Mary Lou Williams

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Mary Lou Williams (born Mary Elfrieda Scruggs; May 8, 1910 – May 28, 1981<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>) was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and composer. She wrote hundreds of compositions and arrangements and recorded more than one hundred records (in 78, 45, and LP versions).<ref>Kernodle, Tammy L. Soul on Soul: The Life and Music of Mary Lou Williams, (2004); Template:ISBN</ref> Williams wrote and arranged for Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, and she was friend, mentor, and teacher to Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Tadd Dameron, Bud Powell, and Dizzy Gillespie.

She has been noted for her 1954 conversion to Catholicism, which led to a musical hiatus and a later transformation in the nature of her music. She continued to perform and work as a philanthropist, educator, and youth mentor until her death from bladder cancer in 1981.

Early years

The second of eleven children, Williams was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and grew up in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> A child prodigy, at the age of two she was able to pick out simple tunes and by the age of three, she was taught piano by her mother.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="The Kansas City Star">Template:Cite news</ref> Mary Lou Williams played piano out of necessity at a very young age; her white neighbors were throwing bricks into her house until Williams began playing the piano in their homes.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref> At the age of six, she supported her ten half-brothers and sisters by playing at parties.<ref name="Wilson">Template:Cite news</ref> She began performing publicly at the age of seven when she became known admiringly in Pittsburgh as "The Little Piano Girl".<ref name="folkways.si.edu">Template:Cite web</ref> She became a professional musician at the age of 15, citing Lovie Austin as her greatest influence.<ref>Dahl, Linda. Morning Glory: A Biography of Mary Lou Williams, Pantheon Books, p. 29 (2000); Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="auto"/> She married jazz saxophonist John Overton Williams in November 1926.<ref name=":0" />

Career

In 1922, at the age of 12, Williams went on the Orpheum Circuit of theaters. During the following year she played with Duke Ellington and his early small band, the Washingtonians. One morning at three o'clock, she was playing with McKinney's Cotton Pickers at Harlem's Rhythm Club. Louis Armstrong entered the room and paused to listen to her.<ref name="Kitten">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 1927, Williams married saxophonist John Overton Williams.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> She met him at a performance in Cleveland where he was leading his group, the Syncopators, and moved with him to Memphis, Tennessee. He assembled a band in Memphis, which included Williams on piano. In 1929, 19-year-old Williams assumed leadership of the Memphis band when her husband accepted an invitation to join Andy Kirk's band in Oklahoma City. Williams joined her husband in Oklahoma City but did not play with the band. The group, Andy Kirk's Twelve Clouds of Joy,<ref name=":2" /> moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where Williams, when she wasn't working as a musician, was employed transporting bodies for an undertaker. When the Clouds of Joy accepted a longstanding engagement in Kansas City, Missouri, Williams joined her husband and began sitting in with the band, as well as serving as its arranger and composer. She provided Kirk with such songs as "Froggy Bottom", "Walkin' and SwinginTemplate:'", "Little Joe from Chicago", "Roll 'Em", and "Mary's Idea".<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>

Williams was the arranger and pianist for recordings in Kansas City (1929) Chicago (1930), and New York City (1930). During a trip to Chicago, she recorded "Drag 'Em" and "Night Life" as piano solos. She used the name "Mary Lou" at the suggestion of Jack Kapp at Brunswick Records.<ref>Max Jones Jazz Talking: Profiles, Interviews, and Other Riffs on Jazz Musicians, Da Capo Press, 2000, p. 190; Template:ISBN</ref> The records sold quickly, raising Williams to national prominence. Soon after the recording session she became Kirk's permanent second pianist, playing solo gigs and working as a freelance arranger for Earl Hines, Benny Goodman, and Tommy Dorsey. In 1937, she produced In the Groove (Brunswick), a collaboration with Dick Wilson, and Benny Goodman asked her to write a blues song for his band. The result was "Roll 'Em", a boogie-woogie piece based on the blues, which followed her successful "Camel Hop", named for Goodman's radio show sponsor, Camel cigarettes. Goodman tried to put Williams under contract to write for him exclusively, but she refused, preferring to freelance instead.<ref>Karin Pendle, American Women Composers, Routledge, 1997, p. 117; Template:ISBN</ref>

In 1942, Williams, who had divorced her husband, left the Twelve Clouds of Joy, returning again to Pittsburgh.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref> She was joined there by bandmate Harold "Shorty" Baker, with whom she formed a six-piece ensemble that included Art Blakey on drums. After an engagement in Cleveland, Baker left to join Duke Ellington's orchestra. Williams joined the band in New York City, then traveled to Baltimore, where she and Baker were married. She traveled with Ellington and arranged several tunes for him, including "Trumpet No End" (1946), her version of "Blue Skies" by Irving Berlin.<ref>Duke Ellington Music Is My Mistress, Da Capo Press, 1976, p. 169; Template:ISBN</ref> She also sold Ellington on performing "Walkin' and Swingin'". Within a year she had left Baker and the group and returned to New York.

