Mind–body interventions

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Template:Short description Template:Alternative medicine sidebar Mind–body interventions (MBI) or mind-body training (MBT)<ref name="NCCIH 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al.">Template:Cite journal</ref> are health and fitness interventions that are intended to work on a physical and mental level such as yoga, tai chi, and Pilates.<ref name="Jung Ha">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Lee Mancuso">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Gruicic Benton pp. 798–814">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The category was introduced in September 2000 by the United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), a government agency, and encompasses alternative medicine interventions.<ref name="Online Version">US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health Collection Development Manual. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 October 2003. Online Version. Template:Webarchive Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref> It excludes scientifically validated practices such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Cochrane reviews have found that studies in this area are small and have low scientific validity.<ref name=" pubmeddev J Al. 2017">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev JS Al. 2014">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev A Al. 2013" /><ref name=" pubmeddev Z Al. 2017">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Cochrane 2016">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Cebolla Demarzo Martins Soler p=e0183137">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Since 2008, authors documenting research conducted on behalf of the NCCIH have used terms mind and body practices and mind-body medicine interchangeably with mind-body intervention to denote therapies, as well as physical and mental rehabilitative practices, which "focus on the relationships between the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effect on health and disease."<ref name="pmid23227136">Template:Cite journal</ref> According to the NCCIH, "mind and body practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher".<ref>"Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's in a Name?" US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref>

Definitions

The United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) defines mind-body interventions as activities that purposefully affect mental and physical fitness, listing activities such as yoga, tai chi, pilates, guided imagery, guided meditation and forms of meditative praxis, hypnosis, hypnotherapy, and prayer, as well as art therapy, music therapy, and dance therapy.<ref name="NCCIH 2014" /><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref><ref>Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001-2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. Online Version Template:Webarchive Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref><ref>Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001–2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. Online Version Template:Webarchive Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref>

The Cochrane Library contains 3 systematic reviews that explicitly cite and define MBI as MBT.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007559.pub2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev A Al. 2013">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al." /> The reviews consider biofeedback, mindfulness, autogenic training, hypnotherapy, imagery, meditation, and prayer as MBT despite them focusing more strictly on the mind.

One review uses a narrower definition, defining MBT as an 'active' intervention in which mental and physical exercises are alternated.<ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al." /> A web search will yield mentions of mind-body training in offerings of entities that give yoga, pilates, or meditation training, but explicit definitions are rare.Template:Citation needed

Origins and history

Western MBI was popularized in the early 20th century but dates back to Ancient Greece.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p. " /> The Greek values of strength and beauty in combination with Greek mythology led to activities intended to promote confidence.Template:Citation needed

Eastern MBI in the form of yoga originated in Ancient India and has been around since at least 500 BCE and possibly as early as 3300 BCE.<ref name="Crangle 1994 p. ">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Zimmer Campbell 1951 p. ">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Samuel 2008 p. ">Template:Cite book</ref>

A renewed interest developed in mind-body work in the late 19th and early 20th century. Possibly due to visits from yoga gurus and increased interest, some medical practitioners and movement specialists developed movement therapies with a deliberate mental focus.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p. " />

Two prominent names in modern mind-body training are Joseph Pilates (1880–1967) and Margaret Morris (1891–1980). A famous statement of Joseph Pilates was "Physical fitness is the first requisite of happiness."<ref name="Morris Jeayes 2003 p. ">Template:Cite book</ref> Margaret Morris had a background in dance and claimed a connection between a free dance and a free mind.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p. ">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev P Al. 2018">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In conventional medicine

All mind-body interventions focus on the interaction between the brain, body, and behavior and are practiced with intention to use the mind to alter physical function and promote overall health and well-being.<ref name="pmid21116746">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid21717826">Template:Cite journal</ref>

However, the NCCIH does not consider mind-body interventions as within the purview of complementary and alternative medicine when there is sufficient scientific evidence for the benefit of such practices along with their professional application in conventional medicine. Cognitive behavioral therapy is defined by the NCCIH as a mind-body intervention because it utilizes the mind's capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms, but also there is sufficient scientific evidence and mainstream application for it to fall outside the purview of complementary and alternative medicine.<ref name="Online Version" />

Evidence for efficacy

Most studies of MBI and related techniques are small and have low scientific validity, a finding that dominates many Cochrane Reviews.<ref name=" pubmeddev J Al. 2017" /><ref name=" pubmeddev JS Al. 2014" /><ref name=" pubmeddev A Al. 2013" /><ref name=" pubmeddev Z Al. 2017" /><ref name="Cochrane 2016" /><ref name="Cebolla Demarzo Martins Soler p=e0183137" /> Some of the individual studies do show positive results, but this may be due to chance or placebo effects and the significance may diminish when groups are randomized.

Proponents of MBI techniques suggest that a rationale for mind-body training is that the mind follows the body and the body follows the mind. The body-mind connection can be attributed to hormones and chemicals released during movement,<ref name="Leisman Moustafa Shafir p. ">Template:Cite journal</ref> although the mind-body connection is dominated by the brain and is considered to be more of a neurological mechanism. There are some indications that movement complexity may have an impact on brain development.<ref name=" pubmeddev T Al. 2019">Template:Cite journal</ref>

When it comes to explicitly alternating mental and physical exercise sections, proponents rationalize that physical activity induces an elevated heart-rate and increases in stress, which mimics conditions in which athletes need their mental skills the most.<ref name="Welcome to 2Mynds">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is believed that these conditions make training more functional and there is some limited scientific evidence supporting effectiveness because of this type of approach.<ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al." />

There are documented benefits of several mind-body interventions derived from scientific research: first, by MBI use contributing to the treatment a range of conditions including headaches, coronary artery disease and chronic pain; second, in ameliorating disease and the symptoms of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and localized physical pain in patients with cancer; third, in increasing the perceived capacity to cope with significant problems and challenges; and fourth, in improving the reported overall quality of life. In addition, there is evidence supporting the brain and central nervous system's influence on the immune system and the capacity for mind-body interventions to enhance immune function outcomes, including defense against and recovery from infection and disease.<ref name="pmid17900044">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid10453429">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid18541886">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid14613052">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid12665179">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid17911004">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid1162023">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Side effects are rarely reported in mind-body training. Some studies have indicated that meditation can have undesired adverse effects on specific clinical populations (e.g., people with a history of PTSD), although these are smaller studies.<ref name="Lindahl Fisher Cooper Rosen p=e0176239">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Schlosser Sparby Vörös Jones p=e0216643">Template:Cite journal</ref>

There is limited high-quality evidence as well with regard to the effect of intensity and duration. In a small study observing 87 healthy female participants undergoing either mind-body training or no training,<ref name="Jung Ha" /> participants who actively participated in an online program showed significantly greater resilience toward stress, anger, anxiety, and depression at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks into the study.<ref name="Jung Ha" /> However, this study was not randomized and the placebo effect may be large on the subjective psychological test scores.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RTCs) confirmed the efficacy of smartphone interventions for mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Popularity

Mind–body interventions are the most commonly used form of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States,<ref name="Barnes_2004">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ni_2002">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid21317523">Template:Cite journal</ref> with yoga and meditation being the most popular forms.<ref name="Ni_2002" /><ref name="Barnes_2004" /><ref name="pmid19361005">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Clarke_2015">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Black_2015">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Nahin_2015">Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

References

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