Mike Gravel
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder
Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; May 13, 1930 – June 26, 2021) was an American politician and writer who represented Alaska in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1981 as a member of the Democratic Party. He ran for president twice: in 2008, and 2020. He was the fourth US Senator in Alaska's history.
Born and raised in Springfield, Massachusetts, by French-Canadian immigrant parents, Gravel moved to Alaska in the late 1950s, becoming a real estate developer and entering politics. He served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1963 to 1967, and also became Speaker of the Alaska House. Gravel was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1968.
As a senator, Gravel became nationally known for his forceful, but unsuccessful, attempts to end the draft during the War in Vietnam, and for putting the Pentagon Papers into the public record in 1971. He conducted an unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination in 1972 for Vice President of the United States, and then played a crucial role in obtaining Congressional approval for the Trans-Alaska pipeline in 1973. He was re-elected to the Senate in in 1974, but was defeated in his bid for a third term in the primary election in 1980.
An advocate of direct democracy and the National Initiative, Gravel staged a run for the 2008 Democratic nomination for President of the United States. His campaign failed to gain support, and in March 2008, he left the Democratic Party, and joined the Libertarian Party, to compete unsuccessfully for its presidential nomination and the inclusion of the National Initiative into the Libertarian Platform. He ran for president as a Democrat again in the 2020 election, in a campaign that ended four months after it began. Two years before his death, Gravel and his campaign staff founded the progressive think tank The Gravel Institute.
Early life, military service, education
Gravel was born on May 13, 1930, in Springfield, Massachusetts, one of five children of French-Canadian immigrant parents, Alphonse and Marie (née Bourassa) Gravel.<ref>Mike Gravel genealogy, Wargs.</ref><ref name="cby-182">Current Biography Yearbook 1972, p. 182.</ref><ref name="gravel-70">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 69–70.</ref> His parents were part of the Quebec diaspora,<ref>Template:Cite book pp. 392, 398.</ref> and he was raised in a working-class neighborhood<ref name="repub">Template:Cite news</ref> during the Great Depression,<ref name="gravel-70"/> speaking only French until he was seven years old.<ref name="wapo090907">Template:Cite news</ref> Calling him "Mike" from an early age,<ref name="cby-182"/> his father valued work above all else, while his mother stressed the importance of education.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 74.</ref>
Gravel was educated in parochial schools as a Roman Catholic.<ref name="cby-182"/> There he struggled, due to what he later said was undiagnosed dyslexia,<ref name="wapo090907"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was left back in third grade.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 83.</ref> He completed elementary school in 1945<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 81.</ref> and his class voted him "most charming personality".<ref name="cby-182"/> A summer job as a soda jerk led to Gravel handing out campaign fliers for local candidates on his boss's behalf; Gravel was immediately impressed with "the awesomeness of political office".<ref name="cby-182"/><ref name="wapo090907"/>
Gravel then boarded at Assumption Preparatory School in Worcester, Massachusetts,<ref name="cby-182"/> where his performance was initially mediocre.<ref name="nyp070371">Template:Cite news</ref> By Gravel's telling, in the summer of 1948 he intended to volunteer for the Israel Defense Forces during the 1947–1949 Palestine war, but Alexandra Tolstaya told him to return to school.<ref name="odyssey-105-128"/> There an English teacher, the Assumptionist Edgar Bourque, gave him personal attention, improving Gravel's language skills and instructing him in public speaking.<ref name="nyp070371"/> Gravel's grades improved measurably in his final year<ref name="nyp070371"/> and he graduated in 1949.<ref name="odyssey-105-128">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 105, 128.</ref> His sister, Marguerite, became a Holy Cross nun,<ref name="cby-182"/> but Gravel himself struggled with the Catholic faith.<ref name="uu121007">Mike Gravel's Unitarian Universalism, by Doug Muder, UUWorld, December 10, 2007. Accessed December 19, 2007.</ref> He studied for one year at Assumption College, a Catholic school in Worcester, then transferred for his sophomore year to American International College in Springfield.<ref name="cby-182"/> Journalist I. F. Stone and philosopher Bertrand Russell strongly influenced Gravel in their willingness to challenge assumptions and oppose social convention and political authority.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 105, 107–108.</ref>
Around May 1951, Gravel saw that he was about to be drafted and instead enlisted in the U.S. Army for a three-year term so that he could get into the Counterintelligence Corps.<ref name="gravel-108">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 108–110.</ref> After basic training and counterintelligence school at Fort Holabird in Maryland and in South Carolina, he went to Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, Georgia.<ref name="gravel-108" /> While he expected to be sent off to the Korean War when he graduated as a second lieutenant in early 1952, he was instead assigned to Stuttgart, West Germany, as a Special Adjutant in the Army's Communications Intelligence Service.<ref name="gravel-108" /> In Germany, Gravel conducted surveillance operations on civilians and paid off spies.<ref name="gravel-108" /> After about a year, he transferred to Orléans, France, where his French language abilities (if not his French-Canadian accent) allowed him to infiltrate French communist rallies.<ref name="gravel-108" /> He worked as a Special Agent in the Counterintelligence Corps until 1954,<ref name="repub" /> eventually becoming a first lieutenant.<ref name="nyt022776">Template:Cite news</ref>
Following his discharge, Gravel entered the Columbia University School of General Studies in New York City, where he studied economics and received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1956.<ref name="westbio">Stephen Haycox, Gravel entry in American Legislative Leaders in the West, 1911–1994, Greenwood Press, 1997, p. 126; Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He moved to New York "flat broke"<ref name="nyt022776"/> and supported himself by working as a bar boy in a hotel,<ref name="nyt022776"/> driving a taxicab,<ref name="salon050707">Template:Cite web</ref> and working in the investment bond department at Bankers Trust.<ref name="nyt022776"/> During this time he left the Roman Catholic faith.<ref name="uu121007"/>
Move to Alaska
Gravel "decided to become a pioneer in a faraway place,"<ref name="nyt022776"/> and moved to pre-statehood Alaska in August 1956, without funds or a job, looking for a place where someone without social or political connections could be a viable candidate for public office.<ref name="wapo090907"/><ref name="salon050707"/> Alaska's voting age of 19, less than most other states' 21, played a role in his decision,<ref name="nyt070271">Template:Cite news</ref> as did its newness<ref name="wapo090907"/> and cooler climate.<ref name="salon050707"/> Broke when he arrived, he immediately found work in real estate sales until winter arrived.<ref name="odyssey-134">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 134–135.</ref> Gravel then was employed as a brakeman for the Alaska Railroad, working the snow-clearing train on the Anchorage-to-Fairbanks run.<ref name="odyssey-134"/> Subsequently, he opened a small real estate brokerage in Anchorage (the Territory of Alaska not requiring a license) and saved enough so as not to have to work the railroad again.<ref name="odyssey-134"/> The firm was named the M. R. Gravel Real Estate Company.<ref name="mn-wed"/> Gravel joined the Anchorage Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, and continued a sporadic relationship with the movement throughout his life.<ref name="uu121007"/>
Seeing Alaska as a wide-open place with no political establishment or entrenched interests,<ref name="odyssey-136"/> Gravel quickly became part of the civic scene there. By October 1957, he was a Division Chairman for Anchorage for the Democratic Central Committee in the territory,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and by June 1958, he was president of the Alaska Young Democrats organization.<ref name="fnm-statehood">Template:Cite news</ref> He also became active in the United States Junior Chamber (Jaycees), and by early 1958, his duties included handing out awards for farmer of the year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By early 1958, Gravel was running as Democratic Party primary candidate for a Third Division seat in House of Representatives of the territorial legislature.<ref name="fdnm-feb58">Template:Cite news</ref> (This was one of the four administrative divisions into which Alaska was sectioned at the time.) Under the slogan "Gravel, the Roadbed to Prosperity", he lost.<ref name="salon050707"/><ref name="odyssey-136">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 136.</ref> At the same time, he was also an advocate for Alaskan statehood.<ref name="fnm-statehood"/>
Gravel went on a 44-state national speaking tour concerning tax reform in 1959, sponsored by the Jaycees, often dressing for events as Paul Revere.<ref name="westbio"/><ref name="atl-revere"/><ref name="twi-revere"/><ref name="chi-revere"/> Gravel was selected from some two thousand applications for this position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The tour received a good amount of local newspaper coverage at its various stops, with Gravel's first name sometimes given as Mike and other times as Maurice.<ref name="atl-revere"/><ref name="twi-revere">Template:Cite news</ref> The tour's general message was an urging of "lower taxes, more efficiency in government and a system of taxation moderate at all levels of income".<ref name="atl-revere">Template:Cite news</ref> At several stops Gravel stated that the "tide of socialism" had to be stopped.<ref name="atl-revere"/><ref name="chi-revere">Template:Cite news</ref> He elaborated at another stop, "It is part of our Jaycee creed that economic justice can best be won by free men through free enterprise. We really want to see that free enterprise become our inheritance."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The tour was scheduled to conclude in Washington D.C., on Tax Day, April 15, with petition signatures accumulated for reform to be presented to U.S. lawmakers:<ref name="twi-revere"/> dressed as Revere, Gravel rode with the petition to the steps of the U.S. Capitol.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 141.</ref>
The tour over, Gravel married Rita Jeannette Martin at the First Methodist Church of Anchorage on April 29, 1959.<ref name="cby-184"/><ref name="mn-wed"/> She was a native of Montana who had attended Billings Business College before moving to Alaska two years prior and becoming a secretary in the office of the Anchorage city manager.<ref name="mn-wed">Template:Cite news</ref> She had also been named Anchorage's "Miss Fur Rendezvous" of 1958.<ref name="cby-184">Current Biography Yearbook 1972, p. 184.</ref> They had two children, Martin Anthony Gravel and Lynne Denise Gravel,<ref name="cby-184"/> born Template:Circa and 1962 respectively.<ref name="nyt070271"/>
Gravel ran without avail for the City Council in Anchorage in 1960.<ref name="salon050707"/> During this time, he had become a successful real estate agent; after the 1960 election, he became a property developer in a mobile home park on the outskirts of Anchorage.<ref name="odyssey-142">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 142–143.</ref> After a partner ran into financial difficulty, however, the project went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and Gravel was forced out in 1962.<ref name="odyssey-142"/>
State legislator
