Marriott World Trade Center

The New York Marriott World Trade Center, also known as 3 World Trade Center (3 WTC), was a 22-story, 825-room hotel in New York City, within the original World Trade Center complex in downtown Manhattan. It opened in April 1981 as the Vista International Hotel, the first major hotel since 1836 to open in Manhattan south of Canal Street.

The hotel was damaged in the World Trade Center bombing by al-Qaeda terrorists on February 26, 1993. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey considered demolishing the building, but instead decided to repair it. The building's structure was reinforced, and it re-opened in November 1994. In November 1995, it was bought by Marriott Corporation and renamed the New York Marriott World Trade Center.

In 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks by al-Qaeda, the hotel was mostly destroyed by the collapse of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers (1 and 2 WTC), after two planes were crashed into them. 43 people inside the hotel died: 41 firefighters and two employees. Only the southern end of the building was spared, and it was eventually demolished to make way for reconstruction. The hotel was not replaced as part of the post-2001 World Trade Center complex, although its address (3 WTC) was reused for the tower at 175 Greenwich Street.

Description

It was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill in 1978–79.<ref name="FEMA 3-1" /> The building was a 22-story steel-framed structure<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with 825 rooms and six basement levels (labeled B1 through B6).<ref name="FEMA 3-1" /> The hotel was connected to the North Tower via an underground entrance at concourse level, and a small pedestrian walkway that extended from the west promenade of the Marriott to the North Tower on plaza level.Template:Citation needed

The hotel also had Template:Convert of meeting space on the entire third floor. It was considered a four-diamond hotel by the American Automobile Association (AAA).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was meant for business travelers, who were offered translators and a reference library of 28 foreign-language dictionaries. The staff was also multilingual.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref> The lobby was split between two levels, and was themed around the sea, featuring a golden sculpture of sails.<ref name=":4" /> On the 22nd floor, there was a gym that was the largest of any hotel in New York City at the time, with a swimming pool and a running track with views of the Hudson River and the Austin J. Tobin Plaza.<ref name=":4" />

The pool was put near the top so the hotel could be flooded if a fire occurred.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The hotel featured two restaurants: The Tall Ships Bar and Grill, located at street-level, and the Greenhouse Café, a restaurant on the plaza level that featured a large skylight looking up at the North and South Tower.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Previously, another restaurant had operated called The American Harvest; however, it was removed following the bombing in 1993 and was renovated and remained as a rentable space called the Harvest Room.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

The hotel was first known as the Vista International Hotel, but also became known as World Trade Center 3 (WTC 3 or 3 WTC), the World Trade Center Hotel, the Vista Hotel, and the Marriott Hotel.<ref name="FEMA 3-1">Template:Cite book</ref> The building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill with construction beginning in March 1979.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It opened on April 1, 1981, with 100 of 825 rooms available,<ref name="Gaiter 1981">Template:Cite news</ref> and it was completed in July 1981.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The construction cost $70 million. It was planned and managed by Hilton International, but they could not use the Hilton name for the hotel because of an agreement with Hilton Hotels to not use the name in the U.S.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref> The Vista was the first major hotel to open in Lower Manhattan south of Canal Street since 1836.<ref name="Gaiter 1981" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shortly before the opening day of the hotel, a fire broke out on the 7th floor.<ref name="Dunlap 2003">Template:Cite news</ref>

The Vista was first under lease to WTC Hotel Associates of Chicago.<ref name=":4" /> Kuo Hotel Corporation, based in Hong Kong, bought the hotel's leasehold in 1982.<ref name=nyt-1991-06-30>Template:Cite news</ref> The hotel was successful, creating a nightlife culture in the area and spurring development of more hotels in Lower Manhattan.<ref name=":5" /> In 1989, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey bought the leasehold from Kuo for $78 million, but the operating rights remained in the hands of Hilton International as management agent.<ref name=nyt-1995-05-10>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="The New York Times 1995">Template:Cite news</ref>

1993 World Trade Center bombing

FEMA diagram of the damage sustained by the hotel during the bombing.

