Manhwa

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Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:About Template:Multiple issues Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Korean name/auto

File:Manhwa-Yu.Gil-jun-Yahak-01.jpg
lang}}, published in 1908

Template:Comics navbar Template:Culture of Korea

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Korean; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to Korean comics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access to Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie, drama and television show adaptations.

Characteristics

The author or artist of a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is called a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Korean). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} webtoons are also recognized for having simplified dialogue compared to print.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Etymology and history

Linguistically, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, manga ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) all mean 'comics' in Korean, Japanese and Chinese respectively. Manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,<ref>Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb</ref> (katakana: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; hiragana: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) which is composed of two kanji 漫 (man) meaning 'whimsical or impromptu' and 画 (ga) meaning 'pictures'.<ref name="auto12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb,Template:Harvnb,Template:Harvnb,Template:Harvnb</ref> The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, 'manhwa', and the Chinese word 'manhua'.<ref>Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb</ref> The Korean {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the Japanese manga and the Chinese phrase {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are cognates (Template:Translation)<ref>Template:Harvnb.Template:Page needed</ref> and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.

Originally the term manhua in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. The term manga ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was used in Japan to mean "comics" in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, manhua ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and manhwa (Template:Korean) have also come to mean 'comics' in Chinese and Korean respectively.Template:Citation needed

Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} had a similar meaning of comical drawing broadly, in English the terms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists' {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Sugiyama, Rika. Comic Artists—Asia: Manga, Manhwa, Manhua. New York: Harper, 2004. Introduces the work of comics artists in Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong through artist profiles and interviews that provide insight into their processes.</ref>

Political cartoon slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea's first comic magazine, Manhwa Haengjin, in 1948,<ref name="Russell">Template:Cite book</ref> but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.

During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public, however there was also doctrine and propaganda on some manhwa leaflets and books, for example was "Hong Gil Dong".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,<ref name="Qui">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),<ref name="Russell"/> stories containing romance that are aimed at young women. Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang or happy comics had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones. Manhwabang (lit. comics room), comics cafés and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce censorship laws and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Then the changing courses of manhwa history occurred during times of Manhwa Revolution when the authorities formed many commissions many times who oversees manhwa publications as well as community movements in order to suppress manhwa fanaticism among childrens and in order to address parents' concerns.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well.

Webtoons

Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. The online publication of Manhwa significantly increased its popularity outside Korea. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.

The term "Webtoon" (Template:Korean) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea's oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Webtoons are the digital form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.<ref name=":1" /> Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

In 2014 WEBTOON's global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world's way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.Template:Citation needed

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} outside of Korea

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} has reached all over the world now. With websites such as Toptoon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in DayComcis (former ToptoonPlus), people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones.<ref name="Cision">Template:Cite news</ref> There are also places like WEBTOON that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.

But despite that, the relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.Template:Citation needed English translations of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were marketed as manga by the American publisher Tokyopop.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

United States

Sanho Kim was the first {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} artist working in the States. During the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for publishers Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications, DC Comics, and Marvel Comics.<ref name="Comiclopedia">Kim entry, Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Accessed 9 June 2011.</ref>

According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the United States.<ref>Paul Gravett. Make Mine Manhwa!: Exporting Korean Comics</ref>

Due to the explosion of manga's popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> like Lezhin Comics and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.Template:Citation needed With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.

Media franchise

Template:See also Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong ("Palace" or "Princess Hours") in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, films, etc. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from Webtoons.

