Mindscape (company)
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Mindscape was a video game developer and publisher. The company was founded by Roger Buoy in October 1983 in Northbrook, Illinois, originally as part of SFN Companies until a management buyout was completed in 1987. Mindscape went public in 1988 and was acquired in 1990 by The Software Toolworks, eyeing Mindscape's Nintendo license. When Toolworks was acquired by Pearson plc in 1994, Mindscape became the primary identity for the development group. Mindscape was then sold to The Learning Company (TLC) in 1998. After TLC's sale to Mattel and then Gores Technology Group, the Mindscape name was phased out in January 2001. Jean-Pierre Nordman reformed the company later that year in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Following the poor performance of its products, Mindscape exited the video game industry in August 2011 and was liquidated. Notable titles released by Mindscape include the MacVenture series, Balance of Power, Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight, Legend, Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat, Warhammer: Dark Omen, and Lego Island.
History
Early years (1983–1988)
Mindscape was founded in October 1983 by the Australian entrepreneur Roger Buoy as a wholly owned subsidiary of the holding company SFN Companies.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: HRW">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Chicago Tribune: SFN">Template:Cite web</ref> Buoy had previously been a computer analyst for Rolls-Royce and later worked for the software division of Scholastic Inc. before SFN hired him.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: SFN" /><ref name="Gamasutra: Closure">Template:Cite web</ref> He acted as the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Mindscape, and the company released its first product in April 1984.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: SFN" /> Early games include Déjà Vu, Balance of Power, and Sub Mission: A Matter of Life and Death.<ref name="Gamasutra: Closure" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In its early years, Mindscape lost about Template:US$ annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In July 1986, Mindscape acquired the assets of Scarborough Systems, a software company from Tarrytown, New York.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Purcell">Template:Cite web</ref> Scarborough Systems continued its operations through Lifeboat Associates, a subsidiary that Mindscape did not buy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October, SFN announced that it would sell or close large parts of its business, including plans to liquidate Mindscape.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On December 31, Mindscape bought the assets of Learning Well in Roslyn, New York.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Purcell" /> Since Mindscape was not liquidated by the end of 1986, it was assigned to SFN Partners L.P., a limited partnership company.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Purcell" /> A new corporation set up by Buoy and SFN's former president and chairman, John Purcell, bought Mindscape from SFN Partners on January 16, 1987, for Template:US$.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Purcell" /><ref name="Chicago Tribune: IPO">Template:Cite web</ref> Buoy retained his positions, while Purcell became Mindscape's chairman. Around this time, the company had 74 employees.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Purcell" />
With sales of Template:US$, Mindscape was profitable for the first time in the fourth quarter of 1986; it started publishing black numbers by 1987.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Purcell" /><ref name="Chicago Tribune: IPO" /> In early 1987, Mindscape introduced the Thunder Mountain label to produce software at a lower price, starting with Rambo: First Blood Part II.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In March 1987, Mindscape acquired the software division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston formerly known as CBS Interactive Learning, with all operations transferred to Mindscape's Northbrook, Illinois, headquarters.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: HRW" /> By June 1988, Mindscape had filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to prepare an initial public offering (IPO) and become a public company.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: IPO" /> The move aimed at raising Template:US$ through sale of stock to reduce bank loan debts of Template:US$.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: IPO" /> The IPO was completed later that month, with the company beginning trading over-the-counter by July.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bob Ingersoll and Dennis O'Malley were appointed the vice president (VP) of marketing and VP of sales, respectively, in May 1987.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In November, Mindscape signed a lease of Template:Convert of office space in Wheeling, Illinois, for Template:US$.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Robert A. Drell, formerly of Dresher Inc., became the VP of finance and chief financial officer in October 1988.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Under The Software Toolworks and Pearson (1989–2001)
