Matthew Carter
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Matthew Carter (born 1 October 1937) is an English-born American type designer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="U.S. News">A Man of Letters Template:Webarchive, U.S. News & World Report, 1 September 2003. </ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A 2005 New Yorker profile described him as 'the most widely read man in the world' by considering the amount of text set in his commonly used typefaces.<ref name="Man of Letters">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Economist">Template:Cite news</ref>
Carter's career began in the early 1960s and has bridged all three major technologies used in type design: physical type, phototypesetting and digital type design, as well as the design of custom lettering.
Carter's most used typefaces are the classic web typefaces Verdana and Georgia and the Windows interface typeface Tahoma, as well as other designs including Bell Centennial, Miller and Galliard.<ref name="Design Museum">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Quirky serifs aside, Georgia fonts win on Web">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="dot-font: The Typographic Art of Matthew Carter">Template:Cite web</ref> He is the son of the English historian of printing Harry Carter (1901–1982) and cofounded Bitstream, one of the first major retailers of digital typefaces. He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref name="Five things you should know about Matthew Carter">Template:Cite web</ref>
Early life and education
Carter grew up in London, the son of Harry Carter, a book designer and later historian of printing. His mother worked in preparing scale drawings.
Although Carter had intended to get a degree in English at Oxford he was advised to take a year off so he would be the same age as his contemporaries who had gone into National Service.
Career
Enschedé
Through his father, Carter arranged to hold an internship at the Joh. Enschedé type foundry in the Netherlands for a year. An extremely long-lasting company with a long history of printing, Enschedé had a history of creating conservative but popular book typefaces. Carter studied manual punchcutting, the method used to make moulds used to cast metal type, under P. H. Rädisch. Punchcutting was a traditional artisanal approach in decline many years before the 1950s. Carter is one of the last people in Europe formally trained in the technique as a living practice.
Carter enjoyed the experience, and decided to move directly into a career in graphic design and printing.
London and New York
Carter's career in type and graphic design has bridged the transition from physical metal type to digital type.
Despite Carter's training in the art of traditional punchcutting, his career developed at a time when metal type was rapidly being displaced by phototypesetting. This reduced the cost of designing and using a wide range of typefaces, since type could be stored on reels of film rather than as blocks of expensively engraved metal. In a book on Carter's career, historian James Mosley, a few years older than Carter, would write of the period of their upbringing:
The Monotype classic [fonts] dominated the typographical landscape ... in Britain, at any rate, they were so ubiquitous that, while their excellent quality was undeniable, it was possible to be bored by them and to begin to rebel against the bland good taste that they represented. In fact we were already aware by 1960 that they might not be around to bore us for too long. The death of metal type ... seemed at last to be happening.'<ref name="Typographically Speaking: The Art of Matthew Carter">Template:Cite book</ref>
Carter eventually returned to London where he became a freelancer. By 1961 Carter was able to use the skills he acquired to cut his own version of the semi-bold typeface Dante. An early example of his work is the masthead logo he designed for the British magazine Private Eye in May 1962, still in use.<ref name="Matthew Carter's timeless typographic masthead for Private Eye magazine">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Previously the lettering had been different for the masthead of each issue; it was based on a typeface ('a bit of nameless juvenilia') which was never ultimately published.<ref name="Carter's Battered Stat">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Old School layout">Template:Cite web</ref> He also did early work for Heathrow Airport.<ref name="Creative Bloq">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Excoffon's Autograph">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1963, Carter became the typographic advisor to Crosfield Electronics, distributors of Photon phototypesetting machines.<ref name="Reputations: Matthew Carter" />