With the support of Alaska wholesale grocer Barney Gottstein and supermarket builder Larry Carr,<ref name="cby-182"/><ref name="nyt070271"/> Gravel ran for the Alaska House of Representatives representing Anchorage in 1962, initially assigned the 10th and then 8th districts.<ref group="nb">The Alaska Constitution as ratified in 1956 had originally placed Anchorage in District 10, and given the community eight seats in the House based upon the 1950 United States census. The reapportionment and redistricting proclamation of Governor William A. Egan, dated December 7, 1961, placed Anchorage into District 8 (due to the elimination of two districts earlier in the order), and given the community 14 seats in the House based upon the 1960 United States census. See Template:Cite book This change occurred immediately prior to Gravel's election to the House. These districts were without designated seats. Therefore, it is impossible to determine a direct predecessor or successor, especially with the higher turnover of legislative seats which existed at the time. Gravel served from District 8 with: William H. Sanders (1963–1964); Bennie Leonard, Keith H. Miller, James C. Parsons, Jack H. White, William C. Wiggins (1963–1965); Homer Moseley (1963–1966); Earl D. Hillstrand, Joseph P. Josephson, Bruce B. Kendall, Carl L. Lottsfeldt, John L. Rader, Harold D. Strandberg (1963–1967); George M. Sullivan (1964–1965); Carl F. Brady, Bernard J. "Pop" Carr, Sr., Gene Guess, M. Daniel Plotnick, Charles J. Sassara, Jr., Ted Stevens (1965–1967); William J. Moran (1966–1967). See Template:Cite book</ref> Alaska had very crowded primaries that year: Gravel was one of 33 Democrats, along with 21 Republicans, who were running for the chance to compete for the 14 House seats allocated to the 8th district.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel made it through the primary, and in November eight Republicans and six Democrats were elected to the House from the district, with Gravel finishing eighth overall and third among with Democrats, with 8,174 votes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gottstein became Gravel's main financial backer during most of his subsequent campaigns.<ref name="wapo-feud"/>
Gravel served in the Alaska House of Representatives from January 28, 1963, to January 22, 1967, winning reelection in 1964. In his first term, he served as a minority member on two House committees: Commerce, and Labor and Management.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He co-authored and sponsored the act that created the Alaska State Commission for Human Rights.<ref name="cby-182"/> Gravel was the chief architect of the law that created a regional high school system for rural Alaska; this allowed Alaska Natives to attend schools near where they lived instead of having to go to schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the lower 48 states.<ref name="cby-182"/>
During the half-years that the legislature was not in session, Gravel resumed his real estate work.<ref name="odyssey-144">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 143–144, 149.</ref> With Gottstein and Carr's backing, he became quite successful as a property developer on the Kenai Peninsula.<ref name="cby-182"/><ref name="nyt022776"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During 1965 and 1966, he served as the Speaker of the House, surprising observers by winning that post.<ref name="nyt070271"/> Gravel convinced former Speaker Warren A. Taylor to not try for the position against him by promising Taylor chairmanship of the Rules Committee, then reneged on the promise.<ref name="odyssey-146">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 145–146.</ref> Gravel denied later press charges that he had promised but not delivered on other committee chairmanships.<ref name="odyssey-146"/><ref name="wapo-zelnick">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="gruening"/> As Speaker he antagonized fellow lawmakers by imposing his will on the legislature's committees<ref name="nyt070271"/> and feuded with Alaska State Senate president Robert J. McNealy.<ref name="wapo-zelnick"/>
Gravel did not run for reelection in 1966, instead choosing to run for Alaska's seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, losing the primary to four-term incumbent Democrat Ralph Rivers<ref name="salon050707"/> by 1,300 votes<ref name="nyt070271"/> and splitting the Democratic Party in the process.<ref name="nyt070271"/> Rivers lost the general election that year to Republican state Senator Howard Pollock. Following this defeat, Gravel returned to the real estate business in Anchorage.<ref name="nyt070271"/>
U.S. Senator
Election to Senate in 1968
Template:Main In 1968, Gravel ran against 81-year-old incumbent Democratic United States Senator Ernest Gruening, a popular former governor of the Alaska Territory who was considered one of the fathers of Alaska's statehood,<ref name="salon050707"/> for his party's nomination to the U.S. Senate. Gravel's campaign was primarily based on his youth and telegenic appearance rather than issue differences.<ref name="nyt070271"/><ref name="wapo-obit"/><ref name="gruening">Template:Cite book</ref> He hired Joseph Napolitan, the first self-described political consultant, in late 1966.<ref name="nyt070271"/> They spent over a year and a half planning a short, nine-day primary election campaign that featured the slogans "Alaska first" and "Let's do something about the state we're in", the distribution of a collection of essays titled Jobs and More Jobs, and the creation of a half-hour, well-produced, glamorized biographical film of Gravel, A Man for Alaska.<ref name="cby-182"/><ref name="salon050707"/><ref name="nyt070271"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film was shown twice a day on every television station in Alaska, and carried by plane and shown on home projectors in hundreds of Alaska Native villages.<ref name="cby-182"/><ref name="nyt070271"/><ref name="gruening"/> The heavy showings quickly reversed a 2–to–1 Gruening lead in polls into a Gravel lead.<ref name="nyt070271"/> Gravel visited many remote villages by seaplane and showed a thorough understanding of the needs of the bush country and the fishing and oil industries.<ref name="cby-182"/><ref name="cby-183"/>
Gravel also benefited from maintaining a deliberately ambiguous posture about Vietnam policy.<ref name="cby-183">Current Biography Yearbook 1972, p. 183.</ref> Gruening had been one of only two senators to vote against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and his opposition to President Lyndon B. Johnson's war policies was harming him among the Democratic electorate;<ref name="chinn" /> according to Gravel, "all I had to do was stand up and not deal with the subject, and people would assume that I was to the right of Ernest Gruening, when in point of fact I was to the left of him".<ref name="salon050707" /> In A Man for Alaska, Gravel argued that "the liberals" would come to West Germany's defense if it was attacked, and that they "should apply the same rule to Asians".<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> During the campaign he also claimed that he was "more in the mainstream of American thought on Vietnam" than Gruening, despite the fact that he had written to Gruening to praise his antiwar stance four years earlier. Decades later, Gravel conceded that "I said what I said [about Vietnam] to advance my career."<ref name="wapo-obit" />
Gravel beat Gruening in the primary by about 2,000 votes.<ref name="chinn"/><ref name="hnn080706">Template:Cite news</ref> Gruening found "the unexpected defeat hard to take" and thought that some aspects of his opponent's biographical film had misled viewers.<ref name="gruening"/> In the general election, Gravel faced Republican Elmer E. Rasmuson, a banker and former mayor of Anchorage.<ref name="chinn"/> College students in the state implored Gruening to run a write-in campaign as an Independent, but legal battles prevented him from getting approval for it until only two weeks were left.<ref name="chinn"/> A late appearance by anti-war presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy did not offset Gruening's lack of funds and endorsements; meanwhile, Gravel and Rasmuson both saturated local media with their filmed biographies.<ref name="chinn"/> On November 5, 1968, Gravel won the general election with 45 percent of the vote to Rasmuson's 37 percent and Gruening's 18 percent.<ref name="chinn">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Senate assignments and style
When Gravel joined the U.S. Senate in January 1969, he requested and received a seat on the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, which had direct relevance to Alaskan issues.<ref name="cby-183"/> He also got a spot on the Public Works Committee,<ref name="cby-183"/> which he held throughout his time in the Senate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Finally, he was a member of the Select Committee on Small Business.<ref name="cq-alm-69">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1971, he became chair of the Public Works Committee's Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds,<ref name="cby-183"/> and by 1973 he was chair of its Subcommittee on Water Resources,<ref name="cq-alm-73">Template:Cite book</ref> then later its Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution. Gravel was also initially named to the Joint Committee on Congressional Operations.<ref name="cby-183"/> By 1973, Gravel was off the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee and the Select Small Business Committee and instead a member of the Finance Committee,<ref name="cq-alm-73"/> and by 1977, he was chair of that body's Subcommittee on Energy and Foundations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By 1973 he had also been on the ad hoc Special Committee to Study Secret and Confidential Government Documents.<ref name="cq-alm-73"/>
By his own admission, Gravel was too new and "too abrasive" to be effective in the Senate by the usual means of seniority-based committee assignments or negotiating deals with other senators,<ref name="nyt070271"/><ref name="nyt102671"/> and was sometimes seen as arrogant or a nuisance by the more senior and tradition-oriented members.<ref name="nyt070271"/><ref name="wapo-obit"/> Gravel relied on attention-getting gestures to achieve what he wanted, hoping national exposure would force other senators to listen to him.<ref name="nyt102671"/> But even senators who agreed with him on issues considered his methods to be showboating.<ref name="nyt-obit"/>
As part of this approach, Gravel voted with Southern Democrats to keep the Senate filibuster rule in place,<ref name="nyt070271"/> and accordingly supported Russell Long and Robert Byrd but opposed Ted Kennedy in Senate leadership battles.<ref name="nyt070271"/> In retrospective assessment, University of Alaska Anchorage history professor Stephen Haycox said, "Loose cannon is a good description of Gravel's Senate career. He was an off-the-wall guy, and you weren't really ever sure what he would do."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Nuclear issues and the Cold War
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the U.S. Department of Defense was in the process of performing tests for the nuclear warhead for the Spartan anti-ballistic missile. Two tests, the "Milrow" and "Cannikin" tests, were planned, involving the detonation of nuclear bombs under Amchitka Island in Alaska. The Milrow test would be a one-megaton calibration exercise for the second and larger five-megaton Cannikin test, which would measure the effectiveness of the warhead. Gravel opposed the tests. Before the Milrow test took place in October 1969, he wrote that there were significant risks of earthquakes and other adverse consequences and called for an independent national commission on nuclear and seismic safety;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> he then made a personal appeal to President Richard Nixon to stop the test.<ref name="nyt082371">Template:Cite news</ref>
After Milrow was conducted, there was continued pressure on the part of environmental groups against going forward with the Cannikin test, while the Federation of American Scientists claimed that the warhead being tested was already obsolete.<ref name="nyt082371"/> In May 1971, Gravel sent a letter to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission hearings held in Anchorage in which he said the risk of the test was not worth taking.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Eventually a group not involving Gravel took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to issue an injunction against it,<ref name="time_nov15">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Cannikin test took place as scheduled in November 1971.<ref name="time_nov15"/> Gravel had failed to stop the tests (notwithstanding his later claims during his 2008 presidential campaign).<ref group="nb">Gravel claimed during his 2008 presidential campaign that "the Pentagon was performing five calibration tests ... [Gravel] succeeded in halting the program after the second test, limiting the expansion of this threat to the marine environment of the North Pacific." See Template:Cite news In reality, the Milrow and Cannikin tests were the only ones planned and both of them were carried out. See Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>
