | Lee San Choon | 8 April 1974 | August 1975 | acting |
| 4 | Lee San Choon | August 1975 | August 1979 | |
| August 1979 | 25 March 1983 | |||
| – | Neo Yee Pan | March 1983 | 24 November 1985 | acting |
| 5 | Tan Koon Swan | 24 November 1985 | September 1986 | |
| 6 | Ling Liong Sik | 3 September 1986 | 23 May 2003 | |
| 7 | Ong Ka Ting | 23 May 2003 | 18 October 2008 | |
| 8 | Ong Tee Keat | 18 October 2008 | 28 March 2010 | |
| 9 | Chua Soi Lek | 28 March 2010 | 21 December 2013 | |
| 10 | Liow Tiong Lai | 21 December 2013 | 4 November 2018 | |
| 11 | Wee Ka Siong | 4 November 2018 | Incumbent | |
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- Koh Nai Kwong – elected by the Malacca State Legislative Assembly
- Ng Keng Heng – elected by the Johor State Legislative Assembly
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
MCA currently has two MPs in the House of Representatives.
| State | No. | Parliament Constituency | Member | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Flag | P148 | Ayer Hitam | Wee Ka Siong | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Chinese Association/meta/shading" | | MCA |
| P165 | Tanjung Piai | Wee Jeck Seng | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Chinese Association/meta/shading" | | MCA | |
| Total | Template:Small | ||||
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
Template:Col-begin Template:Col-4 Johor State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Malacca State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Perak State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Pahang State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-4 Kedah State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Terengganu State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Penang State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-4 Kelantan State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Selangor State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Negeri Sembilan State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-4 Perlis State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Sabah State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Sarawak State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-end
General election results
State election results
See also
Template:Conservatism in Malaysia Template:Politics of Malaysia
References
Notes
- James Chin (2016). “From K etuanan Melayu to Ketuanan Islam: UMNO and the Malaysian Chinese” in Bridget Welsh (ed.) The End of UMNO? Essays on Malaysia's Dominant Party (Strategic Information and Research Development Centre: Selangor, Malaysia) pp 226–273
- James Chin. Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Politics a Year Later: Crisis of Political Legitimacy, The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs Vol. 99, No. 407, April 2010, pp. 153–162
- James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009
- Chin, James (2006). "New Chinese Leadership in Malaysia: The Contest for the MCA and Gerakan Presidency". Contemporary Southeast Asia (CSEA), Vol. 28, No. 1 (April 2006).
- Chin, James (2000). "A New Balance: The Chinese Vote in the 1999 Malaysian General Election". South East Asia Research 8 (3), 281–299.
- Chin, James (2001). "Malaysian Chinese Politics in the 21st Century: Fear, Service and Marginalisation". Asian Journal of Political Science 9 (2), 78–94.
- James Chin (2018) The Malaysian Chinese Association, set adrift in need of a direction, Channel News Asia, 30 October
- Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. Template:ISBN.
- "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Today. by Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005)
External links
Template:Barisan Nasional Template:Malaysian political parties Template:Authority control Template:Portal bar
- Malaysian Chinese Association
- Political parties in Malaysia
- Chinese-Malaysian culture
- Chinese nationalism outside mainland China
- Conservative parties in Malaysia
- Political parties established in 1949
- 1949 establishments in Malaya
- Defunct political parties in Singapore
- Anti-communist parties
- Socially conservative parties
- Political parties of minorities in Malaysia