On February 26, 1993, the hotel was seriously damaged as a result of the World Trade Center bombing.<ref name="WAPO">Template:Cite news</ref> Terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda took a Ryder truck loaded with 1,500 pounds (682 kilograms) of explosives and parked it in the North Tower parking garage below the hotel's ballroom.<ref name="WAPO" /> They likely viewed this as the area where an explosion would cause the most structural damage.<ref name="Segal 2006">Template:Cite news</ref> At 12:18 p.m. (EDT), the explosion destroyed or seriously damaged the lower- and sub-levels of the World Trade Center complex.<ref name="WAPO" /> The Marriott Financial Center, a hotel located two blocks west,<ref name="Hedgpeth 2001">Template:Cite news</ref> served as press conference area and a command post for the law enforcement response.<ref name="LDS Living 2019">Template:Cite web</ref>

The city's Port Authority considered demolishing the building for some time. The building was instead closed for 18 months while they worked on extensive repairs. Reinforcements were made to the hotel's structure, including the installation of "the largest steel beam ever put in a building to that point".<ref name="WAPO" /><ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="Dwyer 2002">Template:Cite news</ref> The hotel reopened on November 1, 1994.<ref name="WAPO" /> On November 9, 1995, the hotel was sold to Host Marriott Corporation for $141.5 million.<ref name="The New York Times 1995" /> It was renamed to the New York Marriott World Trade Center.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /> The new company managing the hotel started operations in January 1996.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="FEMA 3-1" /> Security was increased at the hotel, but they were ineffective in the face of the attacks in September 2001.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /> In January 2001, 77 Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) police cadets graduated in a ceremony held at the hotel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

September 11 attacks

The lobby of the hotel in the mid-1990s

On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four planes to crash into various targets in the U.S.<ref name="www.britannica.com" /> Two crashed into both of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers,<ref name="www.britannica.com">Template:Cite web</ref> which were located right next to the hotel.<ref name="Sloan 2021">Template:Cite web</ref> 43 people in the hotel died from the attacks,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> out of the roughly 2,753 people who died in New York City from the attacks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 41 firefighters died, along with two hotel employees who assisted them with evacuating guests.<ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="Dwyer 2002" /><ref name=":2" /> 11 guests were never identified, and it is not known if they died in the building or elsewhere in the World Trade Center complex.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> LDS Living claimed "most likely they were in the main towers attending business meetings or shopping."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 14 people survived both collapses from inside the building.<ref name="Segal 2006" />

On the 11th, the hotel had 940 registered guests.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002">Template:Cite news</ref> The National Association for Business Economics (NABE) was holding its yearly conference at the hotel from September 8 to 11, 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, the hotel was planned to host the Law School Admission Council's New York City Law School Forum—a law school recruiting event—on September 14 and 15. The council was expecting 4,000 students to attend, from 160 schools. About 11 people who were planning to go to the forum were scheduled to check in to the hotel on September 11, but did not make it there before the attacks started.<ref name="Sloan 2021" />

Crashes into the Twin Towers

The hotel during the September 11 attacks, after the second plane crash at 9:03 a.m. and before the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m.

When American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) at 8:46 a.m. EDT, its landing gear fell and crashed through the roof into an office next to the 22nd-floor pool,<ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> breaking the glass above the restaurant and forcing people to duck under furniture.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> The whole building shook, and parts of it caught on fire. Alarms went off throughout the building, and its phones and elevators shut down.<ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="News">Template:Cite web</ref> The freight elevator still worked, however.<ref name="News" /> Security guards escorted out the group attending the NABE conference.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The hotel's intercom told guests to be calm and stay in their rooms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Firefighters reported human remains and corpses on the roof, from people who fell or jumped from the south face of the North Tower.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> At least ten firefighter companies used the lobby as a staging area;<ref name="Segal 2006" /> it is possible that many or all of the companies were not sent there, but instead got lost amidst the evacuation of the towers.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" />

