Martini (cocktail)
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox drink The martini is a cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive, a lemon twist, or both. Over the years, the martini has become one of the best-known mixed alcoholic beverages. A common variation, the vodka martini, uses vodka instead of gin for the cocktail's base spirit.
Preparation
By 1922, the martini reached its most recognizable form in which London dry gin and dry vermouth are combined at a ratio of 2:1, stirred in a mixing glass with ice cubes, with the optional addition of orange or aromatic bitters, then strained into a chilled cocktail glass.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Over time, the generally expected garnish became the drinker's choice of a green olive or a twist of lemon peel.
A dry martini in modern terminology is made with a dash or only a hint of vermouth.<ref name="short" /> Ordering a martini "extra dry" will result in even less or no vermouth added. In the Roaring Twenties, it became a common drink order. Over the course of the 20th century, the amount of vermouth steadily dropped. During the 1930s, the ratio was 3:1 (gin to vermouth), and during the 1940s, the ratio was 4:1. During the latter part of the 20th century, 5:1 or 6:1 dry martinis became considered the norm.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Drier variations can go to 8:1, 12:1, 15:1 (the "Montgomery", after British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's supposed penchant for attacking only when in possession of great numerical superiority).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In 1966, the American Standards Association (ASA) released K100.1-1966, "Safety Code and Requirements for Dry Martinis", a tongue-in-cheek account of how to make a "standard" dry martini.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The latest revision of this document, K100.1-1974, was published by American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the successor to ASA, though it is no longer an active standard.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Origins and mixology
The exact origin of the martini is unclear. The name may derive from the Italian Martini brand of vermouth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another popular theory suggests it evolved from a cocktail called the Martinez served sometime in the early 1860s at the Occidental Hotel in San Francisco, which people frequented before taking an evening ferry to the nearby town of Martinez, California. Alternatively, residents of Martinez say a bartender in their town created the drink,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while another source indicates that the drink was named after the town. Indeed, a "Martinez Cocktail" was first described in Jerry Thomas's 1887 edition of his Bartender's Guide, How to Mix All Kinds of Plain and Fancy Drinks:<ref>Thomas's 1887 "Martinez Cocktail" recipe.</ref> Template:Blockquote
Other bartending guides of the late 19th century contained recipes for numerous cocktails similar to the modern-day martini.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For example, Harry Johnson's Bartenders' Manual (1888) listed a recipe for a "Martini Cocktail" that consisted in part of half a wine glass of Old Tom gin and a half a wine glass of vermouth.<ref name="Johnson1888">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Blockquote
The "Marguerite Cocktail", first described in 1904, could be considered an early form of the dry martini, because it was a 2:1 mix of Plymouth dry gin and dry vermouth, with a dash of orange bitters.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In his 1907 bartenders' guide The World's Drinks And How To Mix Them, San Francisco mixologist William Boothby provided possibly the earliest recipe for a "Dry Martini Cocktail" not only resembling a modern-day martini in the ingredients, but also under that name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Attributing it to one Charlie Shaw of Los Angeles, Boothby's book gave the recipe as follows: Template:Blockquote
The first dry martini is sometimes linked to the name of a bartender who concocted the drink at the Knickerbocker Hotel in New York City in 1911 or 1912.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During Prohibition in the United States (1920–1933) the relative ease of illegal gin manufacture led to the martini's rise as the locally predominant cocktail. With the repeal of Prohibition, and the ready availability of quality gin, the drink became progressively drier. In the 1970s and 1980s, the martini came to be seen as old-fashioned and was replaced by more intricate cocktails and wine spritzers, but the mid-1990s saw a resurgence in the drink and numerous new versions.<ref name="short">Template:Cite web</ref>
Variations
Template:AnchorThe traditional martini comes in a number of variations.
