Medinan surah
Template:Short description Template:QuranA Medinan surah (Template:Langx) of the Quran is one that was revealed at Medina after Muhammad's hijrah from Mecca. They are the latest 28 Suwar. The community was larger and more developed, in contrast to its minority position in Mecca.<ref>Vincent J. Cornell, Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition (2007), page 77</ref>
The Medinan Surahs occur mostly at the beginning and in the middle of the Qur'an (but are said to be the last revealed surahs chronologically), and typically have more and longer ayat (verses). Due to the new circumstances of the early Muslim community in Medina, these surahs more often deal with details of moral principles, legislation, warfare (as in Surah 2, al-Baqara), and principles for constituting the community. They also refer more often to the community with "O people!" and at times directly address Muhammad or speak of him as "an agent acting in combination with the divine persona: 'God and his messenger' (Q 33:22)".<ref name=mcauliffe>McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, "The Cambridge Companion to the Quran", Cambridge: 2006. p. 111.</ref>
The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations, which Theodor Noldeke used to develop his famous chronology of the Qur'anic suras. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. al-Rahman as name of God).<ref>(in Reviews) Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren by Angelika Neuwirth, Review author[s]: A. Rippin, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1982), pp. 149–150.</ref><ref name=mcauliffe />
Characteristics of Medinan surahs
Template:Original research Following are some of the stylistic and subject characteristics of Medinan Surahs:
- Mention of 'Jihad' and detailing on its rulings.Template:Cn
- Details of Islamic jurisprudence<ref>Fiqh</ref> and legal system<ref>Sharia</ref> as well as laws governing family, money transaction, international law and acts of worship.Template:Cn
- Mention of 'Munafiq' and dealing with hypocrites.Template:Cn
- Any verse that starts with يا أيها للذين آمنوا O you who believe.Template:Cn
- Discussion in regards to the People of the Book.Template:Cn
The Medinan phase
The Medinan phase lasted approximately 10 years. The phase began from Muhammad's hijrah to Medina; and ended with the death of Muhammad. While the themes of the Meccan surahs remain, the Muslims growing into more of a community and the formation of Ummah, now is clear.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Chronological order of Medinan surahs
The order of the 28 surahs, is as follows:
| Order | Sura Name | Number | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 87 | Al-Baqara | 2 | Except 281 from Mina at the time of the Last Hajj |
| 88 | Al-Anfaal | 8 | Except 30-36 from Mecca |
| 89 | Aal-i-Imraan | 3 | |
| 90 | Al-Ahzaab | 33 | |
| 91 | Al-Mumtahana | 60 | |
| 92 | An-Nisaa | 4 | |
| 93 | Az-Zalzala | 99 | |
| 94 | Al-Hadid | 57 | |
| 95 | Muhammad | 47 | Except 13, revealed during the Prophet's Hijrah |
| 96 | Ar-Ra'd | 13 | |
| 97 | Ar-Rahmaan | 55 | |
| 98 | Al-Insaan | 76 | |
| 99 | At-Talaaq | 65 | |
| 100 | Al-Bayyina | 98 | |
| 101 | Al-Hashr | 59 | |
| 102 | An-Noor | 24 | |
| 103 | Al-Hajj | 22 | Except 52-55, revealed between Mecca and Medina |
| 104 | Al-Munaafiqoon | 63 | |
| 105 | Al-Mujaadila | 58 | |
| 106 | Al-Hujuraat | 49 | |
| 107 | At-Tahrim | 66 | |
| 108 | At-Taghaabun | 64 | |
| 109 | As-Saff | 61 | |
| 110 | Al-Jumu'a | 62 | |
| 111 | Al-Fath | 48 | Revealed while returning from Hudaybiyya |
| 112 | Al-Maaida | 5 | Except 3, revealed at Arafat on Last Hajj |
| 113 | At-Tawba | 9 | Except last two verses from Mecca |
| 114 | An-Nasr | 110 | Revealed at Mina on Last Hajj, but regarded as Medinan sura |
| Source(s) | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||