Margaret Lockwood

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Margaret Mary Day Lockwood, CBE (15 September 1916 – 15 July 1990),<ref name="times-obit"/> was a British actress. One of Britain's most popular film stars of the 1930s and 1940s, her film appearances included The Lady Vanishes (1938), Night Train to Munich (1940), The Man in Grey (1943), and The Wicked Lady (1945). She was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress for the 1955 film Cast a Dark Shadow. She also starred in the television series Justice (1971–74). Ronald Bergan of The Guardian called her "one of the most beautiful, energetic, and spirited actresses in the history of British cinema."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life

Lockwood was born on 15 September 1916 in Karachi, British India (today Pakistan), to Henry Francis Lockwood, an English administrator of a railway company, and his third wife, Scottish-born Margaret Eveline Waugh.<ref name="times-obit"/> She moved to England in 1920 with her mother, brother Lyn and half-brother Frank. Her half-sister Fay joined them the following year, but her father remained in Karachi, visiting them infrequently. She also had another half-brother, John, from her father's first marriage, brought up by his mother in Britain.<ref name="copac-ward"/> Lockwood attended Sydenham High School for girls and a ladies' school in Kensington, London.<ref name="times-obit"/>

She began studying for the stage at an early age at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, and made her debut in 1928, at the age of 12, at the Holborn Empire where she played a fairy in A Midsummer Night's Dream. In December of the following year, she appeared at the Scala Theatre in the pantomime The Babes in the Wood.<ref name="times-obit"/> In 1932 she appeared at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in Cavalcade.

Career

In 1933, Lockwood enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, where she was seen by a talent scout and signed to a contract.<ref name="times-obit"/> In June 1934 she played Myrtle in House on Fire at the Queen's Theatre, and on 22 August 1934 appeared as Margaret Hamilton in Gertrude Jenning's play Family Affairs when it premiered at the Ambassadors Theatre; Helene Ferber in Repayment at the Arts Theatre in January 1936; Trixie Drew in Henry Bernard's play Miss Smith at the Duke of York's Theatre in July 1936; and back at the Queen's in July 1937 as Ann Harlow in Ann's Lapse.

Films

Lockwood entered films in 1934, and in 1935 she appeared in the film version of Lorna Doone. For this, British Lion put her under contract for £500 a year for the first year, going up to £750 a year for the second year.<ref>Lockwood p 49</ref>

For British Lion she was in The Case of Gabriel Perry (1935), then was in Honours Easy (1935) with Greta Nissen and Man of the Moment (1935) with Douglas Fairbanks Jnr. These were standard ingénue roles. She was the female love interest in Midshipman Easy (1935), directed by Carol Reed, who would become crucial to Lockwood's career. She had the lead in Someday (1935), a quota quickie directed by Michael Powell and in Jury's Evidence (1936), directed by Ralph Ince.

Lockwood had a small role in The Amateur Gentleman (1936), another with Fairbanks. Her profile rose when she appeared opposite Maurice Chevalier in The Beloved Vagabond (1936)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

She followed it with Irish for Luck (1936) and The Street Singer (1937). She had a small role in Who's Your Lady Friend? (1937), again for Carol Reed and was in Melody and Romance (1937).

Gaumont British

Gaumont British were making a film version of the novel Doctor Syn, starring George Arliss and Anna Lee with director Roy William Neill and producer Edward Black. Lee dropped out and was replaced by Lockwood. Lockwood so impressed the studio with her performance – particularly Black, who became a champion of hers – she signed a three-year contract with Gainsborough Pictures in June 1937.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was at £4,000 a year.<ref name="Lockwood p 54">Lockwood p 54</ref> According to writer Alan Wood, "Many people were astonished at the contract Ted Black gave her; but when they asked him about it, he said, "She has something with which every girl in the suburbs can identify herself". Black backed his judgment and built Margaret Lockwood into a star."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

For Black and director Robert Stevenson she supported Will Fyffe in Owd Bob (1938), with John Loder.<ref name="edward">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

British Stardom: Bank Holiday and The Lady Vanishes

File:The Lady Vanishes 2.jpg
Catherine Lacey, Margaret Lockwood and Michael Redgrave in Alfred Hitchcock's The Lady Vanishes (1938)

