Market fundamentalism

Market fundamentalism, also known as free-market fundamentalism, is an ideology<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a term applied to a strong belief in the ability of unregulated laissez-faire or free-market capitalist policies to solve most economic and social problems.<ref name=Longview1>Template:Cite web</ref> It is often used as pejorative by critics of said beliefs.<ref name=UNESCWA>market fundemmentalism, UNESCWA</ref> Template:Neoliberalism sidebar Template:Anarcho-capitalism sidebar Template:Capitalism sidebar

Origins and use

Palagummi Sainath believes Jeremy Seabrook, a journalist and campaigner, first used the term.<ref name="Firstuse">Template:Cite web</ref> The term was used by Jonathan Benthall in an Anthropology Today editorial in 1991<ref>Benthall, Jonathan, "Inside information on 'the marketTemplate:'", Anthropology Today, 7.4, August 1991, pp.1–2.</ref> and by John Langmore and John Quiggin in their 1994 book Work for All.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

According to economist John Quiggin, the standard features of economic fundamentalist rhetoric are dogmatic assertions combined with the claim that anyone who holds contrary views is not a real economist.<ref name="Dogma">Quiggin, John. Rationalism and Rationality in Economics, 1999, On Line Opinion, www.onlineopinion.com.au</ref> However, Kozul-Wright states in his book The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism that the "ineluctability of market forces" neoliberals and conservative politicians tend to stress and their confidence on a chosen policy rest on a "mixture of implicit and hidden assumptions, myths about the history of their own countries' economic development, and special interests camouflaged in their rhetoric of general good".<ref name="Resistible">Kozul-Wright, Richard and Rayment, Paul. The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism: Rethinking Development Policy in an Unbalanced World. London: Zed Books Ltd., 2007 p. 14 and Chapter 6</ref> The sociologists Fred L. Block and Margaret Somers use the label "because the term conveys the quasi-religious certainty expressed by contemporary advocates of market self-regulation".<ref>Fred Block and Margaret R. Somers. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique Template:Webarchive. Harvard University Press, 2014. Template:ISBN. p. 3. Template:Webarchive</ref>

Joseph Stiglitz used the term in his autobiographical essay in acceptance of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to criticize some International Monetary Fund policies, arguing: "More broadly, the IMF was advocating a set of policies which is generally referred to alternatively as the Washington consensus, the neo-liberal doctrines, or market fundamentalism, based on an incorrect understanding of economic theory and (what I viewed) as an inadequate interpretation of the historical data".<ref name=Stiglitz>Autobiographical essay in acceptance of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</ref>

Critics of laissez-faire policies have used the term to denote what they perceive as a misguided belief or deliberate deception that capitalist free markets provide the greatest possible equity and prosperity,<ref name="Longview">Template:Cite web</ref> or the view that any interference with the market process decreases social well-being. Users of the term include adherents of interventionist, mixed economy and protectionist positions<ref name="Miracle">Template:Cite web</ref> as well as billionaires such as George Soros;<ref name="Warns">Template:Cite web</ref> economists such as Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz<ref name="Redifining">Stiglitz, Joseph. Redefining the Role of the State - What should it do ? How should it do it ? And how should these decisions be made? Paper presented at the Tenth Anniversary of MITI Research Institute, Tokyo, March 1998. Template:Webarchive</ref> and Paul Krugman; and Cornell University historian Edward E. Baptist. Soros suggests that market fundamentalism includes the belief that the best interests in a given society are achieved by allowing its participants to pursue their own financial self-interest with no restraint or regulatory oversight.<ref name="Longview1" /><ref name="Worstcrisis">Soros, George, "The worst market crisis in 60 years. Template:Webarchive" Financial Times, January 22, 2008 19:57</ref>

Critics claim that in modern society with worldwide conglomerates, or even merely large companies, the individual has no protection against fraud nor harm caused by products that maximize income by imposing externalities on the individual consumer as well as society. Historian Edward E. Baptist contends that "unrestrained domination of market forces can sometimes amplify existing forms of oppression into something more horrific" such as slavery and that "market fundamentalism doesn't always provide the best solution for every economic or social problem".<ref>Edward Baptist (September 7, 2014). What the Economist Doesn't Get About Slavery—And My Book Template:Webarchive. Politico. Retrieved May 23, 2015.</ref>

Bibliography and further reading

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• Camerer, C. (1995): Individual Decision Making, in: Kagel, J.H. & Roth, A.E. (Eds.): Handbook of Experimental Economics, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 587–703. Template:ISBN
• Cox, Harvey (2016). The Market as God. Harvard University Press. Template:ISBN
• French-Davis, Ricardo. Reforming Latin America's Economies: After Market Fundamentalism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Template:ISBN Template:ISBN
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• Kozul-Wright, Richard. The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism: The Struggle for Economic Development in a Global Economy. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), London: ZedBooks Ltd., 2007. Template:ISBN Template:ISBN
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External links

• Longview Institute page on Market Fundamentalism
• The free market is an impossible utopia. The Washington Post, July 18, 2014.