Manado Malay
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Manado Malay, Manadonese, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Template:Lang, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used,Template:Sfn after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of Template:Lang as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.Template:Sfn For example, the pronouns Template:Lang ('you', singular) and Template:Lang ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin.Template:Sfn Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.Template:Sfn
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.Template:Sfn
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Low | Template:IPA link |
Consonants
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.Template:Sfn
Letter-to-sound correspondences
Consonants
Source:Template:Sfn
| Letter | IPA | Examples | Word meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | Template:IPAblink | budo' | (adj., adv.) light-skinned |
| c | Template:IPAblink | cokodidi | (adj., v.) hyperactive person — in the sense of "could not sit still" |
| d | Template:IPAblink | dodu' | (n., v.) hiccup |
| f | Template:IPAblink | falo-falo | (n.) water dipper |
| v (interchangeable with f) | veto | (v.) to rebuke | |
| g | Template:IPAblink | goro | (n.) rubber (material), rubber band |
| h | Template:IPAblink | haga | (v.) to stare |
| j | Template:IPAblink | jatung | (v.) to fall down |
| k | Template:IPAblink | karlota | (adj., n., v.) gossipy, gossip, or to gossip — a slang that emerged in the 1990s, thanks to Carlota, a gossipy servant in [[María la del Barrio#Cast|María la del Barrio]]. |
| l | Template:IPAblink | li'u | (v.) to trip on one foot only |
| m | Template:IPAblink | mner | (n.) mister, sir |
| n | Template:IPAblink | nae | (adj., v.) to go up, to move up |
| p | Template:IPAblink | parampuang | (n., adj., v.) female, feminine |
| r | Template:IPAblink | rabu-rabu | (adj., v., adv.) quick in a hurried manner |
| s | Template:IPAblink | s'hal | (n.) bowl, basin |
| t | Template:IPAblink | tindis | (v.) to press |
| w | Template:IPAblink | wowo' | (adj., v.) mute person |
| y | Template:IPAblink | yaki | (n.) Celebes crested macaque — having the connotation of "stupid" or "dirty" if used in comparison with a person |
| z (usually used in loanwords) | Template:IPAblink | zigzag | (adj., v.) zigzag |
| ' (very rarely written) | Template:IPAblink | nyanda' | (det.) no |
| Letter sequence | IPA | Examples | Word meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| kh (very rare, mostly realized as Template:IPAblink) | Template:IPAblink | khas | (adj.) special, unique to |
| kw | Template:IPAblink | kwa' | (int.) particle that is used to express pity, frustration, or assertion when one didn't follow the locutor's suggestions or commands (ex. So bilang akang kwa' mar ngana cuma jba kabal! "I told you but you just won't listen!") |
| ky | Template:IPAblink | kyapa | (adv., int.) why |
| ng | Template:IPAblink | ngale-ngale | (adj., adv.) leisurely slow |
| ny | Template:IPAblink | nyong | (n.) boy |
| sy (starting to become outdated), sh (modern) | Template:IPAblink | syalom / shalom | (int.) Shalom |
Vowels
| Letter | IPA | Examples | Word meaning | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Template:IPAblink | aju | (v.) to mockingly mimic someone | |
| e | Template:IPAblink | enteru | (adj., adv.) all, whole | Often realized as Template:IPAslink |
| Template:IPAblink | empedu | (n.) bile | Must be a loanword (either from Indonesian, English, or other languages) to be truly realized as Template:IPAslink, otherwise would disappear or shift to Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink. Some accent (like Tomohon or Tondano) tend to preserve the sound from loanwords when compared to the others (such as Manado) where it would shift. But given the nationalization of Indonesian, the younger generation starts to implement more Template:IPAslink in their speech, fully or partially decreolizing the words. | |
| i | Template:IPAblink | iyo | (det.) yes | |
| o | Template:IPAblink | ofor | (v.) to pass or hand something over | |
| u | Template:IPAblink | uba | (n.) medicine |
Stress
Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:
| Template:Lang | 'chair' |
| Template:Lang | 'half' |
| Template:Lang | 'money' |
However, there are also many words with final stress:
| Template:Lang | 'right, correct, true' |
| Template:Lang | 'egg; testicle' |
| Template:Lang | 'fast' |
Note that the accents is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the stressed syllable.
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal
| Pronoun | Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay |
|---|---|---|
| First singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| First plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Second singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Second plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Third singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Third plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
Possessives
Possessives are built by adding Template:Lang to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus Template:Lang has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| My friend | Template:Lang |
| Your (Template:Singular) friend | Template:Lang |
| His/her book | Template:Lang |
| This book is yours (Template:Singular) | Template:Lang |
Interrogative words
The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| why | kyapa |
| where | Template:Lang |
| who | Template:Lang |
| which one(s) | Template:Lang |
Grammatical aspect
Template:Lang ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
- Template:Lang = 'They already went down to Wenang'
- Template:Lang = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'
Nasal final
The final nasals Template:IPA and Template:IPA in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia (as well as other languages in Sulawesi such as Buginese and Makassarese), e.g.:
- Template:Lang (Indonesian Template:Lang) = 'to eat',
- Template:Lang (Indonesian Template:Lang) = 'to walk',
- Template:Lang (Indonesian Template:Lang) = 'to shower', etc.
Prefix
"ba-" prefix
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'walking'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'swimming'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'laying eggs')
"ma(°)-" prefix
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'hooking fish'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'dancing'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'searching'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'cooking'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'crying').
Influences
Loanwords
Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region.Template:Sfn On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant,Template:Sfn considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited.Template:Sfn There is also some influence of loanwords from another Austronesian language group called Gorontalo–Mongondow languages. There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.Template:Sfn
Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
- Template:Lang (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: Template:Lang ('to punch each other'), Template:Lang ('to hit each other'), Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.Template:Sfn
Examples
Examples :
- Template:Lang = I
- Template:Lang = you
- Template:Lang = we
- Template:Lang = they
- Template:Lang = yes
- Template:Lang = no (' = glottal stop)
Sentences :
- Template:Lang : My mother went to the market
- Template:Lang : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
- Template:Lang : Don't lie to me!
Note that the apostrophe (') is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the glottal stop.
References
Works cited
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External links
Template:Incubator Template:Wikivoyage
- Alkitab Bahasa Manado, the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
- Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary, Webonary.