Lockwood then had her best chance to-date, being given the lead in Bank Holiday, directed by Carol Reed and produced by Black.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This movie was a hit and launched Lockwood as a star. She called it "my first really big picture... with a beautifully written script and a wonderful part for me."<ref name="Lockwood p 54"/> Gaumont increased her contract from three years to six.<ref name="Lockwood p 77">Lockwood p 77</ref>

Even more popular was her next movie, The Lady Vanishes, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, produced by Black and co-starring Michael Redgrave. Lockwood called it "one of the films I have enjoyed most in all my career."<ref>Lockwood p 66</ref> Hitchcock was greatly impressed by Lockwood, telling the press:

She has an undoubted gift in expressing her beauty in terms of emotion, which is exceptionally well suited to the camera. Allied to this is the fact that she photographs more than normally easily, and has an extraordinary insight in getting the feel of her lines, to live within them, so to speak, as long as the duration of the picture lasts. It is not too much to expect that, in Margaret Lockwood, the British picture industry has a possibility of developing a star of hitherto un-anticipated possibilities.<ref name="hitch">Template:Cite news</ref>

She followed this with A Girl Must Live, a musical comedy about chorus girls for Black and Reed.<ref name="edward"/> It was one of a series of films made by Gaumont aimed at the US market.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

American films

Gaumont British had distribution agreements with 20th Century Fox in the US and they expressed an interest in borrowing Lockwood for some films. She travelled to Los Angeles and was put to work supporting Shirley Temple in Susannah of the Mounties (1939). She was borrowed by Paramount for Rulers of the Sea (1939), with Will Fyffe and Douglas Fairbanks Jr.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Paramount indicated a desire to use Lockwood in more films<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but she decided to go home.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Return to Britain

Lockwood returned to Britain in June 1939. She was meant to make film versions of Rob Roy and The Blue Lagoon<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> but both projects were cancelled with the advent of war. Instead, she played the role of Jenny Sunley, the self-centred, frivolous wife of Michael Redgrave's character in The Stars Look Down for Carol Reed. Lockwood later admitted "I was far from being reconciled to my role of the unpleasant girl and everyone treated me warily. But as the film progressed I found myself working with Carol Reed and Michael Redgrave again and gradually I was fascinated to see what I could put into the part."<ref name="Lockwood p 77"/>

She did another with Reed, Night Train to Munich (1940), an attempt to repeat the success of The Lady Vanishes with the same screenwriters (Launder and Gilliat) and characters of Charters and Caldicott.<ref name="edward"/> Rex Harrison was the male star. This movie started filming in November 1939.<ref>Lockwod p 79</ref>

She was meant to be reunited with Reed and Redgrave in The Girl in the News (1940) but Redgrave withdrew, and he was replaced by Barry K. Barnes: Black produced and Sidney Gilliat wrote the script. Quiet Wedding (1941) was a comedy directed by Anthony Asquith. She was meant to appear in Hatter's Castle, but she withdrew because of pregnancy.<ref>Lockwood p 86</ref> Her return to acting was Alibi (1942), a thriller which she called "anything but a success...a bad film."<ref>Lockwood p 96</ref>

In September 1943 Variety estimated her salary at being US$24,000 per picture (Template:Inflation).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Career peak

The Man in Grey

Lockwood was well established as a middle-tier name. What made her a front rank star was The Man in Grey (1943), the first of what would be known as the Gainsborough melodramas. Lockwood wanted to play the part of Clarissa, but producer Edward Black cast her as the villainous Hesther.<ref>America's Best, Britain's Finest: A Survey of Mixed Movies By John Howard Reid p 154</ref> She was featured alongside Phyllis Calvert, James Mason and Stewart Granger for director Leslie Arliss. The film was a massive hit, one of the biggest in 1943 Britain, and made all four lead actors into top stars – at the end of the year, exhibitors voted Lockwood the seventh most popular British star at the box office.