In December 1989, the video game company The Software Toolworks reached an agreement to acquire Mindscape, exchanging every Mindscape share for 0.4375 shares in newly issued Toolworks common stock.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The deal was completed on March 13, 1990, and valued at Template:US$.<ref name="FSLR">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Merger Yearbook">Template:Cite book</ref> A major driver for the acquisition was Mindscape's license to develop for Nintendo platforms, of which there were only approximately forty at the time.<ref name="FSLR" /><ref name="Merger Yearbook" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The two companies merged, and Buoy joined Les Crane on Toolworks's board of directors.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Following the acquisition, Mindscape became Toolworks's division working exclusively on games for Nintendo platforms, which sharply increased Toolworks's earnings.<ref name="FSLR" /><ref name="Merger Yearbook" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In March 1994, Pearson plc agreed to acquire Toolworks for Template:US$, finalizing the deal on May 12, 1994.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pearson was criticized for overpaying in the acquisition, and the acquired operations lost Pearson Template:US$ during its first few years thereafter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By November 1994, the Toolworks name was discontinued in favor of the Mindscape brand.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Mindscape acquired the video game developer Strategic Simulations in the same year, followed by Micrologic Software of Emeryville, California, in September 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In January 1996, John F. Moore became Mindscape's CEO after leaving the same position at Western Publishing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In November, Mindscape laid off twelve developed staff as a cost reduction measure.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> During 1997, Mindscape's final year under Pearson, it acquired the software company Multimedia Design and became profitable again, earning Template:US$.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NYTimes: TLC">Template:Cite web</ref> One day prior to the release of Lego Island that year, Mindscape fired all of the development team which worked on the game to avoid paying them any bonuses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Pearson sold Mindscape to The Learning Company (TLC) for Template:US$ in cash and stock in March 1998, after the Federal Trade Commission lifted its waiting period.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> TLC expected that its stock would rise Template:US$ per share as a result of the acquisition, while Pearson lost around Template:US$.<ref name="NYTimes: TLC" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later that year, Mindscape acquired the Petz developer PF.Magic and, when TLC folded its Broderbund division, absorbed its productivity, reference and entertainment brands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> TLC was acquired by Mattel in May 1999, which sold it to Gores Technology Group in October 2000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Gores reorganized TLC's entertainment assets under Game Studios in January 2001, dropping the Mindscape name, before selling them to Ubi Soft in March.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Mindscape SA (2001–2010)
In October 2001, Jean-Pierre Nordman, a former executive of TLC's Edusoft subsidiary, purchased TLC's remaining international assets from Gores and reorganized them under Mindscape SA, a new entity in Boulogne-Billancourt, France, a suburb of Paris.<ref name="Gamasutra: Closure" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20020823015413/http://www.mindscape.co.uk/about/CorporateInfo.asp</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In November 2002, the company purchased the assets of the bankrupt software publisher Montparnasse Multimedia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2005, Mindscape purchased the French game company Coktel Vision from Vivendi Universal Games, absorbing its eleven employees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="retro">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Mindscape bought Violet out of liquidation in October 2009 and took over the production of the Nabaztag smart device range,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> announcing its third generation, Karotz, in October 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December, now under the leadership of Thierry Bensoussan, the company opened an internal development studio, Punchers Impact, in Paris with forty staffers.<ref name="GIbiz: Punchers Impact">Template:Cite web</ref> The studio's managers, Guillaume Descamps and Jérôme Amouyal, departed in September 2010 to found Birdies Road.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Punchers Impact's karaoke game U-Sing did not meet sales expectations due to expensive music licenses, while the racing game Crashers did not sell well.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mindscape Asia-Pacific was sold off in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In June 2011, Mindscape was placed into insolvency after failing to reach a deal with its lawyers and banks to pay off its accrued debts, announcing an impending restructuring process.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On August 10, the company announced its exit from the video game industry by closing Punchers Impact and laying off its forty employees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The tribunal de commerce in Nanterre turned Mindscape's insolvency into a judicial liquidation.<ref>http://www.pvg24.com/n11094</ref> Aldebaran Robotics, the makers of the Nao robot range, bought Mindscape's robotic assets in November, while Mark Huijmans and colleague bought out Mindscape B.V., the Benelux division.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Huijmans became that company's sole owner in 2013.<ref name=":1" /> Keeping its name, Mindscape B.V. took on the distribution for games by GameMill Entertainment, Microids, and U&I Entertainment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>https://www.mindscape.com/asterix-obelix</ref><ref name="mindscape.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
Software developed and/or published
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