He moved to the United States in 1965 to work on designing typefaces for Mergenthaler Linotype<ref name="Reputations: Matthew Carter" /> at their offices in Brooklyn, New York.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At Linotype, Carter created several well-known typefaces including Snell Roundhand, a script typeface and Bell Centennial, intended for use in the Bell System's phone directories and to celebrate its anniversary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Based on the work of Robert Granjon, a 16th century French engraver, Carter created the sharp, high-contrast family Galliard. This matched a family interest: Carter's father in the 1950s had indexed and examined original type by Granjon at the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, and Carter had visited him several times to observe his progress. Carter's adaptation, more intended for display use than for body text, included some eccentricities of Granjon's original design, producing a result unlike many previous revivals of typefaces from the period.<ref name="Flawed Typefaces">Template:Cite web</ref> Carter wrote of his father's research that it had helped to demonstrate "that the finest collection of printing types made [by Christophe Plantin] in typography's golden age was in perfect condition (some muddle aside) [along with] Plantin's accounts and inventories which names the cutters of his types."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="or Garamont">Template:Cite web</ref>
Bitstream
In 1981, Carter and his colleague Mike Parker created Bitstream Inc.<ref name="U.S. News" /> in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Bitstream was the first independent digital type foundry in the United States,<ref name="Reputations: Matthew Carter" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was one of the largest suppliers of type before its acquisition by Monotype in 2012. The company however did receive extensive criticism for its strategy of cheaply offering digitisations of pre-existing typefaces that it had not designed, often under alternative names (for example, Times New Roman as 'Dutch 801'). While technically not illegal, this selling of large numbers of typefaces on CD would be described by type designer John Hudson as "one of the worst instances of piracy in the history of type".<ref name="Bitstream Devroye">Template:Cite web</ref> In his role at Bitstream, Carter designed typefaces, such as Charter, and commissioned others such as Iowan Old Style from John Downer.<ref name="Alastair Johnston">Template:Cite web</ref> Bitstream was ultimately acquired by Monotype in 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Carter also advised IBM as an independent consultant in the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Carter and Cone
Carter left Bitstream in 1991 and in 1992 formed the Carter & Cone type foundry with Cherie Cone.<ref name="Reputations: Matthew Carter">Template:Cite web</ref> Carter's recent typefaces have been published by a range of retailers including ITC, Font Bureau and Monotype, often in collaboration with Carter and Cone, together with his custom designs created for companies such as Microsoft.
Of Carter's recent typefaces, the serif web typeface Georgia is inspired by Scotch Roman designs of the 19th century.<ref name="Scotch Roman Mosley">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=type101>Template:Cite web</ref> It was based on designs for a print typeface in the same style Carter was working on when contacted by Microsoft; this would be released under the name Miller some years later.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=printinghistory>Template:Cite journal</ref> Speaking in 2013 about the development of Georgia and Miller, Carter said, "I was familiar with Scotch romans, puzzled by the fact that they were once so popular ... and then they disappeared completely."<ref name="Matthew Carter MyFonts interview">Template:Cite web</ref>
Many of Carter's typefaces were created to address specific technical challenges, for example those posed by early computers. Charter was created to use a minimal number of design elements to fit in a small memory space on early computers, a problem that had expired even before he finished the design.<ref name="Matthew Carter MyFonts interview" /> The bold versions of Verdana and Georgia are also unusually bold, almost black. Carter noted that, "Verdana and Georgia ... were all about binary bitmaps: every pixel was on or off, black or white ... The bold versions of Verdana and Georgia are bolder than most bolds, because on the screen, at the time we were doing this in the mid-1990s, if the stem wanted to be thicker than one pixel, it could only go to two pixels. That is a bigger jump in weight than is conventional in print series."<ref name="Matthew Carter MyFonts interview" /> Some of Carter's early typeface digitizations would later be revisited: Monotype released an expanded version of Charter and Font Bureau expanded versions of Georgia, Verdana, Big Caslon and others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Big Caslon promotional page">Template:Cite web</ref> Earlier in his career, Bell Centennial was created to be legible in telephone directories, even when printed on cheap paper at small sizes.
