Missouri Executive Order 44
Missouri Executive Order 44 (known as the Mormon Extermination Order) was a state executive order issued by Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 27, 1838, in response to the Battle of Crooked River. The clash had been triggered when a state militia unit from Ray County seized several Mormon hostages from Caldwell County, and the subsequent attempt by the Mormons to rescue them.<ref name=DeVoto2000p84-85>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Based on exaggerated reports of the battle and rumors of Mormon military plans, Boggs claimed that the Mormons had committed "open and avowed defiance of the law" and had "made war upon the people of Missouri".<ref name=":2" /> Governor Boggs directed that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description".<ref name="G1839">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The order was directed to General John Bullock Clark, and it was implemented by the state militia to forcefully displace the Mormons from Missouri. In response to the order, the Mormons surrendered and subsequently sought refuge in Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1976, citing its unconstitutional nature, Missouri Governor Kit Bond formally rescinded it.
Background
The relationship between the Mormons and the state of Missouri had its roots in 1830, when a group of missionaries were sent to western Missouri with the goal of proselytizing among the Native Americans. This group arrived in Jackson County, Missouri, and initially encountered a welcoming response from some residents who were receptive to their message.<ref name=":0">Template:Harvnb</ref> In summer of 1831, Jackson County was designated as the place of Zion, a sacred site where Mormons believed they would eventually gather and prepare for the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. However, as the number of Mormons in the area grew, tensions emerged between the Mormons and their non-Mormon neighbors. This was partly due to the religious and cultural differences between the two groups, economic competition, political differences, and fears of cultural displacement.<ref name="DeVoto2000p84-85" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Tensions reached a boiling point in summer of 1833, when two newspaper articles discussing Missouri laws concerning slavery were published by the Mormon newspaper, the Evening and the Morning Star in Independence, Missouri. These articles were interpreted by Missourians as inviting free blacks to settle in the county.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Residents of Jackson County, including several public officials, published a manifesto accusing the Mormons of having a "corrupting influence" on their slaves, and calling for their removal: "peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must."<ref name=":2">Template:Harvnb</ref> On the same day, July 20, 1833, the W. W. Phelps' printing press, which published the newspaper in Independence, was destroyed by a mob.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Mormons were given a county of their own—Caldwell County—in 1836, following their expulsion from Jackson County in 1833.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> However, the increasing influx of new converts moving to northwestern Missouri led them to begin settling in adjacent counties. Other settlers, who had operated under the assumption that Mormons would remain confined to Caldwell County, became angry due to these new settlements.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
On July 4, 1838, First Presidency member Sidney Rigdon delivered an oration in Far West, the county seat of Caldwell County. Rigdon wanted to make clear that Mormons would meet any attacks on them with force. Far from settling tensions, Rigdon's oration had the opposite effect: it terrified and inflamed the residents of surrounding counties.<ref name="LeSueur1990p37-43">Template:Harvnb</ref> By the fall of that same year these tensions escalated into open conflict, culminating in the siege of the Mormon settlement in Carroll County, the sacking and burning of Gallatin by the Danites, and the taking of Mormon hostages by Captain Samuel Bogart and his state militia unit, operating in northern Ray County (to the south of Caldwell).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A Mormon armed group from the town of Far West moved south to the militia camp on the Crooked River in order to rescue the hostages, causing rumors of a planned full-scale invasion of Missouri that ran rampant and aroused terror throughout the western part of the state. These rumors only increased as reports of the Battle of Crooked River reached the capital at Jefferson City, with exaggerated accounts of Mormons supposedly slaughtering Bogart's militia company, including those who had surrendered.<ref name=":2" /> Further dispatches spoke of an impending attack on Richmond, county seat of Ray County, though in fact no such attack was ever contemplated.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Previously, Governor Boggs had received word that Mormons had driven several citizens of Daviess County (north of Caldwell) from their homes. He had then appointed General John Bullock Clark to lead the State Militia in assisting those citizens to return. But after hearing these reports, Governor Boggs issued new orders directing Clark to commence direct military operations and issued Missouri Executive Order 44.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Enforcement