In 1971, Gravel voted against the Nixon administration's proposed anti-ballistic missile system, the Safeguard Program, having previously vacillated over the issue, suggesting that he might be willing to support it in exchange for federal lands in Alaska being opened up for private oil drilling. His vote alienated Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson, who had raised funds for Gravel's primary campaign.<ref name="wapo-feud"/>
Nuclear power was considered an environmentally clean alternative for commercial generation of electricity and was part of a popular national policy for the peaceful use of atomic energy in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="nyt071670">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel publicly opposed this policy; besides the dangers of nuclear testing, he was a vocal critic of the Atomic Energy Commission,<ref name="nyt071670"/> which oversaw American nuclear efforts, and of the powerful United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, which had a stranglehold on nuclear policy and which Gravel tried to circumvent.<ref name="nyt071670"/> In 1971, Gravel sponsored a bill to impose a moratorium on nuclear power plant construction and to make power utilities liable for any nuclear accidents;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in 1975, he was still proposing similar moratoriums.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1974, Gravel was allied with Ralph Nader's organization in opposing nuclear power.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Six months before U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's July 1971 secret mission to the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), Gravel introduced legislation to recognize and normalize relations with the P.R.C., including a proposal for unity talks between the P.R.C. and the Republic of China (Taiwan) regarding the Chinese seat on the U.N. Security Council.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He reiterated his position in favor of recognition, with four other senators in agreement, during Senate hearings in June 1971.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Vietnam War, the draft, and the Pentagon Papers
Although he did not campaign against the Vietnam War during his first Senate campaign, by the end of 1970, Gravel was speaking out against United States policy in southeast Asia: in December of that year he persuaded William Fulbright to join him in a spontaneous two-day filibuster against a $155 million military aid package to Cambodia's Khmer Republic government in the Cambodian Civil War.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 179.</ref>
President Richard Nixon had campaigned in 1968 on a promise to end the U.S. military draft,<ref name="evans">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book pp. 264–266.</ref> a decision endorsed by the February 1970 report of the Gates Commission.<ref name="evans"/><ref name="griffith">Template:Cite book</ref> The existing draft law was scheduled to conclude at the end of June 1971, and the Senate faced a contentious debate about whether to extend it as the Vietnam War continued.<ref name="nyt060571">Template:Cite news</ref> The Nixon administration announced in February 1971 that it wanted a two-year extension to June 1973, after which the draft would end;<ref name="nyt020371">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Army planners had already been operating under the assumption of a two-year extension, after which an all-volunteer force would be in place.<ref name="griffith"/> Skeptics such as Senate Armed Services Committee chairman John Stennis thought this unrealistic and wanted a four-year extension,<ref name="nyt020371"/> but the two-year proposal is what went forward in Congress.<ref name="nyt060571"/> By early May 1971, Gravel had indicated his intention to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, halting conscription and thereby bringing U.S. involvement in the war to a rapid end.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this period he also supported efforts to mobilize and influence public opinion against the war, endorsing the "Vietnam War Out Now" rallies in Washington D.C. and San Francisco on April 24, 1971,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and financing a broadcast campaign by the antiwar group War No More with a personal loan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 1972, he escorted a group of over 100 antiwar protesters, including psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton, actress Candice Bergen, theater producer and director Joseph Papp, and pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock, into the United States Capitol Building; the group was arrested after blocking a hallway outside the Senate chamber.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By June 1971, some Democratic senators opposed to the war wanted to limit the renewal to a one-year extension, while others wanted to end it immediately;<ref name="nyt060571"/> Gravel reiterated that he was one of the latter, saying, "It's a senseless war, and one way to do away with it is to do away with the draft."<ref name="nyt060571"/> A Senate vote on June 4 indicated majority support for the two-year extension.<ref name="nyt060571"/> On June 18 Gravel announced again his intention to counteract that by filibustering the renewal legislation,<ref name="nyt062271">Template:Cite news</ref> defending the practice against those who associated it only with blocking civil rights legislation.<ref name="nyt062271"/> The first filibuster attempt failed on June 23 when, by three votes, the Senate voted cloture for only the fifth time since 1927.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Protracted negotiations took place over House conference negotiations on the bill, revolving in large part around Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield's eventually unsuccessful amendment to tie renewal to a troop withdrawal timetable from Vietnam; during this time the draft law expired and no more were conscripted.<ref name="nyt092271">Template:Cite news</ref> On August 5, the Nixon administration pleaded for a renewal before the Senate went on recess, but Gravel blocked Stennis's attempt to limit debate, and no vote was held.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Finally on September 21, 1971, the Senate invoked cloture over Gravel's second filibuster attempt by one vote, and then passed the two-year draft extension.<ref name="nyt092271"/> Gravel's attempts to stop the draft had failed<ref name="nyt102671"/> (notwithstanding Gravel's later claims that he had stopped or shortened the draft, taken at face value in some media reports, during his 2008 presidential campaign).<ref group="nb">During Gravel's 2008 presidential campaign, he claimed that, "In 1971, Senator Mike Gravel (D-Alaska), by waging a lone five-month filibuster, singlehandedly ended the draft in The United States thereby saving thousands of lives." See Template:Cite web A 2006 article in The Nation stated that "It was Gravel who in 1971, against the advice of Democratic leaders in the Senate, launched a one-man filibuster to end the peacetime military draft, forcing the administration to cut a deal that allowed the draft to expire in 1973." See Template:Cite news Neither of these assessments is correct. From the beginning of the draft review process in February 1971, the Nixon administration wanted a two-year extension to June 1973, followed by a shift to an all-volunteer force – see Template:Cite news; for confirmation, see Template:Cite news – and this is what the September 1971 Senate vote gave them. Gravel's goal had been to block the renewal of the draft completely, thereby ending conscription past June 1971. See Template:Cite news In Gravel's 2008 memoir, he conceded that he failed to bring about the immediate end of the war that he wanted, and that Nixon had gotten the two-year extension he had originally asked for. However, Gravel wrote that he had never trusted Nixon's pledge to only extend the draft for two years, and that when Nixon let the draft expire in 1973 it was the threat of a renewed filibuster that caused him to stick to the pledge. See Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 180. No other accounts support this interpretation; in fact, Nixon had first become interested in the idea of an all-volunteer army during his time out of office, and he saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement, since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own possibility of having to fight in it was gone. See Template:Cite news and Ambrose, Nixon, Volume Two: The Triumph of a Politician, pp. 264–266.</ref>
Meanwhile, on June 13, 1971, The New York Times began printing large portions of the Pentagon Papers.<ref name="nyt061371a">Template:Cite news</ref> The papers were a large collection of secret government documents and studies pertaining to the Vietnam War, of which former Defense Department analyst Daniel Ellsberg had made unauthorized copies and was determined to make public.<ref name="usc-timeline">Template:Cite web</ref> Ellsberg had for a year and a half approached members of Congress – such as William Fulbright, George McGovern, Charles Mathias, and Pete McCloskey – about publishing the documents, on the grounds that the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution would give congressional members immunity from prosecution, but all had refused.<ref>Template:Cite book.</ref> Instead, Ellsberg allowed Times reporter Neil Sheehan to take notes of the Papers, but Sheehan disobeyed, copying them and taking the copies by plane to Washington, then New York, for organization and publication.<ref name="nyt01072021">Template:Cite web</ref>
The U.S. Justice Department immediately tried to halt publication, on the grounds that the information revealed within the papers harmed the national interest.<ref name="usc-timeline"/> Within the next two weeks, a federal court injunction halted publication in the Times; The Washington Post and several other newspapers began publishing parts of the documents, with some of them also being halted by injunctions; and the whole matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court for arguments.<ref name="usc-timeline"/> Looking for an alternate publication mechanism, Ellsberg returned to his idea of having a member of Congress read them, and chose Gravel based on the latter's efforts against the draft;<ref name="wapo090907"/> Gravel agreed where previously others had not. Ellsberg arranged for the papers to be given to Gravel on June 26<ref name="wapo090907"/> via an intermediary, Post editor Ben Bagdikian.<ref name="beacon-hist">Template:Cite web</ref> Gravel used his counter-intelligence experience to choose a midnight transfer in front of the Mayflower Hotel in the center of Washington, D.C.<ref name="uu2001">Template:Cite news</ref>
Over the next several days, Gravel (who was dyslexic) was assisted by his congressional office staff in reading and analyzing the report.<ref name="Democracy Now 2007">Template:Cite web</ref> Worried his home might be raided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Gravel smuggled the report (which filled two large suitcases) into his congressional office, which was then guarded by disabled Vietnam veterans.<ref name="Democracy Now 2007"/>
On the night of June 29, 1971, Gravel attempted to read the papers on the floor of the Senate as part of his filibuster against the draft, but was thwarted when no quorum could be formed.<ref name="nyt063071">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel instead convened a session of the Buildings and Grounds subcommittee that he chaired.<ref name="nyt063071"/> He got New York Congressman John G. Dow to testify that the war had soaked up funding for public buildings, thus making discussion of the war relevant to the committee.<ref name="prados">Template:Cite book</ref> He began reading from the papers with the press in attendance,<ref name="nyt063071"/> omitting supporting documents that he felt might compromise national security,<ref name="nyt070171">Template:Cite news</ref> and declaring, "It is my constitutional obligation to protect the security of the people by fostering the free flow of information absolutely essential to their democratic decision-making."<ref name="nyt070171"/>
He read until 1 a.m., culminating by saying "Arms are being severed. Metal is clashing through human bodies because of the public policy this government and all its branches continue to support."<ref name="wapo-obit"/> Then with tears and sobs he said that he could no longer physically continue,<ref name="nyt070171"/> the previous three nights of sleeplessness and fear about the future having taken their toll.<ref name="wapo090907"/> Gravel ended the session by, with no other senators present, establishing unanimous consent<ref name="prados"/> to insert 4,100 pages of the Papers into the Congressional Record of his subcommittee.<ref name="nyt102671"/><ref name="usc-timeline"/> The following day, the Supreme Court's New York Times Co. v. United States decision ruled in favor of the newspapers<ref name="usc-timeline"/> and publication in the Times and others resumed. In July 1971, Bantam Books published an inexpensive paperback edition of the papers containing the material the Times had published.<ref name="nyt081871">Template:Cite news</ref>