Title Author Format Premiere Notes Reference
Meongteong-guli Heotmulkyeogi
(Template:Korean) 		Lee Sang-hyeop and Ahn Jae-hong and Noh Soo-hyun Film 1926 <ref name="Meongteongguli">Template:Cite news</ref>
Gobau
(Template:Korean) 		Kim Seonghwan Film 1958 <ref name="Meongteongguli" />
Walsun Ajimae
(Template:Korean) 		Jeong Woon-kyung Film 1963 <ref name="Meongteongguli" />
Geokkuligungwa Jangdaligun
(Template:Korean) 		Kim Seonghwan Film 1977 <ref name="Meongteongguli" />
Bridal Mask
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Film 1978 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Animated film 1986 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

TV series 30 May 2012 Bridal Mask SPC
Pan Entertainment
KBS N 		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Space Black Knight
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Animated film 1979 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Alien Baseball Team
(Template:Korean) 		Lee Hyun-se Film 2 August 1986 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

The Last Station
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man TV series 14 September 1987 Broadcast on MBC <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Dooly the Little Dinosaur
(Template:Korean) 		Kim Soo-jung Animation 7 October 1987 – 1989 Daewon Media
Broadcast on KBS 		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
OVA 1995 Tooniverse <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Animated film 24 July 1996 Dooly Nara (Dooly Nation), Seoul Movie <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Animation 8 January 2009 Broadcast on SBS, Tooniverse <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Chameleon's Poem
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man TV series 14 May 1988 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Yeongsimi
(Template:Korean)
Young-sim (Template:Korean) 		Bae Geum-taek Film 29 July 1990 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Animation 5 October 1990 Daewon Media
Broadcast on KBS 		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TV series 15 May 2023 The Great Show, MODT Studio
Broadcast on ENA 		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mr. Sohn
(Template:Korean)
Fly! Superboard
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Animation 15 August 1990, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2001 Hanho Heung-Up Co., Ltd.
Broadcast on KBS1 		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Asphalt Man
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man TV series 17 May 1995 Broadcast on SBS <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
48+1 Huh Young-man Film 4 November 1995 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Beat
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Film 3 May 1997 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mr. Q
(미스터 Q) 		Huh Young-man TV series 20 May 1998 Broadcast on SBS <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Nudlnude
(Template:Korean) 		Yang Young-soon OVA October 1998, 1999 Seoul Movie <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
We Saw the Bird Lost in the Middle of the Road
(Template:Korean) 		Hwang Mi-na TV series 19 April 1999 Broadcast on KBS2 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="TheKoreaTimes">Template:Cite news</ref>
Blade of the Phantom Master
(Template:Korean) 		Youn In-wan and Yang Kyung-il Animated film 4 December 2004 Oriental Light and Magic and Character Plan citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Full House
(Template:Korean) 		Won Soo-yeon TV series 14 July 2004 Kim Jong-hak Production <ref name="TheKoreaTimes" />
Hammerboy
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Animated film 6 August 2004 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Goong ("Palace" or "Princess Hours")
(Template:Korean) 		Park So-hee TV series 11 January 2006 Eight Peaks <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Tajja
(Template:Korean) 		Kim Se-yeong and Huh Young-man Film 28 September 2006 Sidus FNH <ref name="Tazza">Template:Cite news</ref>
TV series 16 September 2008 Olive9 and Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts <ref name="Tazza" />
War of Money
(Template:Korean) 		Park In-kwon TV series 16 May 2007 Victory Production
Broadcast on SBS 		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TV series 7 March 2008 Broadcast on tvN <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TV series 6 January 2015 Kansai Television Co. Ltd. <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Sikgaek
Le Grand Chef
Gourmet
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Film 1 November 2007 ShowEast Co Ltd <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TV series 17 June 2008 Broadcast on SBS <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Film 28 January 2010 IROOM Pictures <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Saranghae
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man TV series 7 April 2008 Broadcast on SBS <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Priest
(Template:Korean) 		Hyung Min-woo Film 13 May 2011 Screen Gems citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

The 7th Team
(Template:Korean)
Mr. Go
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Film 17 July 2013 (South Korea)
18 July 2013 (China) 		Showbox/Mediaplex (South Korea)
Huayi Brothers (China) 		citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Would You Like a Cup of Coffee?
(Template:Korean) 		Huh Young-man Web series 24 October 2021 Broadcast on KakaoTV <ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Acacia
(Template:Korean) 		Kim Dong-hwa, Han Seung-won Webtoon 12 May 2023 <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Korean {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} publishers

Note: select publishers only

North American {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} imprints

See also

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Citations

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General and cited sources

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