General Clark cited Executive Order 44 soon after the Mormon settlers surrendered in November 1838, saying that violence would have been used had they chosen not to surrender.<ref name="Linn">Template:Harvnb</ref>
General Clark explicitly stated that the Mormons should expect no mercy and that their leaders would not be returned to them. Clark furthermore stated:
Consequently, approximately 15,000 Mormons promptly fled to Illinois, enduring the harsh winter conditions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Deaths
While the term extermination was used in the order, Boggs would claim later in his life that his main desire was to subdue the Mormons without bloodshed.<ref name="LeSueur163" /> Historians Alexander L. Baugh and Steven LeSueur suggest the word 'exterminate' reflects the historical usage of the term, which more broadly encompassed the expulsion or removal of a group or population from an area.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref>
The question of whether anyone was directly killed as a result of the Extermination Order between its issuance on October 27, 1838, and the Mormon surrender on November 1, 1838, has been a subject of intense historical debate. The prevailing consensus among scholars is that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that militiamen invoked the order to justify their actions during that period.<ref name="LeSueur163">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Haun's Mill
The Haun's Mill massacre took place on October 30, 1838, three days after the order. It was perpetrated by Missouri State Guardsmen from Livingston County on the settlement of Haun's Mill, located in eastern Caldwell County near the Livingston County border. It resulted in the deaths of 18 people.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> While most scholars state there is little evidence that the militiamen knew of the Executive Order,<ref name="Hartley">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="LeSueur163" /> there is at least one first-hand account claiming the perpetrators cited the governor's ordering their extermination as the motive of the massacre.<ref name="Tullidge">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Financial losses
To date, there have been no reparations or other financial compensation for losses by either side in the conflict. Historian William Alexander Linn wrote:
Aftermath
Despite surrendering at Far West on November 1, Mormons (especially in outlying areas) continued to be subject to harassment by citizens and militia units.<ref name=":1" /> The Mormons in Caldwell County, as part of their surrender agreement, signed over all of their property to pay the expenses of the campaign against them, although this act was later held unlawful.<ref name="LeSueur225" />
Though Clark had offered to allow the Mormons to remain in Missouri until the following spring, they decided to leave right away; according to one account, most had departed within ten days of Clark's speech.<ref name="Lin" /> Although Governor Boggs belatedly ordered a militia unit under Colonel Sterling Price to northern Missouri to stop ongoing depredations against the Latter Day Saints, he refused to repeal the order.<ref name=":1">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Missouri legislature deferred discussion of an appeal by Mormons to rescind the decree.<ref name="Anderson1994">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Governor Boggs was heavily criticized in portions of the Missouri press, as well as those of neighboring states, for his action in issuing this order.<ref name="LeSueur225">Template:Harvnb</ref> General David Atchison, a legislator and militia general from western Missouri who had refused to take part in operations, demanded that the legislature formally state its opinion of Governor Boggs' order, for "he would not live in any state, where such authority was given".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Although his proposal and similar ones by others went down to defeat, Governor Boggs himself saw his once-promising political career destroyed to the point that, by the next election, his own party was reluctant to be associated with him.<ref name="LeSueur258">Template:Harvnb</ref> After surviving an assassination attempt in 1842, Governor Boggs ultimately emigrated to California, where he died in relative obscurity in the Napa Valley in 1860.<ref name="LeSueur258" />
Rescission
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In late 1975, President Lyman F. Edwards of the Far West, MO, stake of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, invited then–Missouri governor Kit Bond to participate in the June 25, 1976, annual stake conference as a goodwill gesture for the United States Bicentennial.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As part of his address at that conference, 137 years after being signed and citing the unconstitutional nature of Governor Boggs' directive, Governor Bond presented the following Executive Order:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Original text
Missouri Executive Order Number 44 reads as follows:
See also
- Latter Day Saint martyrs
- Mormon Exodus (1846–1857)
- Pogrom
Notes
References
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External links
- Mormon War Letters, the battle correspondence leading up to, and including, the Extermination Order – presented by Latter-day Saint historian Mel Tungate.
- The Missouri Mormon War Executive Orders including both the original Executive Order 44 and the rescinding order as PDFs – presented by the Missouri Secretary of State.
- Lilburn W. Boggs letter to Joseph Hawkins, Vault MSS 724, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University