She appeared in two comedies for Black: Dear Octopus (1943) with Michael Wilding from a play by Dodie Smith, which Lockwood felt was a backward step<ref>Lockwood p 99-100</ref> and Give Us the Moon (1944), with Vic Oliver directed by Val Guest. Much more popular than either of these was another melodrama with Arliss and Granger, Love Story (1944), where she played a terminally ill pianist.

Lockwood was reunited with James Mason in A Place of One's Own (1945), playing a housekeeper possessed by the spirit of a dead girl, but the film was not a success. I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945) was a musical with Guest and Vic Oliver.

The Wicked Lady

Lockwood had the biggest success of her career to-date with the title role in The Wicked Lady (1945) for director Arliss. The film was the most popular movie at the British box office in 1946.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1946, Lockwood gained the Daily Mail National Film Awards First Prize for most popular British film actress.

She was offered the role of Bianca in The Magic Bow but disliked the part and turned it down. Instead she was a murderess in Bedelia (1946), which did not perform as well, although it was popular in Britain.<ref>Lockwood p 135</ref>

Contract with Rank

In July 1946, Lockwood signed a six-year contract with Rank to make two movies a year. The first of these was Hungry Hill (1947), an expensive adaptation of the novel by Daphne du Maurier which was not the expected success at the box office. More popular was Jassy (1947), the seventh biggest hit at the British box office in 1947.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was the last of "official" Gainsborough melodramas – the studio had come under the control of J. Arthur Rank who disliked the genre. Filmink argued Lockwood's career never recovered from the death of Ted Black in 1948.<ref name="edward"/>

She was a warden in The White Unicorn (1947), a melodrama from the team of Harold Huth and John Corfield. Rank wanted to star her in a film about Mary Magdalene but Lockwood was unhappy with the script.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She refused to appear in Roses for Her Pillow (which became Once Upon a Dream) and was put on suspension.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> "I was sick of getting mediocre parts and poor scripts", she later wrote. "Since 1945 I had been sick of it... there had been little or no improvement to me in the films I was being offered."<ref>Lockwood p 134-135</ref> She later said "I was having fun being a rebel."<ref>Lockwood p 136</ref> In December 1947 Kine Weekly wrote "Margaret Lockwood remains the First Lady of the British screen yet for sheer personal popularity she has nothing on Anna Neagle".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

During her suspension she went on a publicity tour for Rank.<ref>Lockwood p 138-139</ref> She also appeared in an acclaimed TV production of Pygmalion (1948).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> then went off suspension when she made Look Before You Love (1948), a comedy for Corfield and Huth.

Lockwood had a change of pace with the comedy Cardboard Cavalier (1949), with Lockwood playing Nell Gwyn. The film was a critical and box-office disappointment. "I was terribly distressed when I read the press notices of the film", wrote Lockwood.<ref>Margaret Lockwood, "Was I Difficult?", Picturegoer, 22 April 1950 p 15</ref>

That same year, Lockwood was announced to play Becky Sharp in a film adaptation of Vanity Fair but it was not made.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Lockwood was in the melodrama Madness of the Heart (1949), but the film was not a particular success. When a proposed film about Elisabeth of Austria was cancelled,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> she returned to the stage in a record-breaking national tour of Noël Coward's Private Lives (1949)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and then played the title role in productions of J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan in 1949 and 1950. She also performed in a pantomime of Cinderella for the Royal Film performance with Jean Simmons; Lockwood called this "the jolliest show in which I have ever taken part."<ref>Lockwood p 152</ref>

She returned to film-making after an 18-month absence to star in Highly Dangerous (1950), a comic thriller in the vein of Lady Vanishes, written expressly for her by Eric Ambler and directed by Roy Ward Baker.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Ambler writes a thriller-comedy" Times Pictorial [Dublin, Ireland] 15 April 1950: 13.</ref> It was not popular. Rank was to put her in an adaptation of Ann Veronica by H. G. Wells but the film was postponed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She turned down the female lead in The Browning Version, and a proposed sequel to The Wicked Lady, The Wicked Lady's Daughter, was never made.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Eventually her contract with Rank ended and she played Eliza Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion at the Edinburgh Festival of 1951.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Herbert Wilcox