File:Teagarden, Mary Lou Williams, Tadd Dameron, Hank Jones, Dizzy Gillespie (Gottlieb).jpg
Williams in her apartment with Jack Teagarden, Tadd Dameron, Hank Jones and Dizzy Gillespie

Williams accepted a job at the Café Society Downtown, started a weekly radio show called Mary Lou Williams's Piano Workshop<ref name=":4" /> on WNEW and began mentoring and collaborating with younger bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk. In 1945, she composed the bebop hit "In the Land of Oo-Bla-Dee" for Gillespie.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "During this period Monk and the kids would come to my apartment every morning around four or pick me up at the Café after I'd finished my last show, and we'd play and swap ideas until noon or later", Williams recalled in Melody Maker.

In 1945, Williams composed the classically-influenced Zodiac Suite, in which each of the twelve parts corresponded to a sign of the zodiac, and were accordingly dedicated to several of her musical colleagues, including Billie Holiday, and Art Tatum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She recorded the suite with Jack Parker and Al Lucas and performed it December 31, 1945, at The Town Hall in New York City with an orchestra and tenor saxophonist Ben Webster.<ref name="Swing">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1952, Williams accepted an offer to perform in England and ended up staying in Europe for two years.<ref name=":3" /> By this time, her musical career had left Williams mentally and physically drained.

Conversion to Catholicism and hiatus

A three-year hiatus from performing began when she suddenly backed away from the piano during a performance in Paris in 1954.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She returned to the United States, converting to Catholicism in 1954 alongside Dizzy Gillespie's wife Lorraine. In addition to spending several hours at Mass, her energies were then devoted mainly to the Bel Canto Foundation, an effort she initiated using her savings as well as help from friends to turn her apartment in Hamilton Heights into a halfway house for the poor as well as musicians who were grappling with addiction; she also made money over a longer period of time for the halfway house by way of a thrift store in Harlem.

Her hiatus may have been triggered by the death of her long-time friend and student Charlie Parker in 1955 who also struggled with addiction for the majority of his life.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Father John Crowley and Father Anthony aided in persuading Williams to return to playing music. They told her that she could continue to serve God and the Catholic Church by utilizing her exceptional gift of creating music.<ref name="auto" /> Moreover, Gillespie convinced her to return to playing, which she did at the 1957 Newport Jazz Festival with Gillespie's band.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1958, she appeared as one of only three women in the famous photograph of jazz greats, A Great Day in Harlem.

Father Peter O'Brien, a Catholic priest, became her close friend and manager in the 1960s.<ref name=":1" /> Gillespie also introduced her to Pittsburgh's Bishop John Wright. O'Brien helped her establish new venues for jazz performance at a time when no more than two clubs in Manhattan offered jazz full-time. In addition to club work, she played at colleges, formed her own record label and publishing companies, founded the Pittsburgh Jazz Festival (with the bishop's help), and made television appearances.

Bishop Wright let her teach at Seton High School on the city's North Side. It was there that she wrote her first Mass, called The Pittsburgh Mass. Williams eventually became the first jazz composer commissioned by the church to compose liturgical music in the jazz idiom.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Return to music

Following her hiatus, Williams' wrote and performed Black Christ of the Andes, based around a hymn in honor of the Peruvian saint Martin de Porres, and two other short works, Anima Christi and Praise the Lord.<ref name="Shocking Omissions">Template:Cite web</ref> It was first performed in November 1962 at St. Francis Xavier Church in Manhattan. She recorded it in October of the next year.<ref name="Shocking Omissions" />

Throughout the 1960s, Williams' composing concentrated on sacred music, hymns, and Masses. One of the Masses, Music for Peace, was choreographed by Alvin Ailey and performed by the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater as Mary Lou's Mass in 1971.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> About the work, Ailey commented, "If there can be a Bernstein Mass, a Mozart Mass, a Bach Mass, why can't there be Mary Lou's Mass?"<ref name="NPR.org">Template:Cite news</ref> Williams performed the revision of Mary Lou's Mass, her most acclaimed work, on The Dick Cavett Show in 1971.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She also made a guest appearance on Sesame Street in 1975.

