Marie Laveau

Marie Catherine Laveau (September 10, 1801 – June 15, 1881)<ref name="Fandrich birth article">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":2">Marie Laveau The Mysterious Voodoo Queen: A Study of Powerful Female Leadership in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans by Ina Johanna Fandrich</ref>Template:Refn was a Louisiana Creole practitioner of Voodoo, an herbalist, and a midwife who was renowned in New Orleans. Her daughter, Marie Laveau II (1827 – Template:Circa), also practiced rootwork, conjure, and Native American and African spiritualism, as well as Louisiana Voodoo and traditional Roman Catholicism.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> An alternate spelling of her name, Laveaux (a plural), is considered by historians to be from the original French spelling.<ref name="Fandrich birth article" />

Early life

Historical records state that Marie Catherine Laveau was born a free woman of color in New Orleans's French Quarter, Louisiana, on Thursday, September 10, 1801. At the time of her birth, Louisiana was still administered by Spanish colonial officials, although by treaty, the territory had been restored to the French First Republic a year prior.<ref name="Fandrich birth article" /> Her mother, Marguerite D'Arcantel, was a free woman of African, European, and Native American ancestry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Because Laveau's mother was not married at the time of her birth, her father was not identified on her 1801 baptismal record. A possible candidate is Charles Laveau, the son of Charles Laveau Trudeau, a white Louisiana creole and politician. Other historians claim that Laveau's father was a free man of color named Charles Laveaux. Much of the confusion is due to inconsistent spellings in surviving records.

On August 4, 1819, she married Jacques Paris (also known as Santiago Paris in Spanish records), a free man of color who was among the thousands of émigrés from Saint-Domingue to New Orleans in the wake of the Haitian Revolution.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Their marriage certificate is preserved in the Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> The nuptial mass was officiated by Antonio de Sedella, OFMCap.<ref name="Tallant, Robert 1946">Template:Cite book</ref> The couple had two daughters, Félicité (b. 1817) and Angèle (b. 1822), who are presumed to have died in childhood.<ref name=darbonneodwyer>Template:Cite web</ref> Paris worked as a carpenter in New Orleans until 1822, after which he disappears from city records. He is believed to have died in Baton Rouge in 1823.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On Félicité's 1824 baptismal certificate, Laveau is referred to as "the Widow Paris".<ref name=darbonneodwyer />

Personal life

Following the reported death of her husband, Jacques Paris, she entered a domestic partnership with Christophe Dominick Duminy de Glapion, a nobleman of French descent, with whom she lived until his death in 1855.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They were reported to have had 15 children (whether that includes children and grandchildren is unclear).<ref>Ward, Martha. Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004).</ref> They had seven children according to birth and baptismal records: François-Auguste Glapion, Marie-Louise "Caroline" Glapion, Marie-Angélie Paris, Célestin Albert Glapion, Arcange Glapion, Félicité Paris, Marie-Philomène Glapion, and Marie-Héloïse Eucharist Glapion.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> Only Marie-Héloïse and Marie-Philomène survived into adulthood.<ref name=":3" />

Marie Laveau is confirmed to have owned at least seven slaves during her lifetime.<ref>Carolyn Morrow Long: A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, 2018</ref><ref name="Alvarado">Template:Cite book</ref> During her life, Marie Laveau was known to have attended to prisoners who were sentenced to death. Rumors circulated that some prisoners would receive poisons or other substances before going to the gallows, but this was never proven.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref> A reporter from the New Orleans Republican detailed one such visit in an article published on May 14, 1871, in which he describes Marie Laveau as a “devout and acceptable member of the Catholic communion."<ref>“Death Punishment for Murder: The Execution Yesterday.” New Orleans Republican, 14 May 1871, p5. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35041328/mentions-of-marie-laveau/</ref> Following her death, her daughter Philomène confirmed during an interview with a reporter from the Picayune that only Catholic traditions would take place during these visits, and that her mother would also prepare the men's last meal and pray with them. Marie Laveau also sought pardons or commutations of sentences for those she favored, and was often successful in her efforts.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>

