Margaret the Virgin

Margaret, known as Margaret of Antioch in the West, and as Saint Marina the Great Martyr (Template:Langx) in the East, is celebrated as a saint on 20 July in Western Christianity, on 30th of July (Julian calendar) by the Eastern Orthodox Church, and on Epip 23 and Hathor 23 in the Coptic Orthodox Church. She was reputed to have promised very powerful indulgences to those who wrote or read her life or invoked her intercessions; these no doubt helped the spread of her following.<ref>"Margaret of Antioch". The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. David Hugh Farmer. Oxford University Press, 2003. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 16 June 2007</ref> Margaret is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers in Roman Catholic tradition.

Hagiography

According to a 9th-century martyrology of Rabanus Maurus, Margaret suffered at Antioch in Pisidia (in what is now Turkey) in c. 304, during the Diocletianic Persecution. She was the daughter of a pagan priest named Aedesius. Her mother having died soon after her birth, Margaret was nursed by a Christian woman five or six leagues (Template:Convert) from Antioch. Having embraced Christianity and consecrated her virginity to God, Margaret was disowned by her father, adopted by her nurse, and lived in the country keeping sheep with her foster mother.<ref>MacRory, Joseph. "St. Margaret." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 Mar. 2013</ref><ref name=EB1911/>

Olybrius, Governor of the Roman Diocese of the East, asked to marry her, with the demand that she renounce Christianity. Upon her refusal she was cruelly tortured, during which various miraculous incidents are reported to have occurred. One of these involved being swallowed by Satan in the shape of a dragon, from which she escaped alive when the cross she carried irritated the dragon's innards. Eventually, she was decapitated.

Historicity

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Margaret's story is "generally regarded to be fictitious".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Catholic Encyclopedia states "even the century to which she belonged is uncertain".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Doubts about her story are not new: by the Middle Ages, hagiographer Jacobus de Voragine (author of the well-known Golden Legend) considered her martyrology to be too fantastic and remarked that the part where she is eaten by the dragon was to be considered a legend.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Veneration

The Greek Marina came from Antioch in Pisidia (as opposed to Antioch of Syria), but this distinction was lost in the West. From the east her veneration spread towards England, France, and Germany, in the 11th century during the Crusades.

In 1222, the Council of Oxford added her to the list of feast days, and so her cult acquired great popularity. Many versions of the story were told in 13th-century England, in Anglo-Norman (including one ascribed to Nicholas Bozon), English, and Latin,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and more than 250 churches are dedicated to her in England, most famously, St. Margaret's, Westminster, the parish church<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> of the British Houses of Parliament in London.<ref name=EB1911>{{#if: |

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  }}{{#ifeq:  ||}}</ref> There is also a Saint Margaret Shrine in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Feast day

She is recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church, being listed as such in the Roman Martyrology for 20 July.<ref>Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 Template:ISBN)</ref> She was also included from the 12th to the 20th century among the saints to be commemorated wherever the Roman Rite was celebrated,<ref>See General Roman Calendar as in 1954</ref> but was then removed from the general calendar along with other European saints through the apostolic letter Mysterii Paschalis.<ref>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 130</ref>

The Eastern Orthodox Church knows Margaret as Saint Marina, and celebrates her feast day on 30 July. Margaret is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 20 July.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Every year on Epip 23 the Coptic Orthodox church celebrates her martyrdom day, and on Hathor 23 the church celebrates the dedication of a church to her name. Saint Mary church in Cairo holds a relic believed to be Margaret's right hand, previously moved from the Angel Michael Church (modernly known as Haret Al Gawayna) following its destruction in the 13th century AD.

In 2022, Margaret was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day she shares with Catherine of Alexandria and Barbara of Nicomedia on 24 November.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Patronage

Margaret of Antioch is a patroness of pregnant women, servant maids, kidney-sufferers, and against diabolical infestations.

Iconography

In art, she is often represented as a shepherdess, or pictured escaping from, or standing above, a dragon. While Western iconography typically depicts St. Margaret emerging from the dragon, Eastern Byzantine iconography tends to focus on her battle with the demon in her cell and depicts her grabbing him by his hair and swinging a copper hammer at his face.<ref>See: Lois Drewer, "Margaret of Antioch the Demon-Slayer, East and West: The Iconography of the Predella of the Boston Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine,” Gesta, 32:1 (1993): p. 11-20.</ref>

Saint Margaret and the Dragon, alabaster with traces of gilding, Toulouse (c. 1475). (Metropolitan Museum of Art)	Reliquary Bust of Saint Margaret of Antioch. Attributed to Nikolaus Gerhaert (active in Germany, 1462–73).	Saint Margaret of Antioch, limestone with paint and gilding, Burgos (c. 1275–1325). (Metropolitan Museum of Art)	Saint Margaret of Antioch in the Golden Legend (1497).	Saint Margaret as a shepherdess by Francisco de Zurbarán (1631).	Saint Margaret of Antioch by Peter Candid (second half of the 16th century).
Saint Margaret attracts the attention of the Roman prefect, by Jean Fouquet (from an illuminated manuscript).	Saint Margaret as a fresco, Sulsted Church.	Margaret the Virgin on a painting in the Novacella Abbey, Neustift, South Tyrol, Italy.	Margaret's torture on a fresco in the Santo Stefano al Monte Celio basilica, Rome, Italy.	Margaret the Virgin in the coat of arms of Vehmaa.	Barna da Siena. Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. Boston MFA. This mid fourteenth century Byzantine-inspired Sienese painting depicts St. Margaret fighting the demon with a hammer in the bottom left panel.

See also

• Saint Marina the Monk and Saint Pelagia, both of whom are sometimes conflated or confused with Margaret

References

Sources

• Acta Sanctorum, July, v. 24–45
• Bibliotheca hagiographica. La/ma (Brussels, 1899), n. 5303–53r3
• Frances Arnold-Forster, Studies in Church Dedications (London, 1899), i. 131–133 and iii. 19.

External links

• Middle English life of St. Margaret of Antioch, edited with notes by Sherry L. Reames
• Book of the Passion of Saint Margaret the Virgin, with the Life of Saint Agnes, and Prayers to Jesus Christ and to the Virgin Mary Template:In lang
• Catholic Online: Saint Margareth of Antioch
• The Life of St. Margaret of AntiochTemplate:Dead link