Gravel, too, wanted to privately publish the portion of the papers he had read into the record, believing that "immediate disclosure of the contents of these papers will change the policy that supports the war".<ref name="beacon-hist"/> After being turned down by many commercial publishers,<ref name="beacon-hist"/> on August 4, he reached agreement with Beacon Press,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the publishing arm of the Unitarian Universalist Association, of which Gravel was a member.<ref name="nyt102671"/> Announced on August 17<ref name="nyt081871"/> and published on October 22, 1971,<ref name="beacon-hist"/> this four-volume, relatively expensive set<ref name="nyt081871"/> became the "Senator Gravel Edition", which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="usc-resources">Template:Cite web</ref> The "Gravel Edition" was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn, and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war, also edited by Chomsky and Zinn.<ref name="usc-resources"/> Beacon Press then was subjected to an FBI investigation;<ref name="uu2001"/> an outgrowth of this was the Gravel v. United States court case, which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled upon in June 1972;<ref name="uu2001"/> in a 5-to-4 decision it held that the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee; did grant some immunity to Gravel's congressional aide, but compelled the aide to testify before a grand jury about matters not directly related to the legislative process; and granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to their publishing the same papers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The events of 1971 changed Gravel in the following months from an obscure freshman senator to a nationally visible political figure.<ref name="nyt102671">Template:Cite news</ref> He became a sought-after speaker on the college circuit as well as at political fundraisers,<ref name="nyt102671"/> opportunities he welcomed as lectures were "the one honest way a Senator has to supplement his income".<ref name="nyt102671"/> The Democratic candidates for the 1972 presidential election sought his endorsement.<ref name="nyt102671"/> In January 1972, Gravel endorsed Maine Senator Ed Muskie,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> hoping that his support would help Muskie with the party's left wing and in ethnic French-Canadian areas during the first primary contest in New Hampshire<ref name="nyt102671"/> (Muskie won, but not overwhelmingly, and his campaign faltered soon after). In April 1972, Gravel appeared on all three networks' nightly newscasts to decry the Nixon administration's reliance on Vietnamization by making reference to the secret National Security Study Memorandum 1 document, which stated it would take 8–13 years for the Army of the Republic of Vietnam to defend South Vietnam.<ref name="ftp">Template:Cite book p. 428.</ref> Gravel made excerpts from the study public,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but senators Robert P. Griffin and William B. Saxbe blocked his attempt to read NSSM 1 into the Congressional Record.<ref name="ftp"/>
Domestic policy
In 1970, Gravel co-sponsored legislation to establish a guaranteed minimum income, entitling poor families to up to $6,300 a year (the equivalent of $42,000 in 2019 after adjustment for inflation). He subsequently voted for a "work bonus" program, which would have entitled low-income working families with dependent children if they were paying Social Security or Railroad Retirement taxes to a non-taxable bonus of up to 10 percent of their wages.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
In 1969, Gravel was the only Democratic Senator outside of the South to vote for Nixon's Supreme Court nominee Clement Haynsworth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The following year, Gravel opposed Nixon's next pick, G. Harrold Carswell.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Run for vice president in 1972
Gravel actively campaigned for the office of Vice President of the United States during the 1972 presidential election, announcing on June 2, 1972, over a month before the 1972 Democratic National Convention began, that he was interested in the nomination should the choice be opened up to convention delegates.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Toward this end he began soliciting delegates for their support.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was not alone in this effort, as former Governor of Massachusetts Endicott Peabody had been running a quixotic campaign for the same post<ref name="nyt070972">Template:Cite news</ref> since the prior year. Likely presidential nominee George McGovern was in fact already considering the unusual move of naming three or four acceptable vice-presidential candidates and letting the delegates choose.<ref name="nyt070972"/>
On the convention's final day, July 14, 1972, McGovern selected and announced Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri as his vice-presidential choice.<ref name="nyt071472">Template:Cite news</ref> Eagleton was unknown to many delegates and the choice seemed to smack of traditional ticket balancing considerations.<ref name="nyt071472"/><ref name="nation-72"/> Thus there were delegates willing to look elsewhere. Gravel was nominated by Bettye Fahrenkamp, the Democratic National Committeewoman from Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite book p. 8.</ref> He then seconded his own nomination, breaking down in tears at his own words<ref name="wapo090687">Template:Cite news</ref> and maybe trying to withdraw his nomination.<ref name="wapo090687"/> In any case he won 226 delegate votes, coming in third behind Eagleton and Frances "Sissy" Farenthold of Texas, in chaotic balloting<ref name="nation-72">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that included several other candidates.
Gravel attracted some attention for his efforts: writer Norman Mailer said he "provided considerable excitement" and was "good-looking enough to have played leads in B-films",<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while Rolling Stone correspondent Hunter S. Thompson said Gravel "probably said a few things that might have been worth hearing, under different circumstances".<ref name="hst72">Template:Cite book pp. 319–320.</ref> Yet the process was doubly disastrous for the Democrats. In the time consumed by nominating and seconding and all the vice-presidential candidates' speeches, the attention of the delegates on the floor was lost<ref name="hst72"/> and McGovern's speech was pushed to 3:30 a.m.<ref name="hst72"/> The haste with which Eagleton was selected led to surprise when his past mental health treatments were revealed; he withdrew from the ticket soon after the convention, to be replaced by Sargent Shriver.
Reelection to Senate in 1974
Several years earlier, Alaska politicians had speculated that Gravel would have a hard time getting both renominated and elected when his first term expired,<ref name="nyt102671"/> given that he was originally elected without a base party organization and tended to focus on national rather than local issues.<ref name="nyt102671"/>
Nonetheless, Gravel was reelected to the Senate in 1974,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with 58 percent of the vote. His Republican opponent, State Senator C. R. Lewis, was a national officer of the John Birch Society, and earned 42 percent of the vote.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Second term
In 1975, Gravel introduced an amendment to cut the number of troops overseas by 200,000, but it was defeated on a voice vote.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
In September 1975, Gravel was named as one of several Congressional Advisers to the Seventh Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly, which met to discuss problems related to economic development and international economic cooperation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In June 1976, Gravel was the focus of a federal investigation into allegations that he was involved in a sex-for-vote arrangement. Congressional staff clerk Elizabeth Ray (who had already been involved in a sex scandal that led to the downfall of Representative Wayne Hays) said that in August 1972 she had sex with Gravel aboard a houseboat on the Potomac River, under the instruction of Representative Kenneth J. Gray, her boss at the time.<ref name="nyt061276">Template:Cite news</ref> Gray allegedly wanted to secure Gravel's support for further funding for construction of the National Visitor Center in Washington, a troubled project that was under the jurisdiction of subcommittees that both members chaired.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="time102582">Template:Cite news</ref> Another Congressional staffer said she witnessed the boat encounter, but Gravel said at the time that he had never met either of the women.<ref name="nyt061276"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel and Gray strongly denied that they had made any arrangement regarding legislation,<ref name="nyt061276"/> and neither was ever charged with any wrongdoing.<ref name="nyt050878">Template:Cite news</ref> Decades later, Gravel wrote that he had indeed had sex with Ray, but had not changed any votes because of it.<ref name="odyssey-196"/>
Gravel and his main financial backer, Gottstein, had a falling out in 1978, during the Congressional debate over whether to allow a controversial sale of U.S. F-15 fighter aircraft to Saudi Arabia. An ardent backer of Israel, Gottstein opposed the sale and asked Gravel to vote against it. But Gravel not only voted for it but made an emotional speech attacking the anti-sale campaign.<ref name="wapo-feud">Template:Cite news Also available as "Senatorial Feud Overshadows Alaska Lands Bill Fight", The Hartford Courant, October 5, 1979.</ref> Gravel wrote in 2008 that it was the only time Gottstein had ever asked him for a favor, and the rupture resulted in their never speaking to each other again.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 144, 202.</ref>
Alaskan issues
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By 1971, Gravel was urging construction of the much-argued Trans-Alaska pipeline, addressing environmental concerns by saying that the pipeline's builders and operators should have "total and absolute" responsibility for any consequent environmental damage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two years later, the debate over the pipeline came to a crux, with The New York Times describing it as "environmentalists [in] a holy war with the major oil companies".<ref name="nyt071473">Template:Cite news</ref> In February 1973, the U.S. Court of Appeals blocked the issuance of permits for construction;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel and fellow Alaskan Senator Ted Stevens reacted by urging Congress to pass legislation overturning the court's decision.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Environmentalists opposed to the pipeline, such as the Environmental Defense Fund and the Sierra Club<ref name="nyt071873"/> then sought to use the recently passed National Environmental Policy Act to their advantage;<ref name="nyt071473"/> Gravel designed an amendment to the pipeline bill that would immunize the pipeline from any further court challenges under that law,<ref name="nyt071473"/> and thus speed its construction. Passage of the amendment became the key battle regarding the pipeline. On July 17, 1973, in what the New York Times termed a "nip-and-tuck roll-call", the Gravel amendment was approved, as a 49–49 tie was broken in favor by Vice President Spiro Agnew.<ref name="nyt071873">Template:Cite news</ref> The actual bill enabling the pipeline then passed easily;<ref name="nyt071873"/> Gravel had triumphed in what became perhaps his most lasting accomplishment as a senator.<ref name="nyt-obit"/>
In opposition to the Alaskan fishing industry, Gravel advocated American participation in the formation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. For two years he opposed legislation that established a Template:Convert Exclusive Economic Zone for marine resources. He was one of only 19 senators to vote against Senate approval for the expanded zone in 1976,<ref name="nyt012976">Template:Cite news</ref> saying it would undermine the U.S. position in Law of the Sea negotiations and that nations arbitrarily extending their fishing rights limits would "produce anarchy of the seas".<ref name="nyt012976"/> The legislation was passed, and the United States has signed but never ratified the Law of the Sea treaty.