She was known to care for the sick in her community during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 by providing herbal remedies and prayers for the afflicted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref> Her other community activities included visiting prisoners, providing lessons to the women of the community, and doing rituals for those in need without charge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Career

Marie Laveau was a dedicated practitioner of Voodoo, a healer, a herbalist, and an entrepreneur.<ref name="Long, 19th C Voudou Priestess" /> Laveau was also known as a prominent female religious leader and community activist.<ref name="Long, 19th C Voudou Priestess" />

Laveau started a beauty parlor, where she was a hair dresser for the wealthier families of New Orleans.<ref name=":2" /> She excelled at obtaining inside information on her wealthy patrons at the beauty parlor by listening to ladies gossiping, or from their servants whom she either paid or cured of mysterious ailments.<ref name="Tallant, Robert 1946" /> She used this information during her Voodoo consultations with wealthy Orleanian women to enhance her image as a clairvoyant, and used this intelligence to give them practical advice. She also made money by selling her clients gris gris as charms to help their wishes come true.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>

In her role as a Voodoo practitioner, customers often appealed to Laveau for help with family disputes, health, finances, and more. Laveau performed her services in three main places - her own home on St. Ann Street, within Congo Square, and at Lake Pontchartrain. She was the third female leader of Voodoo in New Orleans (the first was Sanité Dédé, who ruled for a few years before being usurped by Marie Saloppé), a New Orleans voodoo "queen", or priestess.<ref name="Turner2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> Marie Laveau maintained her authority throughout her leadership, although an attempt to challenge her was made in 1850. Due to her strong influence, New Orleans Voodoo lost a large number of adherents after her death.<ref name="Lewis2024">Template:Cite web</ref> Her daughter, Marie Laveau II, displayed more theatrical rubrics by holding public events (including inviting attendees to St. John's Eve rituals on Bayou St. John).<ref name=":2" />

Of Laveau's magical career, little can be substantiated, including whether or not she had a snake she named Zombi after an African god, whether the occult part of her magic mixed Roman Catholic saints with African spirits, and Native American spiritualism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Death

File:MarieLaveauGrave.jpg

Plaque at the grave of Louisiana Voodoo Queen, Marie Laveau

Marie Catherine Laveau Paris Glapion died on June 15, 1881 (aged 79).<ref name="Fandrich birth article" /><ref>Long, Carolyn Morrow. A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2006), (Template:ISBN).</ref> The different spellings of her surname result from many different women with the same name in New Orleans at the time, and her age at death from conflicting accounts of her birth date.<ref name=":2" />

On June 17, 1881, the Daily Picayune announced that Marie Laveau had died peacefully in her home.<ref name="Tallant, Robert 1946" /> According to the Louisiana Writer's Project, her funeral was lavish and attended by a diverse audience including members of the white elite.<ref name="Long, 19th C Voudou Priestess" /> Oral tradition states that she was seen by some people in town after her supposed demise.<ref name=":0" /> News of her death was featured in a number of newspapers, including the Staunton Spectator in Virginia,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Omaha Daily Bee in Nebraska,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and several newspapers published in Minnesota.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

At least two of her daughters were named Marie, following the French Catholic tradition to have the first names of daughters be Marie, and boys Joseph, then each use middle name as the common name. One of her daughters named Marie possibly assumed her position, with her name, and carried on her magical practice, taking over as the queen soon before or after the first Marie's death.<ref name=":1" /> Malvina Latour has also been reported as being Laveau's successor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Legacy

Laveau's name and her history have been surrounded by legend and lore. She is generally believed to have been buried in plot 347, the Glapion family crypt in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1, New Orleans,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but this has been disputed<ref name="notp-2013-12-30">Template:Cite news</ref> by Robert Tallant, a journalist who used her as a character in historical novels.<ref name="Tallant, Robert 1946"/> Tourists continue to visit and some draw X marks in accordance with a decades-old tradition that if people wanted Laveau to grant them a wish, they had to draw three Xs on the tomb, turn around three times, knock on the tomb, yell out their wish, and if it was granted, come back, circle their Xs, and leave Laveau an offering.<ref name="notp-2013-12-30" />