United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower (2 WTC) at 9:03 a.m.<ref name="www.britannica.com" /><ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> Some fire companies evacuated guests that were on the upper floors, being followed by elevator mechanic Robert Graff and two employees with master keys:<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> Joseph Keller, the hotel's executive housekeeper, and Abdul Malahi, an audiovisual technician assisting with the law school forum who was the only civilian Arab that died on 9/11.<ref name="Sloan 2021" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The evacuation effort was led by Keller, Richard Fetter (the hotel's resident manager), and Nancy Castillo (human resources head at Marriot World Trade Center and Marriott Financial Center).<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /> Fetter attempted to get a new version of the hotel registry, but their computer system had shut down, so he found the most recently-printed copy and a set of emergency phone numbers.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" />

People who were escaping the tower crashes, especially the North Tower, also stopped at the hotel; these people numbered at a thousand or more. This is in part due to a door at the north face of the building, facing the North Tower. The people in the lobby moved away from the North Tower, walking south through the hotel, until they reached the Tall Ships Bar and Grill, which opened onto Liberty Street. A police officer stood at the exit, stopping civilians from crossing the street whenever debris was falling.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref name="Dwyer 2002" />

File:WTC 3 crushed.jpg

Debris from the collapsing South Tower falling onto the hotel at 9:58 to 9:59 a.m. A person can be seen falling in the lower-center of the image.

Collapse of the Twin Towers

The collapse of the South Tower at 9:59 a.m. crushed the middle of the building, creating a large gap that nearly split the hotel in half.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /><ref name="Voice of America 2013">Template:Cite web</ref> The lobby was filled with debris,<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> but nonetheless acted as a shield for firemen, police, and hotel staff, due to its reinforcements after the bombing.<ref name="Dwyer 2002" /> Abdul Malahi was killed.<ref name="Sloan 2021" /> Before the collapse, there were seven firemen from Engine Company No. 74 in the middle of the hotel on the 21st floor, four of whom died.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /><ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> Around 17 people in the evacuation effort were still alive on the 3rd and 4th floors; three firefighters on these floors went upstairs to find a fireman who was radioing a mayday signal, Michael Brennan.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> On the half of the building that was nearer the South Tower, three civilians and two firemen trapped on the 3rd floor escaped to a reception room on the 2nd floor by crawling through an opening in a wall on an I-beam, which probably fell from the tower.<ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="Sloan 2021" /><ref name=":3" /> In the lobby, firefighters began exiting the building to get reinforcements. Joseph Keller and Fire Lieutenant Bob Nagel were trapped by debris, and the other firefighters began trying to cut away the debris around them using saws. While this happened, the North Tower collapsed.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" />

A map of debris after the collapse of the towers, showing the direction each tower's walls fell, and how the southern end of the hotel was barely saved

The collapse of the North Tower at 10:28 destroyed the rest of the hotel, aside from a small section surrounding the southern stairwell.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref name="Sloan 2021" /><ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> This section would have collapsed if not for the reinforcements made after the 1993 bombing.<ref name="Segal 2006" /> There were 14 survivors trapped in this section, on the 2nd floor; this included 13 firemen from Company 74 and hotel guest Frank Razzano, who had evacuated from his 19th-floor room. The group found a hole in the building, and threaded either a rug or drape through it, then climbed down onto a pile of debris.<ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="LDS Living 2019" /><ref name="Sloan 2021" /> Keller and the three firefighters who went to rescue Michael Brennan died from the second collapse.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /> Six men from the Brooklyn Heights Ladder 118 fire company (including Scott Davidson, father of comedian and actor Pete Davidson) died from the collapse, after saving around 900 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="McKennett">Template:Cite web</ref> All the firemen still in the lobby escaped, and Richard Fetter survived.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" />

After destruction

The section of the hotel remaining after the towers collapsed, located at its south end

