Marus, Safad

Marus (Template:Langx) was a Palestinian village in Upper Galilee, 7 km northeast of Safad. In the Roman and medieval period it had Jewish population, and by the 16th century it became entirely Muslim. After a period of desertion, the Ottoman authorities resettled it with Algerian Arabs in the 19th century. It was depopulated in 1948 during the Operation Hiram by the Israeli attacking brigade Sheva' Brigade.

History and archaeology

Archaeology

In 1875, Victor Guérin found major ruins here. He described the place as a destroyed Arab village.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. 451-2</ref>

In 1881 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine found here: "Modern and ancient ruins; a spring in a rock-cut cave, ancient foundations of good-sized stones; the foundations of a small rectangular building to the west of the eastern portion of the ruin. Some rock-cut tombs and many caves in hills around."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 242</ref>

Starting in 1981 Zvi Ilan excavated in sites next to the 20th century village in different directions. Excavations revealed signs of a long-standing community, and Jewish presence at some periods. An ancient synagogue built in the late 4th or early 5th century,<ref name="GoodmanCohen2002">Goodman et al, 2002, p. 841</ref> and a related Beth midrash of the 7th century,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a cache of coins ranging from the 5th to 9th centuries, a necropolis partly of the 1st century CE, and sherds from Roman to early Ottoman period. There are remains of a defensive wall of large stones, and a hewn moat.<ref name=Ilan83>Ilan, 1983 (Hebrew), and English abstract</ref>

Written sources

Classical era

Based on the archaeological findings and the name Marus, archaeologist Zvi Ilan suggested Marus is to be identified with the town Meroth. Meroth (Template:Langx) is mentioned by Josephus as a border town between Jewish Galilee and Tyre in the First Jewish–Roman War, and a place he fortified early in the war. Previous suggestions as to its location included Maroun al-Ras, and Meiron, which show less archaeological parallels. The name possibly derives from Template:Lang (Me'arot, caves).<ref name=Ilan83 />

Middle Ages

Marus is probably mentioned in a Samaritan medieval manuscript, again as the border of Tyre, and in a pilgrimage guide of the 14th century.<ref name=Ilan83 />

Ottoman era

In 1596, Marus was part of the Ottoman Empire, a village in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira under the liwa' ("district") of Safad, with a population of 176. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, and fruits as well as on goats.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 178. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 475</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Template:Webarchive writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref> All the villagers were Muslim.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 178</ref>

In the second half of the 19th century Algerian followers of Abdelkader El Djezairi have been defeated by the French in Algeria, and sought refuge in another part of the Ottoman Empire. They were given lands in various locations in Ottoman Syria, including Marus, and the close by Dayshum, Ammuqa, Al-Husayniyya, and Tulayl.<ref name=Abbasi>Abbasi, 2007 (Hebrew). Non-Hebrew version in The Maghreb Review, 28(1), 2003 pp. 41-59.</ref>

British Mandate era

In the British Mandate period the village was classified as a hamlet by the Palestine Index Gazetteer.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 475</ref> In the 1922 census of Palestine, Marus had a population of 45; all Muslims,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41</ref> increasing in the 1931 census to 59, still all Muslims, in a total of 12 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. 108</ref>

Grain cultivation and animal husbandry represented the chief sources of livelihood for the villagers. Figs as well as other fruits were also cultivated mainly to the east, northeast, and north of the site. Columns, tombs carved in rock, presses, and a cave with a carved stone entrance have been found at the site.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 1945 statistics the population was 80 Muslims,<ref name=DoS1945/> and the total land area was 3,183 dunums.<ref name=Hadawi70/> Of this, 108 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 903 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 120</ref> while 8 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 170</ref>

Israeli rule

The village was occupied by the Israeli Defense Force's Sheva' Brigade, during the Operation Hiram at the close of 1948 Arab-Israeli war.

According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, describing the village land in 1992: "The site contains some olive and fig trees as well as stones from ruined homes. The surrounding land is used for grazing."<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 476</ref>

See also

• Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel

Bibliography

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External links

• Welcome to Marus Palestine Remembered
• Marus, Zochrot
• Marus, Dr. Khalil Rizk.
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• Marus, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
• Template:Cite book
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