Gravel accumulated a complicated record on Indian affairs during his time in the Senate. During his first year in the Senate Gravel urged abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, criticizing the agency for the pace of development of schools in Alaska, its paternalistic attitudes and the culturally inappropriate nature of its education, and advocating greater shared decision-making between the federal government and native communities in Alaska.<ref name="cq-alm-69"/><ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Later, his views changed; in the early 1970s Gravel supported a demonstration project that established links between Alaskan villages and the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, for medical diagnostic communications. Gravel helped secure a private grant to facilitate the first Inuit Circumpolar Conference in 1977,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> attended by Inuit representatives from Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. These conferences now also include representatives from Russia. In 1977, Gravel helped lead an effort to have the U.S. Interior Department rename Mount McKinley to Denali;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> this eventually led to Denali National Park being so named. Subsequently, Gravel proposed a never-built "Denali City" development above the Tokositna River near the mountain, to consist of a giant Teflon dome enclosing hotels, golf courses, condominiums, and commercial buildings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A related idea of his to build a high-speed rail line to Denali also failed to gain traction.<ref name="adn-obit">Template:Cite news</ref>
A key, emotional issue in the state at the time was "locking up Alaska", making reference to allocation of its vast, mostly uninhabited land.<ref name="nyt082680"/> President Jimmy Carter desired to put large portions of this land under federal protection against development, a move that some Alaskans vociferously opposed.<ref name="USNWR"/> In 1978 Gravel blocked passage, via procedural delays<ref name="nyt082680">Template:Cite news</ref> such as walking out of House–Senate conference committee meetings,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> of a complex bill which represented a compromise on land use policy. The bill would have put some of Alaska's vast federal land holdings under state control while preserving other portions for federal parks and refuges;<ref name="salon050707"/> the blocking action earned Gravel the enmity of fellow Alaska Senator Ted Stevens, who had supported the compromise.<ref name="salon050707"/><ref name="USNWR"/> In 1980, a new lands bill came up for consideration, that was less favorable to Alaskan interests and more liked by environmentalists; it set aside Template:Convert of Alaska's Template:Convert for national parks, conservation areas, and other restricted federal uses.<ref name="time112480">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel blocked it, as not ensuring enough future development in the state.<ref name="time112480"/> A new compromise version of the 1980 bill came forward, which reduced the land set aside to Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt082680"/> Representing Alaskan interests, Gravel tried to stop the bill, including by filibuster.<ref name="salon050707"/> But the Senate voted for cloture and passed the bill.<ref name="time112480"/><ref name="nyt082880"/> Frustrated, Gravel said, "the legislation denies Alaska its rights as a state, and denies the U.S. crucial strategic resources,"<ref name="time112480"/> and opined that the Senate was "a little bit like a tank of barracudas".<ref name="nyt082680"/> Nonetheless, the bill, known as the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, was signed by President Carter shortly before leaving the White House, and led to millions of acres being set aside in the state for national parks, wildlife refuges, and other kinds of areas under protection.<ref name="USNWR"/>
In 1978 Gravel authored and secured the passage into federal law of the General Stock Ownership Corporation, that became Subchapter U of the Tax Code under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954.<ref name="kelso-dates">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=gauche>Template:Cite journal</ref> This gave states the ability to create corporations that would invest in for-profit enterprises, with all citizens within the state owning shares in the corporation.<ref name=gauche/> Gravel's attempt to convince the Alaska state legislature to create such a corporation failed, as did a 1980 state ballot initiative towards the same end, but nevertheless the creation of the General Stock Ownership Corporation in federal law turned out to be significant in the development of binary economics.<ref name="kelso-dates"/><ref name=gauche/>
Loss of Senate seat in 1980
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In 1980, Gravel was challenged for the Democratic Party's nomination by State Representative Clark Gruening, the grandson of the man Gravel had defeated in a primary 12 years earlier. One of Gruening's supporters was Gravel's former backer Gottstein.<ref name="wapo-feud"/> Several factors made Gravel vulnerable. As an insurgent candidate in 1968, Gravel had never established a firm party base.<ref name="hnn080706"/> Not liking to hunt or fish, he was also always culturally suspect in the state.<ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 192.</ref><ref name="pol121109"/>
The primary campaign was bitterly fought.<ref name="nyt082880"/> A group of Democrats, including future governor Steve Cowper,<ref name="nyt070682">Wallace Turner, "Side Issues Figure in Tricky Alaska Primary", The New York Times, July 6, 1982. Retrieved July 7, 2007.</ref> led the campaign against Gravel, with Gravel's actions in respect to the 1978 and 1980 Alaskan lands bills a major issue.<ref name="salon050707"/><ref name="nyt082880"/><ref name="wapo-082680"/> This was especially so given that the 1980 bill's dénouement happened but a week before the primary.<ref name="nyt082680"/> The sources of Gravel's campaign funds, some of which Gravel readily acknowledged came from political action committees outside the state, also became an issue in the contest.<ref name="nyt082880"/><ref name="nyt-obit"/><ref name="wapo-082680"/> Gruening had pledged that he would not take special interest group money, but Gravel said that Gruening was "dishonest" in accepting individual contributors from Jewish donors living outside the state because to him such contributors comprised "a special interest group ... that seeks to influence the foreign policy of the U.S."<ref name="wapo-082680">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-obit"/>
Gruening decisively won the primary with about 55 percent of the vote to Gravel's 44 percent.<ref name="nyt082880">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel later conceded that by the time of his defeat, he had alienated "almost every constituency in Alaska".<ref name="salon050707"/> Another factor may have been Alaska's blanket primary system of the time,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which allowed unlimited voting across party lines and from its many independents;<ref name="nyt070682"/> Republicans believed Gruening would be an easier candidate to defeat in the general election.<ref name="nyt082880"/>
Gruening lost the general election to Republican banker Frank Murkowski. Gravel was the last Democrat to represent Alaska in Congress for 28 years until the 2008 election of Mark Begich.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Career after leaving the Senate
Of his 1980 defeat, Gravel later recalled: "I had lost my career. I lost my marriage. I was in the doldrums for ten years after my defeat,"<ref>Politics1, "P2008: An Interview With Presidential Candidate Mike Gravel" Template:Webarchive by Ron Gunzburger, April 17, 2006.</ref> and "Nobody wanted to hire me for anything important. I felt like I was worthless. I didn't know what I could do."<ref name="wapo090907"/> By his own later description, Gravel was a womanizer, and had an affair while in the Senate, and he and his wife Rita separated in December 1980.<ref name="odyssey-196">Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, pp. 196–197.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ap121281">Template:Cite news</ref> They filed for divorce in September 1981;<ref name="ap121281"/> she later received all of his Senate pension income.<ref name="salon050707"/>
During the 1980s, Gravel was a real estate developer in Anchorage and Kenai, Alaska,<ref>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Mike Gravel profile</ref> a consultant, and a stockbroker.<ref name="salon050707"/> One of his real estate ventures, a condominium business, was forced to declare bankruptcy and a lawsuit ensued.<ref name="salon050707"/> In 1986, Gravel worked in partnership with Merrill Lynch Capital Markets to buy losses that financially troubled Alaska Native Corporations could not take as tax deductions and sell them to large national companies looking for tax write-offs.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> Gravel also learned computer programming at some point but never practiced it.<ref name="nytm-2019"/>
In 1984, Gravel married his second wife, Whitney Stewart Gravel, who had been an administrative assistant for U.S. Senator from New York Jacob Javits.<ref name="wapo090907"/><ref>Gravel and Lauria, A Political Odyssey, p. 243.</ref>
Return to politics
In 1989, Gravel reentered politics.<ref name="salon050707"/> He founded and led The Democracy Foundation, which promotes direct democracy.<ref>"First Democrat to Announce Candidacy for President on Monday" Template:Webarchive, Joe Lauria, CommonDreams New Centre, Published April 13, 2006.</ref> He established the Philadelphia II corporation, which seeks to replicate the original 1787 Constitutional Convention and have a Second Constitutional Convention to bring about direct democracy<ref name="ni4d-rev"/> Gravel led an effort to get a United States Constitutional amendment to allow voter-initiated federal legislation similar to state ballot initiatives.<ref name="salon050707"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He argued that Americans are able to legislate responsibly, and that the Act and Amendment in the National Initiative would allow American citizens to become "law makers". However such efforts met with little success.<ref name="wapo-obit"/>
In 2001, Gravel became director of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, where he admired institute co-founder Gregory Fossedal's work on direct democracy in Switzerland.<ref name="ni4d-rev">Template:Cite web</ref> By 2004, Gravel had become chair of the institute,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Fossedal (who in turn was a director of the Democracy Foundation) gave the introduction at Gravel's presidential announcement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2003, Gravel gave a speech on direct democracy at a conference hosted by the American Free Press. The event was cosponsored by The Barnes Review,<ref name="salon050707"/> a journal that endorses Holocaust denial.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After some controversy over his appearance, Gravel apologized, saying he did not realize the group's ties. Gravel said repeatedly that he did not share the group's views on the Holocaust,<ref name="pjv">Template:Cite news</ref> stating, "You better believe I know that six million Jews were killed. [The Barnes Review publishers] are nutty as loons if they don't think it happened".<ref name="politics1">Template:Cite news</ref> The group invited Gravel to speak again, but he declined.<ref name="pjv"/>
Mike and Whitney Gravel lived in Arlington County, Virginia, until 2010, and then resided in Burlingame, California.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They have the two grown children from his first marriage, Martin Gravel and Lynne Gravel Mosier, and four grandchildren.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Whitney Gravel's income sustained the couple from 1998 on.<ref name="wapo090907"/> In the 2000s, Gravel had poor health, requiring three surgeries in 2003 for back pain and neuropathy.<ref name="salon050707"/> Due to unreimbursed medical expenses and debts from his political causes, he declared personal bankruptcy in 2004.<ref name="wapo090907"/><ref name="salon050707"/> He began taking a salary from the non-profit organizations for which he was working; much of that income was lent to his presidential campaign. In 2007, he declared that he had "zero net worth".<ref name="salon050707"/>
2008 presidential campaign
Democratic Party primaries
At the start of 2006, Gravel decided the best way he could promote direct democracy and the National Initiative was to run for president.<ref name="salon050707"/> On April 17, 2006,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel became the first candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election, announcing his run in a speech to the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Short on campaign cash, he took public transportation to get to his announcement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (Gravel called for public financing of elections.<ref name="Q&A">The Candidates: Sen. Mike Gravel: Democratic Candidate for President, Former U.S. Sen. (D-Alaska), Washington Post (October 16, 2007).</ref>) Other principal Gravel positions were the FairTax,<ref name="LVS"/> as well as withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq within 120 days and a single payer national health care system.<ref name="Pew"/>
