Mildred Gillars

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox criminal Mildred Elizabeth Gillars (Template:Née; November 29, 1900 – June 25, 1988)Template:Sfn was an American broadcaster employed by Nazi Germany to disseminate Axis propaganda during World War II. Following her capture in post-war Berlin, Gillars became the first woman to be convicted of treason against the United States.Template:Sfn In March 1949, she was sentenced to ten to thirty years' imprisonment.Template:Sfn Gillars was paroled in 1961. Along with Rita Zucca she was nicknamed "Axis Sally".

Early life

She was born Mildred Elizabeth Sisk in Portland, Maine, to parents Vincent Sisk and Mae Hewitson.Template:Sfn After her mother and father divorced,Template:Sfn she took the surname Gillars in 1911 when her mother married Robert Bruce Gillars.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Her family resided in Bellevue, Ohio, where Robert Gillars was a dentist.

At 16, she moved to Conneaut, Ohio with her family.Template:Sfn In 1918, she enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan University to study dramatic arts, but left without graduating.Template:Sfn

Gillars then moved to Greenwich Village, New York City, where she worked in various low-skilled jobs to finance drama lessons. She toured with stock companies and appeared in vaudeville but was unable to establish a theatrical career.Template:Sfn Gillars also worked as an artist's model for sculptor Mario Korbel but was unable to find regular employment.

In 1929, she moved to France and lived in Paris for six months.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 1933, Gillars left the United States again, residing first in Algiers where she found work as a dressmaker's assistant.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In 1934, she moved to Dresden, Germany, to study music and was later employed as a teacher of English,Template:Sfn at the Berlitz School of Languages in Berlin.Template:Sfn

Work as a Nazi propagandist

On 6 May 1940, Gillars obtained work as an announcer with the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG), German State Radio.Template:Sfn She became their highest paid employee,Template:Sfn and sometimes went by the name of "Midge at the mike".Template:Sfn

By 1941, the U.S. State Department was advising American nationals to leave Germany and German-controlled territories. However, Gillars chose to remain because her fiancé, Paul Karlson, a naturalized German citizen, said he would never marry her if she returned to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Karlson was sent to the Eastern Front, where he was killed in action.Template:Sfn Gillars's initial broadcasts were largely apolitical, but started with the phrase "this is Berlin calling".Template:Sfn Eventually, she started a relationship with Max Otto Koischwitz,Template:Sfn the German-American program director in the USA Zone at the RRG. In 1942, Koischwitz cast Gillars in a new show called Home Sweet Home and included her in his political broadcasts. Gillars soon acquired several names amongst her GI audience, including the "Bitch of Berlin",Template:Sfn "Berlin Babe", "Olga", and "Sally", but the most common was "Axis Sally". This name probably came when, asked on air to describe herself, Gillars said she was "the Irish type ... a real Sally."Template:Sfn Gillars expressed anti-Semitic sentiments during her broadcasts.Template:Sfn During one broadcast, she said "I say damn Roosevelt and Churchill, and all of their Jews who have made this war possible."Template:Sfn

In 1943, an Italian-American woman, Rita Zucca, also began broadcasting to American forces from Rome using the name "Sally". The two often were confused with each other and even thought by many to be the same, though Gillars was annoyed that another woman was broadcasting under her name.Template:Sfn

Gillars's main programs from Berlin were:

  • Home Sweet Home Hour, from December 24, 1942, until 1945,Template:Sfn a regular propaganda program aimed at making U.S. forces in Europe feel homesick and discouraged.Template:Sfn A running theme of these broadcasts was the infidelity of soldiers' wives and sweethearts while the listeners were stationed in Europe and North Africa.Template:Sfn She questioned whether the women would remain faithful, "especially if you boys get all mutilated and do not return in one piece".Template:Sfn Opening with the sound of a train whistle, Home Sweet Home attempted to exploit the fears of American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make soldiers feel doubt about their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war.Template:Sfn
  • Midge at the Mike,Template:Sfn broadcast from March to late fall 1943,Template:Sfn in which she played American songs interspersed with defeatist propaganda, anti-Semitic rhetoric, and attacks on Franklin D. Roosevelt.Template:Sfn
  • GI's Letter-box and Medical Reports (1944),Template:Sfn directed at the U.S. home audience in which Gillars used information on wounded and captured U.S. airmen to cause fear and worry in their families. After D-Day (June 6, 1944), Gillars and Koischwitz worked for a time from Chartres and Paris for this purpose, visiting hospitals and interviewing POWs,Template:Sfn falsely claiming to be a representative of the International Red Cross.Template:Sfn In 1943, they had toured POW camps in Germany, interviewing captured Americans and recording their messages for their families in the U.S. The interviews were then edited for broadcast as though the speakers were well-treated or sympathetic to the Nazi cause.

