Mardin Province

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Mardin Province (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey. Its area is 8,780 km2,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and its population is 870,374 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest city in the province is Kızıltepe, while the capital Mardin is the second largest city.

Districts

File:Mardin location districts.png
Mardin district locations

Mardin Province is divided into 10 districts: Template:Div col

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Demographics

Mardin Province is a linguistically, ethnically and religiously diverse province.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The dominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Assyrians, and Kurds, of which Kurds constitute a majority.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Other minor groups include Armenians, Chechens and Turks, while Jews lived in the area before migrating to Israel around 1948.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Chechens settled in the region during the Russo-Turkish War in 1877/1878.<ref name=":4" />

The distinctive Mhallami community also reside in the district.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1990, it was estimated that Kurds constituted 75% of the population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Social relations

Social relations between Arabs and Kurds have historically been difficult with hostility, prejudice and stereotypes but have in recent years improved.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Arabs with Assyrians did not take part in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict and the position of the two groups have been described as being 'submissive' to the Turkish state, creating distrust between them and the Kurds. Kurds perceived Arabs as spies for the state and local Arabs in Mardin city tended to exclude and dominate local politics in the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Arabs started losing their grip on Mardin city in the 2010s and the Kurdish BDP won the city in the local elections in 2014. Mardin city had previously been governed by pro-state parties supported by local Arabs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite the difficult relations, Arab families have since the 1980s joined the Kurdish cause,<ref name=":1" /> and Arab and Assyrian politicians from Mardin are found in Peoples' Democratic Party including Mithat Sancar and Februniye Akyol.

Language

Mother tongue, Mardin Province, 1927 Turkish census<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Turkish Greek Armenian French Italian English Arabic PersianTemplate:Efn JewishTemplate:Efn Circassian Kurdish Tatar Albanian Bulgarian SyriacTemplate:Efn
11,864 25 22 11 7 3 51,734 – 71 15 109,841 1 49 1 9,812

In the first Turkish census in 1927, Kurdish and Arabic were the first language for Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage of the population, respectively. Turkish stood as the third largest language at Template:Percentage. In the 1935 census, Kurdish and Arabic remained the two most spoken languages for Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage of the population, respectively. Turkish remained as the third largest language at Template:Percentage.Template:Sfnp In the 1945 census, Kurdish stood at Template:Percentage, Arabic at Template:Percentage and Turkish at Template:Percentage.Template:Sfnp In 1950, the numbers were Template:Percentage, Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage for Kurdish, Arabic and Turkish, respectively.Template:Sfnp The same numbers were Template:Percentage, Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage in 1955, and Template:Percentage, Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage in 1960.Template:Sfnp In the last Turkish census in 1965, Kurdish remained the largest language spoken by Template:Percentage of the population, while Arabic remained the second largest language at Template:Percentage and Turkish stood at Template:Percentage.Template:Sfnp

A 2018 estimate put the Kurdish language at 70%, Arabic at 30% and Syriac at less than 1%.<ref name=":4" />

Religion

In the Ottoman yearbook of 1894–1895, Mardin Sanjak had a population of 34,361 and Template:Percentage adhered to Islam. The largest religious minority was Syriac Orthodox Assyrians who comprised Template:Percentage of the population, followed by Catholic Armenians at Template:Percentage, Catholic Assyrians at Template:Percentage, Protestants at Template:Percentage and Chaldeans at Template:Percentage.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Religion, Mardin Province, 1927 Turkish census<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Muslim Catholic Protestant Orthodox Armenian Christian Jewish Other religion Unknown
163,274 1,634 157 1 118 3,601 490 9,521 1,660

Muslims comprised Template:Percentage of the population in 1927, while Christians of various denominations stood at Template:Percentage and Jews at Template:Percentage.Template:Sfnp In 1935, Muslims comprised Template:Percentage of the population, while Christians remained the second largest minority at Template:Percentage. The Jewish population declined to 72 individuals from 490 in 1927.Template:Sfnp In 1945, Template:Percentage of the population was Muslim, while Christians were Template:Percentage of the population.Template:Sfnp The same numbers were Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage in 1955.Template:Sfnp In 1960, Muslims constituted Template:Percentage and Christians remained at Template:Percentage.Template:Sfnp Same numbers were Template:Percentage and Template:Percentage in 1965.Template:Sfnp

It was estimated that 25,000 Assyrian members of the Syriac Orthodox Church still lived in the province in 1979.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Only 4,000 Assyrians remained in the province in 2020, most having migrated to Europe or Istanbul since the 1980s.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Economy

In Mardin agriculture is an important branch accounting for 70% of the province's income.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> Bulgur, lentils or wheat and other grains are produced.<ref name=":3" /> In the capital, there are many civil servants, mostly Turks.<ref name=":3" /> Close markets for foreign trade are Syria and Iraq.<ref name=":3" />

History

The first known civilization were the Subarian-Hurrians who were then succeeded in 3000 BCE by the Hurrians. The Akkadian Empire gained control around 2230 BCE and were followed by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Assyrians again, Romans and Byzantines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The local Assyrians, while reduced due to the Assyrian genocide and Kurdish-Turkish conflict, hold on to two of the oldest monasteries in the world, Dayro d-Mor Hananyo (Turkish Deyrülzafaran, English Saffron Monastery) and Deyrulumur Monastery. The Christian community is concentrated on the Tur Abdin plateau and in the town of Midyat, with a smaller community (approximately 200) in the provincial capital. After the foundation of Turkey, the province has been a target of a Turkification policy, removing most traces of a non-Turkish heritage.<ref>Üngör, Uğur (2011), The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 245. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Inspectorate General

In 1927 the office of the Inspector general was created, which governed with martial law.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The province was included in the First Inspectorate-General (Template:Langx) over which the Inspector General ruled. The Inspectorate-General span over the provinces of Hakkâri, Siirt, Van, Mardin, Bitlis, Sanlıurfa, Elaziğ and Diyarbakır.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Inspectorate General were dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Mardin province was also included in a wider military zone in 1928, in which the entrance to the zone was forbidden for foreigners until 1965.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

State of Emergency

In 1987 the province was included in the OHAL region governed in a state of emergency.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In November 1996 the state of emergency regulation was removed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Largest cities

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Bibliography

Notes

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References

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