Williams put much effort into working with youth choirs to perform her works, including "Mary Lou's Mass" at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City in April 1975 before a gathering of over three thousand.<ref name="auto" /> It marked the first time a jazz musician had played at the church.<ref name="The Kansas City Star" /> She opened a charitable organization and opened thrift stores in Harlem, directing the proceeds, along with ten percent of her own earnings, to musicians in need. As a 1964 Time article explained, "Mary Lou thinks of herself as a 'soul' player — a way of saying that she never strays far from melody and the blues, but deals sparingly in gospel harmony and rhythm. 'I am praying through my fingers when I play,' she says. 'I get that good "soul sound", and I try to touch people's spirits.'"<ref name="time 1964">Template:Cite magazine</ref> She performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1965, with a jazz festival group.<ref name=":4" />

Throughout the 1970s, Williams' career flourished. She released numerous albums, including as solo pianist and commentator on the recorded The History of Jazz. She returned to the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1971. She could also be seen playing nightly in Greenwich Village at The Cookery, a new club run by her former boss from the Café Society, Barney Josephson. That engagement too, was recorded.

Williams had a two-piano performance with avant-garde pianist Cecil Taylor at Carnegie Hall on April 17, 1977.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite onstage tensions between Williams and Taylor, their performance was released on a live album titled Embraced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Williams instructed school children on jazz.<ref name="auto"/> She then accepted an appointment at Duke University as artist-in-residence (from 1977 to 1981),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> teaching the History of Jazz with Father O'Brien and directing the Duke Jazz Ensemble. With a light teaching schedule, she also made many concert and festival appearances, conducted clinics with youth, and in 1978 performed at the White House for President Jimmy Carter and his guests.<ref name=":4" /> She participated in Benny Goodman's 40th-anniversary Carnegie Hall concert in 1978.<ref name=":4" />

File:Mary Lou Williams ©Lynn Gilbert.jpg
Mary Lou Williams photographed in 1978 by Lynn Gilbert

Later years

Williams' final recording, Solo Recital (Montreux Jazz Festival, 1978), three years before her death, had a medley encompassing spirituals, ragtime, blues and swing. Other highlights include Williams's reworkings of "Tea for Two", "Honeysuckle Rose", and her two compositions "Little Joe from Chicago", and "What's Your Story Morning Glory". Other tracks include "Medley: The Lord Is Heavy", "Old Fashion Blues", "Over the Rainbow", "Offertory Meditation", "Concerto Alone at Montreux", and "The Man I Love".

In 1980, she founded the Mary Lou Williams Foundation.<ref name="Foundation">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1981, Mary Lou Williams died of bladder cancer in Durham, North Carolina at the age of 71.<ref name=":4" /> Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Goodman, and Andy Kirk attended her funeral at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola.<ref name="folkways.si.edu"/> She was buried in the Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Pittsburgh.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Looking back at the end of her life, Mary Lou Williams said: "I did it, didn't I? Through muck and mud."<ref>Dahl, Linda. Morning Glory: A Biography of Mary Lou Williams (2001), p. 379.</ref> She was known as "the first lady of the jazz keyboard".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Williams was one of the first women to be successful in jazz.<ref name="First">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Her final work for wind symphony, History..., reconstructed and recomposed by Duke faculty member Anthony Kelley, was premiered in 2024.<ref>Program Notes, Duke Wind Symphony performance, 13 April 2024</ref>

Awards and honors

  • Guggenheim Fellowships, 1972<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and 1977.
  • Nominee 1971 Grammy Awards, Best Jazz Performance – Group, for the album Giants, Dizzy Gillespie, Bobby Hackett, Mary Lou Williams<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Honorary degree from Fordham University in New York in 1973<ref name="NPR.org"/>
  • Honorary degree from Rockhurst College in Kansas City in 1980.<ref name="Mary Lou Williams">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Received the 1981 Duke University's Trinity Award for service to the university, an award voted on by Duke University students.<ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="folkways.si.edu"/>

Legacy

Discography

As leader

Year Title Label
1945 The Zodiac Suite Asch Records
1945 Town Hall '45: The Zodiac Suite Vintage Jazz Classics 1993)
1951 Mary Lou Williams Atlantic
1953 The First Lady of the Piano Vogue
1953 A Keyboard History Jazztone
1954 Mary Lou EmArcy
1959 Messin' 'Round in Montmartre Storyville
1964 Mary Lou Williams / Black Christ of the Andes Mary/ Folkways
1970 Music for Peace Mary
1975 Mary Lou's Mass Mary
1970 From the Heart Chiaroscuro
1974 Zoning Mary / Folkways
1975 Free Spirits Steeplechase
1976 Live at the Cookery Chiaroscuro 1994
1977 Embraced with Cecil Taylor Pablo Live
1977 My Mama Pinned a Rose on Me Pablo 1978
1977 Live at the Keystone Korner HighNote 2002
1977 A Grand Night For Swinging High Note, 2008
1978 Solo Recital Pablo
1978 Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz with Guest Mary Lou Williams Jazz Alliance 2004
1978 Nice Jazz 1978 Black And Blue 2016
1979 At Rick's Café Americain Storyville 1999
With Dizzy Gillespie
With Buddy Tate

References

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Further reading

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