Laveau and her work is discussed at length in the 1935 book Mules and Men by Zora Neale Hurston who interviewed and studied under hoodoo doctor Luke Turner, who identified himself as the Laveau's grandnephew.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hurston relates Turner's personal reminiscences of Laveau and describes some of the incantations and rituals he reported learning under her tutelage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1982, New Jersey–based punk rock group The Misfits were arrested and accused of attempting to exhume Laveau from her grave after a local concert. The arrest took place in nearby Cemetery No. 2 and accounts of the incident are in conflict.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The tomb in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1 was vandalized by an unknown person on December 17, 2013, by being painted over with pink latex paint. The paint was removed because the structure is made of old plaster and the latex paint would seal in the moisture that would destroy the plaster. Some historical preservation experts criticized officials of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, which maintains the cemetery, for its decision to use pressure washing rather than paint stripper to remove it.<ref name="notp=2014-01-02">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Grave disquiet; Briefs." Irish Independent. (January 29, 2015, Thursday ): 64 words. LexisNexis Academic. Web. Date Accessed: 2015/02/12.</ref> After the cleaning, the archdiocese and local nonprofit Save Our Cemeteries collaborated over three months in 2014 to restore the tomb. The project removed crumbling plaster, rebuilt the roof, and added several coats of new plaster and lime wash. During the restorations, however, the project was plagued by tomb visitors scratching X marks into the new plaster.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:As of access to St. Louis Cemetery No. 1 is no longer public. Entry with a tour guide is required because of continued vandalism and the destruction of tombs. This change was made by the Archdiocese of New Orleans to protect the tombs of the Laveau family, as well as those of the many other dead interred there.<ref name=":1" />

Although some references to Marie Laveau in popular culture refer to her as a "witch", she has also been called a "Voudou Priestess",<ref name="Dessens review">Template:Cite journal</ref> and she is frequently described as a Voodoo queen.<ref name="Dessens review" /> At the time of her death, The New York Times, The New Orleans Daily Picayune, the Daily States, and other news sources describe her as "woman of great beauty, intellect, and charisma who was also pious, charitable, and a skilled herbal healer."<ref name="Long, 19th C Voudou Priestess">Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:MarieLaveauMausoleum.jpg

The mausoleum where Marie Laveau is said to be interred, in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1