Carter's only typeface to bear his name is Carter Sans.<ref name="Typographica">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Typeoff">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Shaw Interview With Matthew Carter">Template:Cite web</ref> It is a 'glyphic' sans-serif with flaring towards the end of each letter. It was inspired by Albertus, a popular British typeface created by Berthold Wolpe for Monotype. Carter knew Wolpe early in his career and helped digitize one of his less-known typefaces for a 1980 retrospective of his work.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
One of Carter's more unusual projects was a typeface, Van Lanen, for the Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum. A 'Latin'-style wedge serif typeface, it was released both in digital form and wood type. In an article on it, Carter noted that it has been "50 years since a type of my design had been in a physical form that I could hold in my hand."<ref name="Yin and Yang" />
Carter has taught on Yale University's graphic design programme since 1976.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also designed the university's corporate typeface, Yale, at the request of John Gambell, the University Printer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="A brief history of the Yale typeface">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=ydn>Template:Cite web</ref> Carter has said that this was the first time in designing a typeface that he focused more on capital than lowercase letters, since he knew that on the building signs the lettering would be in capitals.<ref name="print">Template:Cite web</ref> Carter wrote that:
The signs, whether free-standing or attached to walls, reminded me of inscriptions, and this led me to think about the inscriptional origins of Roman caps and the everlasting problem of reconciling capitals with lowercase. For me, the moment when the first true synthesis occurred was in the type of De Aetna. This led me in turn to the Beinecke Library to pore over their copy of the book and its type – the archetype of Roman type for me.<ref name=print/>
Awards
Carter has won numerous awards for his contributions to typography and design, including an honoris causa, Doctorate of Humane Letters from the Art Institute of Boston, an AIGA medal in 1995, the TDC Medal from the Type Directors Club in 1997, and the 2005 SOTA Typography Award. A retrospective of his work, "Typographically Speaking, The Art of Matthew Carter," was exhibited at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County in December 2002. This retrospective is featured in the documentary, "Typographically Speaking: A Conversation With Matthew Carter." In 2010, Carter was named a MacArthur Foundation Fellow, otherwise known as a "genius" grant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 26 May 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Design Awards at the White House.<ref>Matthew Carter Receives 2011 National Design Award for Lifetime Achievement</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
He is a member of Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI), has served as chairman of ATypI, is a member of the board of directors of the Type Directors Club, and is an ex officio member of the board of directors of the Society of Typographic Aficionados (SOTA). Some of Carter's designs are in the collection of the St. Bride Printing Library in London.<ref name="The materials of typefounding">Template:Cite web</ref>
Carter was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to typography and design.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref name="Birthday Honours list">Template:Cite web</ref>
Typefaces
Matthew Carter's typefaces include the following: Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
- Alisal<ref name="Alisal MT MyFonts">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Bell Centennial<ref name="U.S. News" /><ref name="Bell Centennial LTA">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Big Caslon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref name="Fonts in Use Big Caslon">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Big Figgins
- Big Moore
- Carter Sans
- Cascade Script<ref name="Cascade LT">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Charter<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Cochin (adaptation)<ref name="Cochin LTA">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Elephant (later republished as Big Figgins)
- Fenway
- DTL Flamande
- ITC Galliard
- Gando
- Georgia<ref name="slate">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Helvetica Compressed<ref name="Typographically speaking : the art of Matthew Carter">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Helvetica Greek
- Mantinia<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Mantinia FB">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Meiryo (Latin range)
- Miller<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Monticello<ref name="Mr. Jefferson's Typeface">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Nina
- Olympian<ref name="Olympian MyFonts">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Rocky<ref name="Rocky FB">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Roster
- Shelley Script<ref name="Shelley Script LTA">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
- Sitka
- Snell Roundhand<ref name="U.S. News" />
- Skia
- Sophia<ref name="Sophia FB">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Stilson<ref name="Stilson FB">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Tahoma
- Van Lanen<ref name="Yin and Yang">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="HWT Van Lanen">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Verdana<ref name="slate" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Vincent
- Walker<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Wilson Greek
- Yale
Besides Carter's commercially released typefaces, many of his designs have been privately commissioned for companies for their own use. These include work for Le Monde, The New York Times, Time, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, Wired, and Newsweek.<ref name="Devroye Matthew Carter">Template:Cite web</ref> Some of these typefaces would later be released commercially. An example of this is Roster, which is based on a smaller family created under the name of Wrigley for Sports Illustrated magazine, and Stilson, originally proprietary to The Washington Post and named 'Postoni'.<ref name="Stilson FB" /><ref name="Roster FB">Template:Cite web</ref>
Seven of Carter's typefaces—Bell Centennial, Big Caslon, ITC Galliard, Mantinia, Miller, Verdana and Walker—have been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art since 2011. The typefaces were displayed in the MoMA's Standard Deviations exhibition of 2011–12.
See also
References
- Eye, No. 11, Vol. 3, edited by Rick Poynor, Wordsearch Ltd, 1993.
- Template:Cite book, p. 62.
External links
- Template:MoMA artist
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- MyFonts
- Georgia & Verdana – Typefaces for the screen
- Type Designer Showcase biography at Monotype Imaging
- Designing Modern Britain exhibition biography
- Mathew Carter in conversation with Erik Spiekermann, Eye No. 11
- Graphic Content: Carter Sans, by Steven Heller, New York Times, 2 February 2011
- Matthew Carter – collection of material by Luc Devroye
- Carter & Cone (Luc Devroye's website)
- Carter & Cone