Gravel had opposed the Iraq War, and President George W. Bush's rationale for it, from the beginning,<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial">How Mike Stands on the Issues Template:Webarchive, MikeGravel.us (accessed September 7, 2016).</ref> and in 2006 said that U.S. troops in Iraq, as in Vietnam, had "died in vain".<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="Kim"/> He also favored a regional peace initiative, as well as reparation payments for Iraqis.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial"/> Gravel also called for a "U.S. corporate withdrawal from Iraq", with reconstruction contracts held by U.S. companies to be turned over to Iraqi firms.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial"/>
Gravel campaigned almost full-time in New Hampshire, the first primary state, following his announcement. Opinion polls of contenders for the Democratic nomination showed Gravel with 1 percent or less support. By the end of March 2007, Gravel's campaign had less than $500 in cash on hand against debts of nearly $90,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Because of his time in the Senate, Gravel was invited to many of the early Democratic presidential debates. During the initial one at South Carolina State University on April 26, 2007, he suggested a bill requiring the president to withdraw from Iraq on pain of criminal penalties. He also advocated positions such as opposing preemptive nuclear war. He stated that the Iraq War had the effect of creating more terrorists and that the "war was lost the day that George Bush invaded Iraq on a fraudulent basis".<ref name="abc042607"/> Regarding his fellow candidates, he said, "I got to tell you, after standing up with them, some of these people frighten me – they frighten me."<ref name="abc042607">No Breakout Candidate at Democratic Debate, ABC News, April 26, 2007</ref> In one such exchange, Gravel said, "Tell me, Barack, who do you want to nuke?" to which Obama responded, "I'm not planning to nuke anybody right now, Mike, I promise."<ref name="wapo-obit"/><ref name="adn-obit"/>
Media stories said that Gravel was responsible for much of whatever "heat" and "flashpoints" had taken place during the Democratic debates.<ref name="abc042607"/><ref>"Clinton edges ahead after first Democratic debate"Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore, The Times, April 27, 2007.</ref><ref>Hillary Clinton shines in Democratic candidates' debate, Ewen MacAskill, The Guardian, April 27, 2007.</ref> Gravel gained considerable publicity by shaking up the normally staid multiple-candidate format; The New York Times' media critic said that what Gravel had done was "steal a debate with outrageous, curmudgeonly statements".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Internet was a benefit: a YouTube video of his responses in the debate was viewed more than 225,892 times, ranking seventeenth in most views for week and first among news and politics clips;<ref group="nb">Template:Cite web The YouTube debate clip was also ranked No. 7 top rated (for week), No. 23 top favored (for week), No. 25 most discussed (for week), No. 4 most linked (for week), and No. 1 top rated – news and politics (for week).</ref> his name became the fifteenth most searched-for in the blogosphere;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and his website garnered more traffic than those of frontrunners Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or John Edwards.<ref name="salon050707"/> Gravel appeared on the popular Colbert Report on television on May 2,<ref name="salon050707"/> and his campaign and career were profiled in national publications such as Salon.<ref name="salon050707"/> Two wordless, Warholesque campaign videos, "Rock" and "Fire", were released on YouTube in late May and became hits,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and eventually gained over 760,000 and 185,000 views respectively.<ref>Template:Cite videoTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite videoTemplate:Cbignore</ref> "Rock", in turn, was given airtime during an episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Some thirty-five years after he first achieved the national spotlight, he had found it again.
All this did not improve his performance in the polls; a May 2007 CNN poll showed him with less than 0.5 percent support among Democrats.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel was in the next several debates, in one case after CNN reversed a decision to exclude him.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Like some of the other second-tier candidates, Gravel did not get as much time as the leaders; during the June 2, 2007, New Hampshire debate, which lasted two hours, he was asked 10 questions and allowed to speak for five minutes and 37 seconds.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
During the July 23, 2007, CNN-YouTube presidential debate, Gravel responded to audience applause when he had complained of a lack of airtime and said: "Thank you. Has it been fair thus far?"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Detractors began to liken him to "the cranky uncle who lives in the attic,"<ref name="bsun010708">Template:Cite news</ref> or "the angry old guy that just seemed to want to become angrier".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Berkeley political scientist David Terr found that moderator George Stephanopoulos directed roughly five percent of his questions to Gravel;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in a poll asking who did the best in the debate, Gravel placed seventh among the eight candidates.<ref name = "ABC News Poll">"ABC News Poll" August 19, 2007, ABC News</ref> National opinion polls of contenders for the Democratic nomination continued to show Gravel with one percent or zero percent numbers. By the end of the third-quarter 2007, Gravel had about $17,500 in cash on hand, had collected a total of about $380,000 during the 2008 election cycle,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was continuing to run a threadbare campaign with minimal staff.<ref name="wapo090907"/>
Beginning with the October 30, 2007, Philadelphia event, Gravel was excluded from most of the debates, with the debate sponsors or the Democratic National Committee saying Gravel's campaign had not met fund-raising, polling, or local campaign organizational thresholds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For the Philadelphia exclusion, Gravel blamed corporate censorship on the part of sponsor owner and alleged military-industrial complex member General Electric for his exclusion<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and mounted a counter-gathering and debate against a video screen a short distance away,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but he had lost his easiest publicity. In reaction, supporters organized "mass donation days" to try to help the campaign gain momentum and funds, such as on December 5, 2007, the anniversary of the Repeal of Prohibition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gravel did not compete in the initial 2008 vote, the Iowa caucuses,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but was still subjected to a false report from MSNBC that he had pulled out of the race afterward.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel did focus his attention on the second 2008 vote, the New Hampshire primary. In early January, Mother Jones' investigative reporter James Ridgeway was filmed interviewing and following Gravel in New Hampshire, in which Gravel is interviewed on the phone by Neal Conan for NPR's, Talk of the Nation.<ref>The Outsider World news, The Guardian, James Ridgeway, January 3, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2021.</ref> He received about 400 votes out of some 280,000 cast in New Hampshire, or 0.14 percent,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> before taking time off to improve his health.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He resumed campaigning, but fared no better in subsequent states. By the end of January 2008, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and Gravel were the only remaining Democrats from the initial debates still running;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel vowed to stay in the presidential campaign until November.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="time030408">Template:Cite news</ref> On March 11, 2008, Gravel continued to remain in the Democratic race but additionally endorsed a Green Party candidate for president, Jesse Johnson,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> saying he wanted to help Johnson prevail against Green Party rivals Cynthia McKinney and Ralph Nader.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By late March, Gravel had almost no fundraising and was only on the ballot in one of the next ten Democratic primaries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Switch to Libertarian Party
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On March 25, 2008, Gravel announced that he would leave the Democrats and join the Libertarian Party,<ref name="lp">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> saying: "My libertarian views, as well as my strong stance against war, the military industrial complex and American imperialism, seem not to be tolerated by Democratic Party elites who are out of touch with the average American; elites that reject the empowerment of American citizens I offered to the Democratic Party at the beginning of this presidential campaign with the National Initiative for Democracy."<ref name="lp"/> The following day Gravel entered the race for the 2008 Libertarian presidential nomination,<ref name="nw033108">Template:Cite news</ref> saying that he would have run as a third-party candidate all along except that he needed the public exposure that came from being in the earlier Democratic debates.<ref name="nw033108"/> Gravel's initial notion of running as a fusion candidate with other parties was met with skepticism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
As a Libertarian candidate, Gravel faced resistance to his past support of big government initiatives and his unorthodox positions around direct democracy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nevertheless, he garnered more support than he had as a Democrat, placing second and third in two April 2008 straw polls.<ref name="libdebate1">Template:Cite news</ref> In the May 25 balloting at the 2008 Libertarian National Convention in Denver, Gravel finished fourth out of eight candidates on the initial ballot, with 71 votes out of a total 618; he trailed former Congressman and eventual winner Bob Barr, author Mary Ruwart, and businessman Wayne Allyn Root.<ref name="lp-vote">Template:Cite web</ref> Gravel's position did not subsequently improve and he was eliminated on the fourth ballot.<ref name="lp-vote"/> Afterwards he stated, "I just ended my political career", but he vowed to continue promoting his positions as a writer and lecturer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Clear
2008–early 2019
In June 2008, Gravel endorsed the NYC 9/11 Ballot Initiative, saying the measure would create a "citizens commission rather than a government commission" with subpoena power against top U.S. officials to "make a true investigation as to what happened" regarding the September 11 attacks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He later said, "Individuals in and out of government may certainly have participated with the obviously known perpetrators of this dastardly act. Suspicions abound over the analysis presented by government. Obviously an act that has triggered three wars, Afghan, Iraqi and the continuing War on Terror, should be extensively investigated which was not done and which the government avoids addressing."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In August 2008, Gravel was speaking to a crowd of supporters of Sami Al-Arian (who two years earlier had pleaded guilty and been sentenced to prison for a charge of conspiracy in helping Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a "specially designated terrorist" organization)<ref name="plea">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Laughlin-plea">Template:Cite news</ref> when he was caught on tape saying of Al-Arian's prosecutor, "Find out where he lives, find out where his kids go to school, find out where his office is: picket him all the time. Call him a racist in signs if you see him. Call him an injustice. Call him whatever you want to call him, but in his face all the time."<ref name="fox080508">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel was criticized for potentially involving the children of the prosecutor, and Al-Arian's family disavowed the sentiments.<ref name="fox080508"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Gravel defended Alaska Governor Sarah Palin after she was chosen as Republican presidential nominee John McCain's running mate in September 2008. He praised Palin's record in standing up to corruption among Alaskan Republicans, thought her national inexperience was an asset rather than a detriment, and predicted that the "Troopergate" investigation into whether she improperly fired a state official would "come out in her favor".<ref name="pac090108">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel made clear he would not support or vote for either McCain–Palin or Obama–Biden in the general election.<ref name="pac090108"/> The following year Gravel said that Palin's politics were "terrible, but that doesn't detract from the fact that she's a very talented person". He predicted that Palin would run for president in 2012 and that "she's going to surprise a lot of people".<ref name="pol121109">Template:Cite news</ref> Palin did not run, but Gravel's prediction about "TrooperGate" was accurate as Palin was found not to have violated ethics laws.