In 1952, Lockwood signed a two picture a year contract with Herbert Wilcox at $112,000 a year, making her the best paid actress in British films.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lockwood said Wilcox and his wife Anna Neagle promised from signing the contract "I was never allowed to forget that I was a really bright and dazzling star on their horizon. They were going to look after me as no one else had done before. They did. And I loved it."<ref>Lockwood p 160</ref>

The association began well with Trent's Last Case (1952) with Michael Wilding and Orson Welles, which was popular. She appeared on TV in Ann Veronica and another TV adaptation of the Shaw play Captain Brassbound's Conversion (1953).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Her next two films for Wilcox were commercial disappointments: Laughing Anne (1953) and Trouble in the Glen (1954). She made no more films with Wilcox who called her "a director's joy who can shade a performance or a character with computer accuracy", but he admitted their collaboration "did not come off."<ref>Herbert Wilcox, Twenty Five Thousand Sunsets, p 168</ref>

Lockwood returned to the stage in Spider's Web (1954) by Agatha Christie, expressly written for her.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

She then appeared in Cast a Dark Shadow (1955) with Dirk Bogarde for director Lewis Gilbert. Gilbert later said "It was reasonably successful, but, by then, Margaret had been in several really bad films and her name on a picture was rather counter-productive."<ref name="brian">Brian MacFarlane, An Autobiography of British Cinema, Methuen 1997 p 221</ref>

Later career

Television

As her popularity waned in the post war years, she returned to occasional performances on the West End stage and appeared on television; her television debut was in 1948 when she played Eliza Doolittle.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

She was in a BBC adaptation of Christie's Spider's Web (1955), Janet Green's Murder Mistaken (1956),Template:Efn Dodie Smith's Call It a Day (1956) and Arnold Bennett's The Great Adventure (1958).

She had the lead in a TV series The Royalty (1957–1958) and appeared regularly on TV anthology series. She played an aging West End star attempting a comeback in The Human Jungle with Herbert Lom (1965). She starred in another series The Flying Swan (1965).

Later career

Her subsequent long-running West End hits include an all-star production of Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband (1965–66, in which she played the villainous Mrs Cheveley), W. Somerset Maugham's Lady Frederick (1970), Relative Values (Noël Coward revival, 1973) and the thrillers Signpost to Murder (1962) and Double Edge (1975).

In 1969 she starred as barrister Julia Stanford in the TV play Justice is a Woman. This inspired the Yorkshire Television series Justice, which ran for three seasons (39 episodes) from 1971 to 1974, and featured her real-life partner John Stone as fictional boyfriend Dr Ian Moody. Lockwood's role as the feisty Harriet Peterson won her Best Actress Awards from the TV Times (1971) and The Sun (1973). In 1975, film director Bryan Forbes persuaded her out of an apparent retirement from feature films to play the role of the Stepmother in her last feature film The Slipper and the Rose. This film also included the final appearance of Edith Evans and one of the later appearances of Kenneth More.

Her last professional appearance was as Queen Alexandra in Royce Ryton's stage play Motherdear (Ambassadors Theatre, 1980).

Margaret Lockwood was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in the 1981 New Year Honours.

She was the subject on an episode of This Is Your Life in December 1963.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She was a guest on the radio show Desert Island Discs on 25 April 1951.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life and death

Lockwood married Rupert Leon whom she had met in her teens and secretly married in 1937 when she turned 21; they divorced in 1950.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She lived her final years in seclusion in Kingston upon Thames, dying on 15 July 1990 at age 73 at the Cromwell Hospital<ref name="times-obit"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> from cirrhosis of the liver,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> though she was not a drinker.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her body was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium. She was survived by her daughter, the actress Julia Lockwood (née Margaret Julia Leon, 1941–2019).

