Mandan language
Template:Short description Template:Lead too short Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />
Mandan (endonym: Template:Lang) is an extinct Siouan language of North Dakota in the United States.<ref name = "Kasak2024">Template:Cite book</ref>
Use and revitalization efforts
By 2009, there was just one fluent speaker of Mandan, Edwin Benson (1931–2016).<ref name="benson">Template:Cite news</ref> The language is being taught in local school programs to encourage the use of the language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Prior to Benson's death, the Estonian linguist Template:Ill worked with him for more than two years to preserve the language as much as possible.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The 2020 documentary To Save A Language portrays Park's efforts to revive the language.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Mandan is taught at Fort Berthold Community College along with the Hidatsa and Arikara languages.<ref name="benson" /> Linguist Mauricio Mixco of the University of Utah has been involved in fieldwork with remaining speakers since 1993. As of 2007, extensive materials in the Mandan language at the college and at the North Dakota Heritage Center, in Bismarck, North Dakota, remained to be processed, according to linguists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The MHA Language Project has created language learning materials for Mandan, including a vocabulary app, a dictionary, and several books in the language. They also provide a summer learning institute and materials for teachers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Classification
Mandan was initially thought to be closely related to Hidatsa and Crow. However, since Mandan has had language contact with Hidatsa and Crow for many years, the exact relationship between Mandan and other Siouan languages (including Hidatsa and Crow) has been obscured and is currently undetermined. Thus, Mandan is most often considered to be a separate branch of the Siouan family.
Mandan has two main dialects: Nuptare and Nuetare.
Only the Nuptare variety survived into the 20th century, and all speakers were bilingual in Hidatsa. In 1999, there were only six fluent speakers of Mandan still alive.<ref name="speakers">Personal communication from Mauricio Mixco in 1999, reported in Template:Harvnb</ref> Edwin Benson, the last surviving fluent Mandan speaker, died in 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The language received much attention from White Americans because of the supposedly lighter skin color of the Mandan people, which they speculated was due to an ultimate European origin. In the 1830s Prince Maximilian of Wied spent more time recording Mandan over all other Siouan languages and prepared a comparison list of Mandan and Welsh words (he thought that the Mandan might be displaced Welsh).<ref name="maximilian">Template:Harvnb</ref> The idea of a Mandan/Welsh connection was also supported by George Catlin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Will and Spinden report that the medicine men had their own secret language.Template:Sfn
Phonology
Mandan has the following consonant phonemes:
Template:IPA and Template:IPA become Template:IPA and Template:IPA before nasal vowels, and Template:IPA is realized as Template:IPA word-initially.<ref name="phoneme2">Template:Harvnb</ref>
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Nasal | Oral | Nasal | Oral | Nasal | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||
| Mid | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||||||
| Open | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||||||
Morphology
Mandan is a subject–object–verb language.
Mandan has a system of allocutive agreement and so different grammatical forms may be used that depend on the gender of the addressee. Questions asked of men must use the suffix Template:Lang the suffix Template:Lang is used to ask of women. Likewise, the indicative suffix is Template:Lang to address men, Template:Lang to address women. The same goes for the imperative: Template:Lang (male), Template:Lang (female).<ref name="gender">Template:Harvnb, cited in Template:Harvnb</ref>
Mandan verbs include a set of postural verbs, which encode the shapes of the subject of the verb:<ref name="mithun2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
The English translations are not "A pot was sitting there," "A big village stood there," or "The river lay there." That reflects the fact that the postural categorization is required in such Mandan locative statements.
Vocabulary
Mandan, like many other North American languages, has elements of sound symbolism in its vocabulary. A Template:IPA sound often denotes smallness/less intensity, Template:IPA denotes medium-ness, Template:IPA denotes largeness/greater intensity:<ref name="soundsymb">Template:Harvnb</ref>
- Template:Lang "yellow"
- Template:Lang "tawny"
- Template:Lang "brown"
- Template:Lang "tinkle"
- Template:Lang "rattle"
Compare the similar examples in Lakhota.
Notes
Bibliography
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book (Republished as Chafe 1976a).
- Template:Cite book (Originally published as Chafe 1973).
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite thesis
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book (Texts are on pp. 355–358).
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal (Reprinted 1976, New York: Kraus Reprint Corporation).
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External links
- Template:Cite web
- Mandan Indian Language (Ruetare), native-languages.org
- OLAC resources in and about the Mandan language