In 2013, by the invitation of Hamed Ghashghavi, the secretary for international affairs of the 3rd International Conference on Hollywoodism in Tehran, Iran, Gravel attended that event as an Iranian government-organized anti-Hollywood conference.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel noted that the conference was attended by "various elements of extremes" but said it was necessary to discuss how the U.S. film industry portrayed Iran in order to prevent "an insane war" between the two nations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2013, Gravel was one of several former members of Congress to accept $20,000 from the Paradigm Research Group, an advocacy group for UFO disclosure, as part of holding what they termed a Citizen Hearing on Disclosure, modeled after congressional hearings, regarding supposed U.S. government suppression of evidence concerning UFOs.<ref name="abc-ufo">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel said, "Something is monitoring the planet, and they are monitoring it very cautiously, because we are a very warlike planet,"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and, "What we're faced with here is, in areas of the media, and the government too, an effort to marginalize and ridicule people who have specific knowledge."<ref name="abc-ufo"/>
In December 2014, Gravel was announced as the new CEO of KUSH, a company which makes marijuana-infused products for medicinal and recreational use, and a subsidiary of Cannabis Sativa, Inc.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also became an Independent Director of Cannabis Sativa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Gravel praised Bernie Sanders and his campaign, saying "Bernie is one of the most gifted politicians I have ever observed. He's a person of great integrity and very clever." Gravel predicted that Sanders would be elected president but would be unable to get his key reforms through Congress, and thus that Sanders and his supporters should back some of the proposals of the National Initiative.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2016, Gravel said in relation to the September 11 attacks: "We killed 58,000 American servicemen in the Vietnam War and all they did was die in vain. What's so unusual about killing 3,000 more in order to develop the grist for the mill to empower into infinity the military industrial complex?" and "There's no question in my mind that 9/11 was an inside job". The remarks were later disavowed by even Gravel supporters.<ref>Harry Cheadle, "Mike Gravel the online left wing sensation is also a ..." Vice.com, March 21, 2019</ref>
By 2019, Gravel was living in Seaside, California.<ref name="nytm-2019"/> He was working on a book, at the time titled Human Governance, about his principal idea for direct democracy, a U.S. Constitutional Amendment to create a "Legislature of the People" that would circumvent the existing Congress.<ref name="nytm-2019"/><ref name=Atlantic/> The book was self-published at the end of the year by AuthorHouse under the title The Failure of Representative Government and the Solution: A Legislature of the People.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
2020 presidential campaign
Template:Main On March 19, 2019, Gravel announced that he was considering running in the 2020 Democratic primaries. He said, "The goal will not be to win, but to bring a critique of American imperialism to the Democratic debate stage." An exploratory committee was formed, with filing a statement of organization with the Federal Election Commission on that same day.<ref name="Gravel">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref group="nb">1. Mike Gravel for President Exploratory Committee. 2. Date: March 19, 2019. 3. FEC Committee ID #: C00699637 This committee is a Principal Campaign Committee. Candidate: Mike Gravel. Party: Democratic Party. Office Sought: President. Signed: Elijah Emery. Date Signed: March 19, 2019. Official Committee URL: mikegravel.org. See: Template:Cite web</ref> The filing was the idea of a group of teenagers, led by David Oks and Henry Williams, inspired by the podcast Chapo Trap House, and done with Gravel's consent (after a week spent convincing him of the idea's merits), but without his involvement.<ref name="nytm-2019"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Intrigued by the group's commitment to amplifying his long-held policy goals, Gravel (who would be Template:Age in years and months old on Inauguration Day in 2021) said he planned to meet with them in April, and to discuss a 2020 White House run with his wife.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On April 2, 2019, Gravel filed to officially run for office.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=officialstatement>Template:Cite web</ref> The campaign called itself the "#Gravelanche".<ref name="GravelWithdraw">Template:Cite web</ref>
Gravel's initial stated goal was merely to qualify for debates by getting the required 65,000 small donors.<ref name=Atlantic/><ref name="fox-win"/> He discouraged people from voting for him<ref name=Atlantic/> and said his preferences were Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard, both of whom favor a non-interventionist foreign policy.<ref name=huffpo>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Atlantic>Template:Cite news</ref> But on April 29, Gravel's campaign said he was running to win, not just to participate in debates.<ref name="fox-win">Template:Cite news</ref> In a subsequent interview, though, Gravel emphasized the virtue of Sanders and Gabbard in some order as a presidential ticket.<ref name="hill-att">Template:Cite news</ref> Statements like these caused Vox to call Gravel "2020's oddest Democratic presidential candidate".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Times Magazine included Gravel as an example in the rise of democratic socialism in the United States also exemplified by Sanders's 2016 race and the 2018 election of Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez: "[Gravel's] campaign represents the most absurd form of a legitimate movement on the left that feels little obligation to the Democratic Party."<ref name="nytm-2019">Template:Cite news</ref>
In June 2019, Gravel touted the endorsement of Muntadher al-Zaidi, the Iraqi journalist who, in December 2008, made headlines after he threw his shoes at President George W. Bush in protest of the U.S. war in Iraq. Al-Zaidi endorsed Gravel based on his promise to improve White House policies regarding Iraq and the Middle East.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On June 13, 2019, the Democratic Party announced the 20 major candidates who qualified for the first debate later that month. Gravel was one of the four who missed out (the others were Montana Governor Steve Bullock, U.S. Representative Seth Moulton, and Miramar, Florida, Mayor Wayne Messam).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel had been unable to get the requisite number of donations, or to score one percent or better in enough polls (many polls did not even include him).<ref>Template:Cite news Updated June 13, 2019.</ref> Nevertheless, Gravel said he would not drop out and would try to qualify for the July debate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In early July, however, Gravel's campaign said it was still 10,000 contributions short of the 65,000-donor threshold and that it was "nearing its conclusion". It solicited suggestions for where to donate $100,000 to $150,000 of leftover campaign funds.<ref name="waex-concl">Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel added that he had always planned on ending the campaign before the teenagers in charge of it needed to return to school.<ref name="waex-concl"/> A few days later, the campaign became the first to run an attack ad against Democratic frontrunner Joe Biden, using the text "Is this the best our party has to offer?"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Gravel's campaign crossed the threshold of 65,000 donors on July 12, 2019, meeting the qualification mark for that month's debate.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> But because 20 other candidates, the maximum allowed to participate, had already met at least the polling criterion, which takes priority over the donor criterion,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel was not invited.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The campaign officially came to a close on August 6, 2019, with Gravel endorsing both Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard for president.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite tweet "I'm pleased to officially announce that Tulsi Gabbard has my endorsement for President of the United States of America in 2020."</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel's campaign later stated on Twitter that they never wanted to win but saw the campaign as an "intimately democratic" project and expressed honor at working with Gravel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gravel said he would divide remaining campaign funds between charity and a new think tank which would espouse his ideas.<ref name="GravelWithdraw"/>
The Gravel Institute
Template:Main Gravel used some of the funds remaining from his 2020 presidential campaign to found an eponymous progressive think tank called The Gravel Institute in 2019. As noted by Vice magazine, the Institute aimed to do battle with PragerU from a left-wing perspective.<ref name="gi-vice">Template:Cite news</ref> Launched in September 2020, the new entity said it would "carry on the life's work of former U.S Senator Mike Gravel in fighting for global peace and democracy. Its mission is to promote bold and forward-looking ideas about a more peaceful and egalitarian world, and to build a robust movement of young people to win it".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Contributors to the Institute included Cornel West and Slavoj Žižek.<ref name="gi-vice"/> The institute was largely centered around the creation of videos and a website. The last of the videos was put up in 2022;<ref name="yt-last">Template:Cite web</ref> the website was shuttered in 2023 for lack of payment.<ref name="web-last-0">Template:Cite web</ref>
Death
Gravel died of multiple myeloma at his home in Seaside, California, on June 26, 2021, at age 91.<ref name="USNWR">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-obit">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="wapo-obit">Template:Cite news</ref> As a result of the delay in burials induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Gravel was later laid to rest on June 20, 2023, at Arlington National Cemetery where his cremated remains were buried. While given a military burial, a gun salute was not given at his request as he remained steadfast with his anti-violence stance.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> As of February 2024, a record of him is at Arlington<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The New York TimesTemplate:'s obituary for Gravel characterized him as "an unabashed attention-getter" who later become known for "mounting long-shot presidential runs".<ref name="nyt-obit"/> The obituary in The Washington Post was similar, saying that Gravel was "an Alaska Democrat with a flair for the theatrical who rose from obscurity to brief renown" and later "ran quixotic campaigns for the presidency".<ref name="wapo-obit"/> The Anchorage Daily News quoted Gravel as saying of himself in 1989, "I'm an independent kind of guy. A rough and ready kind of guy. My glands work in a certain way that make me stand up, foolishly sometimes, and fight."<ref name="adn-obit"/>
Political positions
Alan Abramowitz and Jeffrey Allan Segal described Gravel as "a maverick, if not an eccentric, in the Senate."<ref name="Abrahmowitz">Alan Abramowitz & Jeffrey Allan Segal, Senate Elections (University of Michigan Press: 1992), p. 75: "Gravel was a maverick, if not an eccentric, in the Senate".</ref><ref>Phil Williams, The Senate and U.S. Troops in Europe (Macmillan, 1985) p. 255: "Not only was Gravel one of the Senate's mavericks or outsiders who lacked the status, prestige and influence of someone like Mansfield ..."</ref> His Americans for Democratic Action "Liberal Quotient" scores ranged from 81 out of 100 (1971) to 39 out of 100 (1980),<ref name="Abrahmowitz"/> with an average of around 61.<ref>Template:Cite web Gravel's ADA scores for 1969 through 1980 are 72, 75, 81, 75, 65, 43, ?, 45, 55, 70, 47, 39. (The ADA site's 1975 report is missing some pages, including the one for Senators from Alaska.) His lower scores from 1974 on are partly a reflection of a change in ADA methodology regarding how they treat absences and paired absences from votes.</ref> His American Conservative Union scores ranged from 0 out of 100 (several years, including 1971 and 1972) to 38 out of 100 (1979), with an average of 14.<ref>Template:Cite web Gravel's ACU scores for 1971 (when ACU began its ratings) through 1980 are 0, 0, 5, 36, 23, 12, 20, 6, 38, 0.</ref> Abramowitz and Segal note that Gravel's lowest ADA ratings coincided with his two Senate re-election bids,<ref name="Abrahmowitz"/> and for the most part his highest ACU ratings followed the same pattern.
