Mildred Dresselhaus

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox scientist Mildred Spiewak Dresselhaus<ref name="NAE">Mildred Dresselhaus was elected in 1974 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering and Materials Engineering for contributions to the experimental studies of metals and semimetals, and to education.</ref> (Template:Née Spiewak; November 11, 1930 – February 20, 2017),<ref name="MITobit" /> known as the "Queen of Carbon Science",<ref name="qocs">Queen of Carbon Science, U.S. News & World Report. By Marlene Cimons, National Science Foundation. July 27, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</ref> was an American physicist, materials scientist, and nanotechnologist. She was an institute professor and professor of both physics and electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<ref name="Natalie Angier">Template:Cite news</ref> She also served as the president of the American Physical Society, the chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as the director of science in the US Department of Energy under the Bill Clinton Government.<ref name="Natalie Angier"/> Dresselhaus won numerous awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the National Medal of Science, the Enrico Fermi Award, the Kavli Prize and the Vannevar Bush Award.

Early life and education

Dresselhaus was born on November 11, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York City, the daughter of Ethel (Teichtheil) and Meyer Spiewak, who were Polish Jewish immigrants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her family was heavily affected by the Great Depression so from a young age Dresselhaus helped provide income for the family by doing piecework assembly tasks at home and by working in a zipper factory during the summer.<ref name="Martin 1900274">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> As a grade school student, Dresselhaus' first 'teaching job' was tutoring a special-needs student for fifty cents a week, and she learned how to be a good teacher.<ref name=":0" />

Dresselhaus credited New York's free museums, including the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with sparking her interest in science.<ref name="Martin 1900274"/> She and her brother, Irving Spiewak, were scholarship students at the Greenwich House Music School which introduced her to a different world of musical, artistic and intellectual leanings.<ref name=":0" />

Dresselhaus was raised and attended grade school in the Bronx. Her older brother informed her of the opportunity to apply to Hunter College High School, where she excelled and gained practice as a teacher by tutoring fellow students.<ref name="Martin 1900274"/>

Experience at Hunter College

Dresselhaus attended Hunter College in New York. Traditionally a women's college, during Dresselhaus's time as a student there, Hunter College's Bronx campus opened itself to a flood of male G.I. Bill beneficiaries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dresselhaus later explained:

The boys in the science classes were toward the bottom of the class... They always used to come to me for help.... That might be somewhat significant in my story, because I never got the idea in college that science was a man's profession.<ref>M. S. Dresselhaus, interview with S. Sherkow, 7 and 15 June, 11 and 19 August, 13, 20, 22, 24, and 30 September, and 15 October 1976. MIT Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, MA, USA 18.</ref>

While attending Hunter, one of her professors, and future Nobel-Prize-winner Rosalyn Yalow took interest in Dresselhaus and encouraged her to apply for graduate fellowships and pursue a career in physics. Dresselhaus graduated with her undergraduate degree in liberal arts in 1951.<ref name="MITobit">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Martin 1900274"/>

After college

She carried out postgraduate study at the University of Cambridge on a Fulbright Fellowship and received her MA from Radcliffe College. She received a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1958 where she studied under Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She then spent two years at Cornell University as a postdoc before moving to Lincoln Lab as a staff member.

Career and legacy

Dresselhaus had a 57-year career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<ref name="WSJ030417">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> She became the Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Visiting Professor of electrical engineering at MIT in 1967, became a tenured faculty member in 1968, and became a professor of physics in 1983. In 1985, she was appointed the first female institute professor at MIT. In 1994, Dresselhaus was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As the exotic compounds she studied became increasingly relevant to modern science and engineering, she was uniquely positioned to become a world-leading expert and write one of the standard textbooks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her groundwork in the field led to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolating and characterizing graphene, for which they were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize.<ref name="Martin 1900274"/>

Dresselhaus was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1990 in recognition of her work on electronic properties of materials as well as expanding the opportunities of women in science and engineering.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2005 she was awarded the 11th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology, the Economy and Employment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2008, she was awarded the Oersted Medal. In 2012, she was co-recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award, along with Burton Richter,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was awarded the Kavli Prize<ref name="qocs" /> "for her pioneering contributions to the study of phonons, electron-phonon interactions, and thermal transport in nanostructures."<ref>2012 Kavli Prizes/Mildred S. Dresselhaus/2012 Nanoscience Citation Template:Webarchive, Kavli Foundation. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</ref> In 2014, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, she received the IEEE Medal of Honor.

In 2000–2001, she was the director of the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy. From 2003 to 2008, she was the chair of the governing board of the American Institute of Physics. She also has served as president of the American Physical Society (APS), the first female president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and treasurer of the National Academy of Sciences.

Her former students include such notable materials scientists as Deborah Chung,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and physicists as Nai-Chang Yeh and Greg Timp.

President Barack Obama greets 2010 Fermi Award recipients Dr. Mildred S. Dresselhaus and Dr. Burton Richter in the Oval Office, May 7, 2012
President Barack Obama greets Dr. Mildred Dresselhaus, third from right, and Dr. Burton Richter, right, May 7, 2012.

There are several physical theories named after Dresselhaus. The Hicks-Dresselhaus Model (L. D. Hicks and Dresselhaus)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is the first basic model for low-dimensional thermoelectrics, which initiated the whole band field. The Saito-Fujita-Dresselhaus Model (Riichiro Saito, Mitsutaka Fujita, Gene Dresselhaus, and Mildred Dresselhaus)<ref name="Saito Fujita Dresselhaus Dresselhaus pp. 1804–1811">Template:Cite journal</ref> first predicted the band structures of carbon nanotubes. The Dresselhaus effect refers, however, to the spin–orbit interaction effect modeled by Gene Dresselhaus, Mildred Dresselhaus's husband.

Dresselhaus devoted a great deal of time to supporting efforts to promote increased participation of women in physics. In 1971, Dresselhaus and a colleague organized the first Women's Forum at MIT as a seminar exploring the roles of women in science and engineering. In honor of her legacy, the APS created the Millie Dresselhaus Fund to support women in physics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dresselhaus was the face of a 2017 General Electric television advertisement which asked the question "What if female scientists were celebrities?" aimed to increase the number of women in STEM roles in its ranks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2019, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Board of Directors created the IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal, awarded annually "for outstanding technical contributions in science and engineering, of great impact to IEEE fields of interest."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient - Mildred Dresselhaus.webm

Contributions to scientific knowledge

Dresselhaus was particularly noted for her work on graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and low-dimensional thermoelectrics. Her group made frequent use of electronic band structure, Raman scattering and the photophysics of carbon nanostructures.<ref name="WSJ030417"/> Her research helped develop technology based on thin graphite which allow electronics to be "everywhere", including clothing and smartphones.<ref name="WSJ030417"/>

With the appearance of lasers in the 1960s, Dresselhaus started to use lasers for magneto-optics experiments, which later led to the creation of a new model for the electronic structure of graphite.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A great part of her research dedicates to the study of 'buckyballs' and graphene focusing a great deal in the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes and enhancing thermoelectric properties of nanowires.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life

Her first husband was physicist Frederick Reif.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She remarried in 1958 to Gene Dresselhaus who became a well known theoretician and discoverer of the Dresselhaus effect.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They had four children – Marianne, Carl, Paul, and Eliot – and five grandchildren.<ref name="WSJ030417"/>

Honors and awards

  • Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich, 2015<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Selected publications

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Further reading

References

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