Gillars made her most famous broadcast on May 11, 1944, a few weeks before the D-Day invasion of Normandy, in a radio play written by Koischwitz called Vision of Invasion. She played Evelyn, an Ohio mother, who dreams that her son had died a horrific death on a ship in the English Channel during an attempted invasion of Occupied Europe.Template:Sfn He came to her after he died in the dream and told her of the horror he saw, whilst in the background there were shrieks and moans of men suffering in battle.Template:Sfn

Koischwitz died in August 1944, and Gillars's broadcasts became lackluster and repetitive without his creative energy. She remained in Berlin until the end of the war. Her last broadcast was on May 6, 1945,Template:Sfn just two days before the surrender of Germany.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Arrest, trial, and imprisonment

The U.S. attorney general dispatched prosecutor Victor C. Woerheide to Berlin to find and arrest Gillars. He and Counterintelligence Corps special agent Hans Winzen only had one solid lead: Raymond Kurtz, a B-17 pilot shot down by the Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster who called herself "Midge at the Mike", and had used the alias Barbara Mome. Woerheide organized wanted posters with Gillars's picture to put up in Berlin, and the breakthrough came when he was informed that a woman calling herself "Barbara Mome" was selling her furniture at second-hand markets around the city.Template:Sfn A shop owner whose stock contained a table belonging to Gillars was detained and under "intensive interrogation" revealed Gillars's address.Template:Sfn When she was arrested on March 15, 1946, Gillars asked only to take with her a picture of Koischwitz.Template:Sfn

She was then held by the Counterintelligence Corps at Camp King, Oberursel, along with collaborators Herbert John Burgman and Donald S. Day, until she was conditionally released from custody on December 24, 1946; however, she declined to leave military detention.Template:Sfn She was abruptly re-arrested on January 22, 1947, after being offered conditional release by the United StatesTemplate:Sfn at the request of the Justice Department and was eventually flown to the United States on August 21, 1948, to await trial on charges of aiding the German war effort.Template:Sfn

Gillars was indicted on September 10, 1948, and charged with ten counts of treason, but only eight were used at her trial, which began on January 25, 1949. The prosecution relied on the large number of her programs recorded by the Federal Communications Commission, stationed in Silver Hill, Maryland, to show her participation in propaganda activities directed at the United States. It was also shown that Gillars had taken an oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler.Template:Sfn The defense stated that her broadcasts stated unpopular opinions, but did not amount to treasonable conduct. They also argued that she was under the hypnotic influence of Koischwitz and therefore not fully responsible for her actions until after his death.Template:Sfn On March 10, 1949, the jury convicted Gillars on just one count of treason, that of making the Vision of Invasion broadcast. She was stripped of her US citizenship,Template:Sfn was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison and a $10,000 fine ($Template:Formatprice today).Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The judge spared Gillars from a harsher sentence since she had not participated in high-level Nazi propaganda policy conferences as was the case with Douglas Chandler and Robert Henry Best. In 1950, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the conviction.Template:Sfn

Gillars served her sentence at the Federal Reformatory for Women in Alderson, West Virginia. She became eligible for parole in 1959, but did not apply until 1961.Template:Sfn She was released on June 10, 1961.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Later life

Having converted to Catholicism while in prison, Gillars went to live at the Our Lady of Bethlehem Convent in Columbus, Ohio, and taught German, French, and music at St. Joseph Academy, Columbus.Template:Sfn In 1973, aged 72, she returned to Ohio Wesleyan University to complete her degree, a Bachelor of Arts in speech.Template:Sfn

Throughout her life Gillars was unapologetic about her association with Nazism.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Shortly before her death, a neighbour claimed that she showed her a cup that she described as one of her most cherished possessions. She said that it had been given to her by Heinrich Himmler, leader of the SS.Template:Sfn Gillars died of colon cancer at Grant Medical Center in Columbus on June 25, 1988.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Film

In the 2021, American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally, Gillars is portrayed by Meadow Williams.Template:Sfn James Joseph Laughlin, Sr. (1896–1976) – the lawyer who defended Mildred Gillars – was portrayed by Al Pacino.

In Spike Lee's 2007 film Miracle at St. Anna, Gillars is portrayed by Alexandra Maria Lara, broadcasting from Berlin to the front line in Italy to demoralize the Buffalo Soldiers before a German attack.

See also

Bibliography

Notes

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References

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Template:ISBN (2010), Template:ISBN (Oct. 2010 digital), Template:ISBN (Oct. 2010 hardcover), Template:ISBN (Jan. 2013 paperback); Template:OCLC.
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Pfau's paper was presented January 8, 2010, 9:50 AM, at the 124th Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, San Diego: Theme: "Oceans, Islands, Continents" – Program 50: "Performance in France, the United States, and the Rio de la Plata, 1930s–40s." Nicholas John Cull, PhD, Chair [[[:Template:Cite book]]].
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General references

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This book is a work of historical fiction that offers a dramatic, sympathetic portrayal of Gillars. The late Fuller presented a version of events that aligns with arguments raised at Gillars’s trial, suggesting she was emotionally manipulated by Koischwitz and drawn into broadcasting for Radio Berlin.

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