In 1972, as a young senator, Gravel published Citizen Power: A People's Platform, a manifesto outlining what Kirkus Reviews termed a "populist reform [that] would provide 'balanced political power' between the people and government and business interests."<ref>Review: Citizen Power: A People's Platform, Kirkus Reviews (June 26, 1972).</ref>
Civil rights issues
On drug policy, Gravel said in 2007 that he favored decriminalization and treating addiction as a public health matter.<ref name="Q&A"/><ref>George W. Grayson, Mexico: Narco-Violence and a Failed State? (Transaction, 2011), p. 260.</ref><ref name="3dTranscript">Transcript of the Third Democratic Primary Presidential Debate, PBS (June 28, 2007), transcript provided by the New York Times.</ref> During his 2008 presidential candidacy, he condemned the war on drugs as a failure, saying that it did "nothing but savage our inner cities and put our children at risk".<ref name="3dTranscript"/> Gravel called for abolition of capital punishment in his book Citizen Power, and adhered to this position during his 2008 run for president.<ref name="Pew">Religion and Politics '08: Mike Gravel, Pew Research Center (November 4, 2008).</ref> He supported abortion rights.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial"/><ref name="Kim">Richard Kim, Mike Gravel: An inconvenient truth-teller, The Nation (November 8, 2007).</ref>
During the 2008 campaign, Gravel was a strong supporter of LGBT rights. He supported same-sex marriage and opposed the Defense of Marriage Act and the U.S. military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial"/> He wrote in 2008 that "depriving gays and lesbians of equal rights is immoral".<ref name="Pew"/>
Foreign policy and defense issues
Later in life, Gravel described himself as a critic of American imperialism.<ref name="Q&A"/>
Gravel firmly opposed U.S. military action against Iran and Syria.<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> He voiced opposition to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, the Military Commissions Act of 2006, the use of torture, indefinite detention, and what he called "flagrant ignorance" of the Geneva Convention.<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> In 2014, Gravel called for the release of the full, unredacted Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture.<ref>Mike Gravel to Senator Mark Udall: Make Full Torture Probe Public Like I Did with Pentagon Papers, Democracy Now! (interview with Amy Goodman) (December 16, 2014).</ref>
Gravel opposed the use of international sanctions as a policy tool and blamed the ones against Iraq under Saddam Hussein for the deaths of a half-million children in that country.<ref name="Pew"/> In 2013, Gravel said that sanctions against Iran were "illegal".<ref name="Keating">Joshua Keating, Mike Gravel on movies, sanctions, and what we can learn from Iran (February 22, 2013).</ref>
During his 2008 candidacy, Gravel called for a cut in military spending, variously reported to be 15 percent<ref name="Pew"/> or 50 percent.<ref name="Kim"/> He called for the savings to boost public education spending.<ref name="Pew"/> To spur international nuclear nonproliferation efforts, Gravel called for unilateral reductions in the U.S. nuclear arsenal.<ref name="Q&A"/>
In 2008, Gravel criticized the decision of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to not pursue the efforts to impeach George W. Bush and the attempted impeachment of Dick Cheney, saying also that Bush and Cheney had committed crimes and deserved "to be prosecuted" at The Hague.<ref name="Goodman">Former Senator Mike Gravel Calls for Independent 9/11 Investigation and Prosecution of President Bush and Vice President Cheney, Democracy Now! (June 17, 2008).</ref> In 2013, he expressed disdain for President Obama, calling him "a total fraud" and saying that both Bush and Obama should be tried "for the crimes and murders they've committed" in the International Court of Justice.<ref name="Nelson">Steven Nelson, Former Sen. Gravel: NSA Leaks Should Have Come From Senators, U.S. News & World Report (July 9, 2013).</ref> Gravel specifically condemned Obama for drone strikes in Pakistan and elsewhere.<ref name="Nelson"/>
Economy, immigration, and environment
During his 2008 candidacy, Gravel favored a FairTax scheme, which would abolish the Internal Revenue Service, eliminate the federal income tax (which Gravel called "corrupt"),<ref name="Q&A"/> and impose a national sales tax.<ref name="GravelOfficial"/><ref name="LVS">2008 Elections: Caucus Guide: Mike Gravel on Taxes, Las Vegas Sun (accessed September 7, 2016).</ref><ref>The Fair Tax has its moment in the sun. Could there be more to come?, Time (January 4, 2008).</ref> While Gravel described FairTax as "progressive",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> others have criticized it as "regressive", disproportionately benefiting the wealthiest Americans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To offset the new sales taxes on essential goods, Gravel's plan called for monthly government rebate payments to individuals and families.<ref name="GravelOfficial"/><ref name="LVS"/> During his 2020 campaign Gravel also voiced support for a third legislative body that would give the people direct control of the budget as well as the implementation of a land value tax.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gravel opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) during his 2008 candidacy, calling it unfair and economically harmful and needing renegotiation.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial"/> Gravel believed that NAFTA was the "root cause" of illegal migration to the U.S.<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> He favored a guest worker program and "setting up naturalization procedures that would fairly bring immigrants into legal status".<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> In a 2007 interview, Gravel identified himself as "very much of a globalist" who believed in open markets and open borders and condemned the scapegoating of undocumented immigrants.<ref name="Arrington">Michael Arrington, Presidential Candidate Mike Gravel Does Things A Little Differently, TechCrunch (December 8, 2007).</ref> Gravel also said that he favored eliminating the cap on H1B visas.<ref name="Arrington"/>
As a senator from Alaska, Gravel favored drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, but opposed it during his 2008 campaign.<ref name="Pew"/> In 2008, Gravel supported a carbon tax to combat climate change.<ref name="Pew"/>
Gravel spoke in favor of net neutrality during his presidential campaign.<ref name="Arrington"/>
Education and health care
Gravel called for the cost of college tuition to be borne by the federal government, rather than students.<ref name="Pew"/> In his 2008 campaign, he called the No Child Left Behind Act "a failure"<ref name="Q&A"/> and called for it to be "reformed and fully funded".<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> He expressed support for universal pre-kindergarten and the expansion of the Head Start program; and expressed an openness to charter schools<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> and school vouchers. He also suggested extending the school day and the school year, and supported merit pay for teachers.<ref name=otieducation>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gravel also called for publicly funded universal health care to replace the current employer-sponsored health insurance system.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name="GravelOfficial"/> He supported "full funding" of the VA system.<ref name="GravelOfficial"/> When asked in 2007 about naturopathy, homeopathy, and acupuncture, Gravel said that he was "very very much in favor" of holistic health care.<ref name="Q&A"/>
Awards and honors
In 2008, Gravel received the Columbia University School of General Studies' first annual Isaac Asimov Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Electoral history
Writings
- Gravel, Mike. Jobs and More Jobs. Mt. McKinley Publishers, 1968.
- Gravel, Mike. Citizen Power: A People's Platform. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. Template:ISBN.
- revised and reissued as Citizen Power: A Mandate for Change, AuthorHouse, 2008. Template:ISBN.
- Gravel, Mike and Lauria, Joe. A Political Odyssey: The Rise of American Militarism and One Man's Fight to Stop It. Seven Stories Press, 2008. Template:ISBN.
- Gravel, Mike and Eisenbach, David. The Kingmakers: How the Media Threatens Our Security and Our Democracy. Phoenix Books, 2008. Template:ISBN.
- Gravel, Mike. Voice of a Maverick: The Speeches and Writings of Senator Mike Gravel. Brandywine House, 2008.
- Gravel, Mike. Foreword to Poisoned Power: The Case Against Nuclear Power Plants. John W. Goffman & Arthur R. Tamplin, Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, PA, June 1971.
- Gravel, Mike. The Failure of Representative Government and the Solution: A Legislature of the People. AuthorHouse, 2020. Template:ISBN
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
General references
- The Pentagon Papers Senator Gravel Edition. Vol. Five: Critical Essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972. 341p. plus 72p. of Index to Vol. I–IV of the Papers; Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, editors.
- Template:Cite book
External links
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