Artistic legacy and in popular culture

Due to her prominence within the history of Voodoo in New Orleans, Laveau has inspired a number of artistic renditions. In visual art, African-American artist Renee Stout often uses Laveau as a visual motif.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite never being photographed or having sat for a painter, several 19th century paintings of unidentified Creole women have been labeled as a portrait of Marie Laveau.<ref name="MacCash">Template:Cite news</ref> By the 1940s, any portrait of an unidentified woman of color wearing a tignon commonly was identified as a portrait of Laveau.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A copy made around 1915 of Portrait of a Creole Woman with Madras Tignon (Template:Circa, attributed to George Catlin) in the collection of the Louisiana State Museum, was long labeled as a Portrait of Marie Laveau.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Numerous songs about Marie Laveau have been recorded, including "Marie La Veau" by Papa Celestin;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Marie Laveau" written by Shel Silverstein and Baxter Taylor and recorded by Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show (1972),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Bobby Bare (1974);<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" (1971) by Redbone; "Dixie Drug Store" by Grant Lee Buffalo; "X Marks the Spot (Marie Laveau)" by Joe Sample; "Marie Laveau" by Dr. John;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Marie Laveau" (2013) by Tao Of Sound;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Voodoo Queen Marie" to the minstrel tune "Colored Aristocracy" by The Holy Modal Rounders;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" by Total Toly; "The Widow Paris" by The Get Up Kids;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Marie Laveau" by the Danish metal band Volbeat;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and "The Widow Paris" by Lester T. Raww's Graveside Quartet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Laveau is mentioned in the songs "I Will Play for Gumbo" (1999) by Jimmy Buffett, "Clare" by Fairground Attraction, and "Rabbit's Foot" by Turbowolf. Two of Laveau's nephews, banjo player Raymond Glapion and bassist Alcide "Slow Drag" Pavageau, became prominent New Orleans jazz musicians.<ref name = "rose">Template:Cite book</ref> Los Angeles blues band Canned Heat featured a five-minute instrumental called "Marie Laveau" on their second album Boogie With Canned Heat (1968), written by and featuring their lead guitarist Henry Vestine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A musical from 1999, Marie Christine, is also based on the life of Laveau.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Laveau has offered inspiration for a number of fictional characters, as well. She is the protagonist of such novels as Robert Tallant's The Voodoo Queen (1956), Francine Prose's Marie Laveau (1977), and Jewell Parker Rhodes' Voodoo Dreams: A Novel of Marie Laveau (1993). Laveau appears as a supporting character in the Night Huntress novels by Jeaniene Frost as a powerful ghoul still living in New Orleans in the 21st century. She also appears as a background character in Barbara Hambly's Benjamin January mystery series, set in New Orleans. Marie Laveau appears in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods, under her married name, Marie Paris. Marie Laveau's tomb is the site of a secret, fictional underground Voodoo workshop in the Caster Chronicles novel Beautiful Chaos by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl. Laveau's gravesite is the setting of a pivotal scene in Robert J. Randisi's short story, "Cold as the Gun", from Foreshadows the Ghosts of Zero. The mother of Hazel Levesque, one of the characters from Rick Riordan's The Heroes of Olympus book series, was known as "Queen Marie", a famous fortune-teller who lived in New Orleans. In Charlaine Harris's True Blood (Sookie Stackhouse novels) book series, the character Hadley is lured to her death at the site of Marie Laveau's tomb.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A character named Marie Laveau, based loosely on the real Marie Laveau, appears in Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Dracula Lives #2 in 1973.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> She is depicted as a powerful sorceress and Voodoo priestess with great magical powers and knowledge of arcane lore, including the creation of a potion that should keep her eternally youthful (the potion required the blood of a vampire).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A character named Marie Laveau also appears in the Italian comic book Zagor.<ref name="Who was Marie Laveau">Template:Cite web</ref>

In television, a heavily fictionalized Marie Laveau (portrayed by Angela Bassett) appears as a character in American Horror Story: Coven and American Horror Story: Apocalypse.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

She appears in the Canadian television series Lost Girl (portrayed by Marci T. House) in episode 11 of season four, Young Sheldon (portrayed by Sharon Ferguson) in episode seven of season one, and Legends of Tomorrow (portrayed by Joyce Guy) in episode seven of season four.<ref name="Who was Marie Laveau"/>

See also

• Jane Minor
• Mary Oneida Toups
• Mojo
• Onesimus (Bostonian) (1600s–1700s)

Sources

Biographies

• Alvarado, Denise. The Magic of Marie Laveau: Embracing the Spiritual Legacy of the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Weiser Books (2020), (Template:ISBN).
• Long, Carolyn Morrow. A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2006), (Template:ISBN).
• Tallant, Robert. Voodoo in New Orleans. The MacMillan Co. (1946), (Template:ISBN)
• Ward, Martha. Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau. Oxford: University of Mississippi Press (2004) (Template:ISBN).
• Long, Carolyn Morrow. The Tomb of Marie Laveau. Left Hand Press (2016) (Template:ISBN)
• Bloody Mary. Hauntings Horrors and Dancing with the Dead: True Stories from the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Weiser publishing (2016) (Template:ISBN),
• Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite web

External links

• Clickable map of Tombs at St. Louis No. 1(Click on Tomb No. 347 on map.)
• NY Times archived article from 1881 regarding Marie Laveau's death