Martin Kramer

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File:מרטין קרמר.jpg
Kramer in 2019

Martin Seth Kramer (Template:Langx; born September 9, 1954, Washington, D.C.) is an American-Israeli academic with a focus on the Middle East at Tel Aviv University and the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. His focus is on the history and politics of the Middle East, contemporary Islam, and modern Israel.

Kramer has written for the group Middle East Forum, and has argued that Islam and fundamentalism are innately linked.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Education

Kramer began his undergraduate degree under Itamar Rabinovich in Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University and completed his BA in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University. He earned his PhD at Princeton as well, under Fouad Ajami, L. Carl Brown, Charles Issawi, and Bernard Lewis, who directed his thesis. He also received a History MA from Columbia University.<ref>Martin Kramer/Juan Cole: Oppo Research</ref> He gained a PhD in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University in 1982.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Career

Kramer is a senior and past editor of the Middle East Forum's Middle East Quarterly.<ref>MESA Culpa, by M. Kramer, Fall 2002</ref> Primarily a scholar of twentieth century Islamist intellectual and political history, Kramer has also published columns in the National Review magazine<ref>Hijacking Islam, by M. Kramer, National Review, September 19, 2001</ref><ref>From Afghanistan to Araby, by M. Kramer, National Review, December 10, 2001</ref> and on the websites of the History News Network.<ref>Is Sharansky Right? Does Everyone Want to Be Free?, by M. Kramer, History News Network, June 22, 2005</ref>

Political involvement

Kramer was an early advocate of attacking Saddam Hussein in the wake of 9/11, arguing in December 2001 that regardless of a possible involvement, he posed a threat to the entire Middle East.<ref>From Afghanistan to Araby by Martin Kramer, National Review, December 10, 2001</ref> However, he was critical of the shifting rationale for the war in October 2002, questioning the United States' "tools of social engineering" needed to promote an eventual democracy process in the Arab world.<ref>When I Hear "Arab Democracy," I Reach for My Seat Belt by Martin Kramer, October 11, 2002</ref>

He was a senior policy adviser on the Middle East to the Rudy Giuliani Presidential Campaign in 2007.<ref>Rudy's Man in the Middle East, "New York Observer", August 21, 2007.</ref>

Critique of Middle Eastern studies

Ivory Towers on Sand

In 2001, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy published Kramer's book Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America.<ref>download</ref> In the book (as reported by the New York Times), Kramer argued that Middle East experts "failed to ask the right questions at the right time about Islam. They underestimated its impact in the 1980s; they misrepresented its role in the early 1990s; and they glossed over its growing potential for terrorism against America in the late 1990s."The book was given positive mentions in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Washington Post<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

John L. Esposito accused Kramer of trying to discredit the entire Middle East establishment.<ref name="nyt2001nov3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Zachary Lockman, professor of modern Middle East history at New York University, admits that Kramer's criticism of Middle East scholars' general failure to anticipate the rise of Islamist movements in the 1970s is well-deserved but maintains that "[o]verall, Kramer’s approach is deeply flawed as a history of Middle East studies as a scholarly field."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HR 3077

Kramer was one of the most vocal supporters of HR 3077,<ref name="ShamiMiller-Idriss2016">Template:Cite book</ref> a bill in the United States House of Representatives designed to reform area studies in the US.Template:How Saree Makdisi argues in a Los Angeles Times op-ed that the bill "poses a profound threat to academic freedom".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Osama University">Osama University?, by Michelle Goldberg, reprint from Salon.com, 2005</ref>

Palestinian population growth controversy

At the February 2010 Herzliya Conference in Israel, Kramer caused controversy by advocating for the elimination of Western aid in what he termed "pro-natal subsidies" to Palestinian refugees in Gaza in order to discourage population growth and Islamic radicalization:<ref name="Harvard Crimson">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="fp2010feb28">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Aging populations reject radical agenda and the Middle East is no different. Now eventually, this will happen among the Palestinians, too. But it will happen faster if the West stops providing pro-natal subsidies for Palestinians with refugee status. Those subsidies are one reason why in the ten years, from 1997 to 2007, Gaza’s population grew by an astonishing 40%. At that rate, Gaza’s population will double by 2030 to three million. Israel’s present sanctions on Gaza have a political aim, undermine the Hamas regime, but they also break Gaza’s runaway population growth and there is some evidence that they have. That may begin to crack the culture of martyrdom, which demands a constant supply of superfluous young men.{{#if:|

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At the time, he was a National Security Studies Program Visiting Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, and some critics called on Harvard to distance itself from him. Deans at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs rejected these calls, stating, "Accusations have been made that Martin Kramer's statements are genocidal. These accusations are baseless." They found that Kramer's critics "appear not to understand the role of controversy in an academic setting" and rejected any attempts to restrict "fundamental academic freedom."<ref name="AZ">Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS, Andrew Pessin and Doron S. Ben-Atar, Indiana University Press, pages 151-155</ref> Kramer later referred to the speech as "experimental" and deliberately "provocative."<ref name="AZ" />

Bibliography

Books

Journal Papers

Kramer on interpreters of the Middle East

Kramer on Key Middle Eastern Figures

Kramer on U.S. and Israeli Policy

Kramer on the Zionist legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.

References

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