Template:AnchorA perfect martini uses equal amounts of sweet and dry vermouth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A dry martini contains more gin. Some recipes advocate the elimination of vermouth altogether; the playwright Noël Coward is credited with the assertion that "a perfect Martini should be made by filling a glass with gin, then waving it in the general direction of Italy."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similarly, the Churchill martini supposedly favored by Winston Churchill uses no vermouth, and is prepared with gin straight from the freezer and a "glance" at a bottle of vermouth,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or a "bow in the direction of France".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn Luis Buñuel used the dry martini as part of his creative process, regularly using it to sustain "a reverie in a bar". He offers his own recipe, involving Angostura bitters, in his memoir.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A wet martini contains more vermouth; a 50-50 martini uses equal amounts of gin and vermouth. An upside-down or reverse martini has more vermouth than gin.<ref name = "nyt">Template:Cite news</ref>
A dirty martini contains a splash of olive brine or olive juice and is typically garnished with an olive.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> An extra dirty martini typically contains twice the amount of olive brine or juice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A direct martini or naked martini is a regular martini, but prepared by storing the gin in a freezer and then pouring the gin directly into the serving glass with the vermouth instead of stirring it with ice first. This method allows the drink to be served very cold but without the dilution that the traditional stirring method adds. This style of martini is mainly associated with and popularized by Dukes Hotel Bar in London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A martini may also be served on the rocks—that is, with the ingredients poured over ice cubes and served in an old fashioned glass.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A Gibson is a standard dry martini garnished with cocktail onions instead of olives.
The Yale Cocktail is a 6:1 martini with equal parts vermouth and either crème de violette or Creme Yvette, which impart a blue color, and Angostura bitters.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Vodka martini
A vodka martini is a cocktail made with vodka and vermouth, a variation of a martini. A vodka martini is made by combining vodka, dry vermouth and ice in a cocktail shaker or mixing glass. The ingredients are chilled, either by stirring or shaking, then strained and served "straight up" (without ice) in a chilled cocktail glass. The drink may be garnished with an olive, a "twist" (a strip of lemon peel squeezed or twisted), capers, or cocktail onions (with the onion garnish specifically yielding a vodka Gibson).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Other meanings of the word
A trend that started in the 1980s, was to use the term "martini" to refer to other mostly-hard-liquor cocktails such as Manhattan, Cosmopolitan, whose commonality with the original drink is the cocktail glass in which they are served. There is some debate as to whether or not these are true martinis. In a similar vein, there are "dessert martinis" that are not a drink, but are served in martini glasses.
Some newer drinks include the word "martini" or the suffix "-tini" in the name (e.g., appletini, peach martini, chocolate martini, breakfast martini). These are so named because they are served in a cocktail glass. Generally containing vodka, they have little in common with the martini. A porn star martini is a variation of a vodka martini. The vodka is vanilla flavored, and is served with passion fruit juice, accompanied by a shot of Prosecco.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Popular variations
- Bacon martini
- Chocolate martini
- Coconut cloud martini
- Espresso martini<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- China martini, which is actually a flavour variant of Amaro
- French martini
- Mexican martini
- Saketini
- Vesper cocktail, also sometimes referenced as a Vesper martini
Nicotini
A nicotini is any alcoholic drink which includes nicotine as an ingredient. Its name is modeled after the word "martini" in the fashion of such drinks as the appletini. It often exudes an amber color.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In popular culture
Martinis are often used in art to symbolise joy and closure.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- The fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond is famously known for ordering a "vodka martini, shaken, not stirred".<ref name=Cocktails>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref>
- The phrase first appears, yet without the specification for "vodka", in the fourth book of the Bond novel series by Ian Fleming in Diamonds Are Forever (1956), but the Bond character is not the one that says it.<ref name=Prof/>
- A variation of the phrase is uttered by the villain Dr. Julius No, in the first Bond film, Dr. No (1962), but again, Bond is not the character who says it.<ref name=Prof/>
- In Casino Royale, Fleming invented the Vesper martini, with gin, vodka, and Kina Lillet.
- It was first uttered by the Bond character himself (Sean Connery), in its entirety, in the third Bond film, Goldfinger (1964).<ref name=Prof>Template:Cite web</ref>
- On the American television show I Dream of Jeannie, Jeannie makes vodka martini gush from a rock in the desert for Captain Nelson, calling it his "favorite potion" (though at the time he needed water).
- The Australian writer Frank Moorhouse, (famous for creating complex female protagonists such as Edith in Dark Palace), was an uncompromising Martini enthusiast. His novels and short stories are often punctuated with extensive explanations of proper and improper ways to make a Martini. Moorhouse's book, Martini: A Memoir (2005), considers the cocktail as a way of being and a symbol for aspects of his own life. It also includes handy instructions for mixing the perfect Martini.
- On the American sitcom M*A*S*H, the main character Benjamin "Hawkeye" Pierce has a gin distillery in his tent, which he uses to make martinis in almost every episode.
- In the animated television series Family Guy, the dry martini is notably associated with Brian Griffin, the family’s anthropomorphic dog. Brian is frequently depicted drinking dry martinis, which have become a defining characteristic of his personality and a recurring element in the show.