MemTest86
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MemTest86 and Memtest86+ are memory test software programs designed to test and stress test an x86 architecture computer's random-access memory (RAM) for errors, by writing test patterns to most memory addresses, reading back the data, and comparing for errors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Each tries to verify that the RAM will accept and correctly retain arbitrary patterns of data written to it, that there are no errors where different bits of memory interact, and that there are no conflicts between memory addresses.
MemTest86
History
MemTest86 was developed by Chris Brady in 1994.<ref name="86history">Template:Cite web</ref> It was written in C and x86 assembly, and for all BIOS versions, was released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The bootloading code was originally derived from Linux 1.2.1.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The program is compiled as position-independent code so as to be able to move itself around and test all the memory regions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The proprietary PassMark version does not have this ability.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
BadRAM patch
Starting from MemTest86 2.3, the program can output a list of bad RAM regions in the format expected by the BadRAM patch for the Linux kernel.<ref name="86chg">Template:Cite web</ref> GRUB2 is able to supply this same information to an unpatched kernel, making the BadRAM patch unnecessary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Microsoft Windows has a similar feature (badmemorylist/badmemoryaccess), but manual conversion is required for setting it up.Template:Citation needed
PassMark purchase
In February 2013, the original MemTest86 was sold to PassMark. The BIOS version was updated under GPL until version 4.3.7.
MemTest86 Version 5.0 (3 December 2013) was rewritten for UEFI booting (initially with fallback to BIOS booting on non-UEFI systems), allowing for secure boot approval and mouse support. All UEFI versions are released under a proprietary freeware license. Version 6.0 (13 Feb 2015) adds support for DDR4 RAM, and a row-hammer test based on research from Yoongu Kim, et al..<ref name="86history" /><ref name="86chg" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Version 8.0 removed backward compatibility with non-UEFI systems, requiring a separate download of the older version 4.3.7.<ref name="86chg" />
Memtest86+
History
After MemTest86 remained at version 3.0 (2002 release) for two years, Samuel Demeulemeester created the Memtest86+ fork to add support for newer CPUs and chipsets.
From version 1.60, the program can output a list of bad RAM regions in the format expected by the BadRAM patch for the Linux kernel<ref name="86+chg">Template:Cite web</ref> (similar to MemTest86 2.3).
The BIOS-based line of Memtest86+ entered a stall after the release of version 5.01 (September 2013). In April 2020, the final BIOS-based version, 5.31 beta, was released with a short changelog claiming "many fixes".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In May 2020, Martin Whitaker forked Memtest86+ 5.31 into PCMemTest, rewriting it for UEFI support, DDR4 and DDR5 RAM, and supporting all current AMD and Intel chipsets and CPUs. In October 2022, this branch merged back, becoming Memtest86+ 6.0.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Adoption
Memtest86+ is included, optionally or by default, in many Linux distributions, including Debian,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the derived Ubuntu, and Arch Linux.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ubuntu includes it as part of the default installation if the machine is booting in BIOS mode, showing it in the GRUB OS-select menu;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the version 6.0, UEFI-capable, is available from Ubuntu 23.04 Lunar Lobster.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Whilst Memtest86+ version 5.01 required significant patching by distributions to keep the 2013 code base functional,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the 6.0 release did not require such extensive patching.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Common features
There are two development streams of MemTest86(+). The original is simply known as MemTest86. The other, known as Memtest86+, is a development fork of the original MemTest86. Their on-screen appearance and functionality were almost identical until MemTest86 4.3 and Memtest86+ 5.0.<ref name="86history" />
Version 5.0 of MemTest86 added a mouse-driven graphical user interface (GUI) and UEFI support; the latter was added by Memtest86+ from version 6.0.Template:Citation needed
These programs work with nearly all PC-compatible computers from 80386- and 80486-based systems to the latest systems with 64-bit processors. Each new release adds support for newer processors and chipsets.<ref name="86chg" /><ref name="86+chg" />
MemTest86(+) is designed to run as a stand-alone, self-contained program from a bootable USB flash drive, CD-ROM, floppy disk, or from a suitable boot manager without an operating system present.<ref name="Fisher 2018">Template:Cite web</ref> This is because the program must directly control the hardware being tested and leave as much of the RAM space as possible for examination.
MemTest86(+)'s testing is very comprehensive, so it can find otherwise hidden problems on machines that appear to work normally.<ref name="Fisher 2018" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With many chipsets, MemTest86 allows counting of failures even in error-correcting ECC DRAM (without special handling, error correcting memory circuits can mask problems with the underlying memory chips).
Some errors manifest intermittently or depend on the precise bits being stored, and do not occur on each pass; such errors may be revealed by running many passes over an extended period. Some tests use different data each pass to reveal data-dependent errors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Both versions now support current multi-core processors, the corresponding chipsets, and UEFI.<ref name="86+his">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>