Bill Marriott, the businessman who owned the hotel, delivered a speech to his employees on the 20th, where he thanked them for their work on the 11th, and announced they would be employed until at least October 5, and covered by the hotel's health insurance for a year.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /> The guests staying at the Marriott World Trade Center and the Marriott Financial Center, which was also damaged during the attacks, were sent to seven other Marriott hotels in the city. At those locations, security was increased and cancellation fees were waived.<ref name="Hedgpeth 2001" />

In January 2002, the remnants of the hotel were dismantled to make way for reconstruction.Template:Citation needed The Marriott Corporation was then offered an opportunity to rebuild the hotel in the same location within the World Trade Center site, as its lease which was signed until 2094 had not expired. Marriott declined the offer, and in October 2003, the Port Authority voted on an agreement under which the Host Marriott Corporation would "surrender the premises", resulting in termination of the lease and thus giving the land to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.<ref name="Dunlap 2003" /> Marriott thus did not have to fulfill its obligation to rebuild the hotel.<ref name=":2" />

In August 2002, the FBI found, within their records, what is currently the only known audio recording containing both World Trade Center plane crashes in a continuous or uninterrupted audiotape. The recording is of a conversation between two men at the hotel's cafe. One was a tax assessor for the city government who was being investigated by the FBI for allegedly taking bribes, and the other was tax consultant Stephen McArdle, who was cooperating with the investigation; McArdle was wearing a hidden wiretap recording the conversation to the audiotape, which two FBI agents were listening in on. The men on the tape and the FBI agents all survived the attacks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Memorials and legacy

On the afternoon of the attacks, at the World Trade Center's ruins (later nicknamed "Ground Zero"), photographer Thomas E. Franklin captured the now-iconic image Raising the Flag at Ground Zero. It depicts firefighters raising the American flag upon a flagpole found within the rubble; the flagpole was likely present at the Marriott.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A flag displaying the Marriott company logo was found at Ground Zero in December 2001, and was displayed in a glass case at the site over the next few months. The case honored the hotel's employees with the plaque: "Our Spirit to Serve From sacrifice ... honor From adversity ... resolve From grief ... remembrance".<ref name="LDS Living 2019" /> The flag was eventually received by the 9/11 Memorial & Museum.<ref name="LDS Living 2019" />

The Ladder 118 firetruck was recovered from Ground Zero within days of the attack, and their tools were recovered two months later. A photo of the firetruck, crossing the Brooklyn Bridge to get to the World Trade Center after the second plane crash, became an iconic image of 9/11. It was taken by Aaron McLamb from his 10th-floor workplace in Brooklyn, who brought the photo to the firehouse a week later. It was then published on the front page of the New York Daily News for October 15, 2001.<ref name="McKennett"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pete Davidson loosely based the 2020 film he starred in, The King of Staten Island, on his father's service on 9/11 as part of the crew of that firetruck.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The hotel, and those who survived the 9/11 attacks within it, were featured in the documentary film Hotel Ground Zero, which premiered on September 11, 2009, on the History Channel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some survivors only found out after watching the documentary that others they had met during the attacks were still alive.<ref name="Content 2009">Template:Cite web</ref> The survivors have reunited near or at the hotel site multiple times.<ref name="Segal 2006" /><ref name="Voice of America 2013" /><ref name="Content 2009" /> As of 2011, there was a "Marriott Hotel 9/11 memorial group" that helped survivors get in contact with each other.<ref name=":1" /> In 2013, there was charity run in the area to honor Ruben Correa, a firefighter who died as a part of the group on the 21st floor.<ref name="Dwyer Fessenden 2002" /><ref name="Voice of America 2013" />

External links

• Marriott World Trade Center Survivors
• Template:Usurped
• The 9/11 Hotel, a five-part documentary video on YouTube including interviews with surviving guests and workers at the Marriott World Trade Center
• Marriott World Trade Center Website – Archived on Internet Archive