Filmography

Year Title Role Director Notes Template:Tooltip
1934 Lorna Doone Annie Ridd Basil Dean <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1935 The Case of Gabriel Perry Mildred Perry Albert de Courville <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Honours Easy Ann Herbert Brenon <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Man of the Moment Vera Monty Banks <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Midshipman Easy Donna Agnes Carol Reed <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Someday Emily Michael Powell <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1936 Jury's Evidence Betty Stanton Ralph Ince <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
The Amateur Gentleman Georgina Huntstanton Thornton Freeland <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
The Beloved Vagabond Blanquette Curtis Bernhardt <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Irish for Luck Ellen O'Hare Arthur B. Woods <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1937 The Street Singer Jenny Green Jean de Marguenat <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Who's Your Lady Friend? Mimi Carol Reed <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Doctor Syn Imogene Clegg Roy William Neill <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Melody and Romance Margaret Williams Maurice Elvey <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1938 Owd Bob Jeannie McAdam Robert Stevenson To the Victor <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Bank Holiday Catherine Lawrence Carol Reed Three on a Weekend <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
The Lady Vanishes Iris Henderson Alfred Hitchcock <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1939 Susannah of the Mounties Vicky Standing Walter Lang, William A. Seiter <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
A Girl Must Live Leslie James Carol Reed <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Rulers of the Sea Mary Shaw Frank Lloyd <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1940 The Stars Look Down Jenny Sunley Carol Reed <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
The Girl in the News Anne Graham Carol Reed <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Night Train to Munich Anna Bomasch Carol Reed <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1941 Quiet Wedding Janet Royd Anthony Asquith <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1942 Alibi Helene Ardouin Brian Desmond Hurst <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1943 The Man in Grey Hesther Shaw Leslie Arliss <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Dear Octopus Penny Randolph Harold French <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1944 Give Us the Moon Nina Val Guest <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Love Story Lissa Campbell Leslie Arliss A Lady Surrenders <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1945 A Place of One's Own Annette Bernard Knowles <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
I'll Be Your Sweetheart Edie Story Val Guest <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
The Wicked Lady Barbara Worth Leslie Arliss <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1946 Bedelia Bedelia Carrington Lance Comfort <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1947 Hungry Hill Fanny Rosa Brian Desmond Hurst <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Jassy Jassy Woodroofe Bernard Knowles <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
The White Unicorn Lucy Bernard Knowles Bad Sister <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1948 Pygmalion Eliza Doolittle television film
Look Before You Love Ann Markham Harold Huth <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1949 Cardboard Cavalier Nell Gwynne Walter Forde <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Madness of the Heart Lydia Garth Charles Bennett <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1950 Highly Dangerous Frances Gray Roy Ward Baker <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1952 Trent's Last Case Margaret Manderson Herbert Wilcox <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1953 Captain Brassbound's Conversion Lady Cicely Wayneflete Dennis Vance television film <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Laughing Anne Laughing Anne Herbert Wilcox <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1954 Trouble in the Glen Marissa Mengues Herbert Wilcox <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1955 Spider's Web Clarissa Hailsham-Brown Wallace Douglas television film
Cast a Dark Shadow Freda Jeffries Lewis Gilbert <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
1956 Murder Mistaken Freda Jeffries Campbell Logan television film <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>
Call It a Day Dorothy Hilton Hal Burton television film
The Human Jungle TV series
1976 The Slipper and the Rose Stepmother Bryan Forbes <ref name="bfi-ml-film"/>

Unmade films

Theatre credits

Awards

Box-office popularity

Various polls of exhibitors consistently listed Lockwood among the most popular stars of her era:

  • 1943 – 7th most popular British star in Britain<ref>Motion Picture Herald, January 1, 1944</ref>
  • 1944 – 6th most popular British star in Britain<ref>Motion Picture Herald, January 6, 1945</ref>
  • 1945 – 3rd most popular British star in Britain<ref name="nla-crosby"/>
  • 1946 – 10th most popular star in Australia,<ref name="nla-favorite"/> 3rd most popular star and 2nd most popular British star in Britain<ref name="nla-film-world-2"/><ref>Motion Picture Herald, January 4, 1947</ref>
  • 1947 – 4th most popular star and 3rd most popular British star in Britain<ref name="nla-anna"/><ref>Motion Picture Herald, January 3, 1948</ref>
  • 1948 – 3rd most popular star and 2nd most popular British star in Britain,<ref name="nla-bing"/> most popular female star in Canada<ref name="nla-film-news"/>
  • 1949 – 5th most popular British star in Britain<ref name="nla-bob-hope"/>

References

Notes

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Citations

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Bibliography

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