Mizuho Financial Group

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox company The Template:Nihongo, known from 2000 to 2003 as Mizuho Holdings and abbreviated as MHFG or simply Mizuho, is a Japanese banking holding company headquartered in the Ōtemachi district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The group was formed in 2000–2002 by merger of Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Fuji Bank, and Industrial Bank of Japan. The name Template:Nihongo literally means "abundant rice" in Japanese and "harvest" in the figurative sense.

Mizuho Financial Group is the parent holding of Mizuho Bank, Mizuho Trust & Banking, Mizuho Securities, and Mizuho Capital, and the majority owner of Asset Management One. The group offers a range of financial services, including banking, securities, trust and asset management services, employing more than 59,000 people<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> throughout 880 offices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange—where it is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices—and in the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts.

Upon its founding, Mizuho was the largest bank in the world by assets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following further consolidation, it has become the third-largest of Japan's so-called megabanks with total assets of $1.9 trillion at end-March 2023, behind Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ($2.9 trillion) and SMBC Group ($2.0 trillion).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mizuho was the 15th largest banking institution in the world by total assets as of December 2018,<ref>"The Top 100 Banks in the World 2016", Relbanks, 30 June 2016.</ref> and the 90th largest company in the world according to Forbes rankings as of May 2017.<ref>"Forbes The World’s Biggest Public Companies 2016 RANKING.", Forbes, May 2016.</ref> It has been consistently listed as a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board.

History

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The history of the banks that formed Mizuho combines multiple threads of Japanese financial history, going back to the early Meiji era and particularly the establishment in 1873 of Dai-Ichi Bank, Japan's first modern bank and joint-stock company led by Shibusawa Eiichi, if not even earlier with the foundation of trading house Yasuda-ya in 1864. In addition to Dai-Ichi (whose name literally means "number one"), Mizuho also incorporates several of the subsequent National Banks in Meiji Japan which were numbered in accordance with their chronological date of establishment until 1880:

  • the Template:Ill, licensed in 1873 with a view to establish a bank in Osaka, then established in Tokyo in 1876 after the previous plan was shelved; merged 1923 with multiple other banks to form Yasuda Bank, which in 1948 was renamed Fuji Bank;
  • the 6th National Bank, est. 1877 in Fukushima, relocated 1892 to Tokyo, merged 1907 into the 9th Bank (below);
  • the 9th National Bank, est. 1877 in Kumamoto, absorbed the 6th Bank in 1907 and became the Higo Bank which in 1923 merged with the 3rd Bank and others to form the Yasuda Bank;
  • the 20th National Bank, est. 1877 in Tokyo, merged 1912 into Dai-Ichi Bank;
  • the Template:Ill, est. 1877 in Okayama, another participant in the 1923 merger that formed Yasuda Bank;
  • the 36th National bank, est. 1878 in Hachiōji, acquired 1942 by Nihon Chuya Bank which merged into Yasuda Bank in 1943;
  • the 40th National Bank, est. 1878 in Tatebayashi, merged 1918 with the 41st Bank to form Tokai Bank (namesake of but different from the later Tokai Bank) which itself merged into Dai-Ichi Bank in 1927;
  • the 41st National Bank, est. 1878 in Tochigi, merged 1918 with the 40th Bank;
  • the 44th National Bank, est. 1878 in Tokyo, merged 1882 into the 3rd National Bank;
  • the 58th National Bank, est. 1878 in Osaka, merged 1909 into the 130th Bank (see below);
  • the Template:Ill, est. 1878 in Ōtsu, renamed Otsu Bank in 1898 and merged 1908 into Template:Ill which collapsed in 1928 and was absorbed by Template:Ill, itself merged 1944 into Yasuda Bank;
  • the 82nd National Bank, est. 1878 in Tottori, merged 1897 into the 3rd Bank;
  • the 84th National Bank, est. 1878 in Daishōji, acquired 1928 by Showa Bank;
  • the 87th National Bank, est. 1878 in Ōhashi, merged 1902 into the 130th Bank;
  • the 103rd National Bank, est. 1878 in Iwakuni, acquired 1893 by the Bank of Japan which merged 1923 into Yasuda Bank;
  • the 118th National Bank, est. 1878 in Tokyo, merged 1880 into the 136th National Bank (see below);
  • the 130th National Bank, est. 1879 in Osaka, merged 1923 into Yasuda Bank;
  • the 136th National Bank, est. 1879 in Handa, merged 1898 into the 130th Bank.

The group's predecessors also include Nippon Kangyo Bank (est. 1897) and Industrial Bank of Japan (est. 1902), two institutions founded as policy banks in the Meiji era and converted into commercial banks after World War II.

Founding merger

Mizuho annual income by division in 2005
1. Mizuho Bank
2. Mizuho Corporate Bank
3. Mizuho Trust
4. Mizuho Securities
The former head office building of Fuji Bank in Ōtemachi, completed in 1990, served as headquarters of Mizuho Financial Group from the merger until demolition in 2012<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The former head office of Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank in Hibiya, completed in 1981, served as headquarters of Mizuho Bank from the merger until 2014 and was demolished in 2022
The former head office of Industrial Bank of Japan in Marunouchi, inaugurated 1974, was used by Mizuho until its demolition in 2016<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Mizuho Marunouchi Tower was erected on the former site of the IBJ head office (as well as the Tokyo Bankers Association Building and the Bank Kaikan Building),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and is part of the Mizuho head office cluster<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mizuho was established in 2000 as Mizuho Holdings, Inc. by the merger of Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Fuji Bank, and the Industrial Bank of Japan, first announced in 1999.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Newall>Template:Cite book</ref> It was the first financial holding company structure created among major Japanese banks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On Template:Date, DKB, Fuji and IBJ were officially and legally combined into two banks,<ref name="Padmalatha">Template:Cite book</ref> Mizuho Bank, Ltd. and Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd.,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> through a split and merger process reorganizing the three legacy banks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Initially Mizuho traded under the ticker symbol MHHD on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mizuho Corporate Bank focused on large corporations, financial institutions and public sector entities in Japan and overseas,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> whereas Mizuho Bank focused on individuals and small and medium-sized companies in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The merger resulted in the world's first trillion-dollar banking group, with its $1.2 trillion in assets, surpassing the next largest bank by about $480 billion. The move has been considered to have formed one of the first "mega-institutions" in the financial industry, beginning a trend in the industry of large-scale bank mergers referred to in Japan as the consolidation movement during the 2000s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While other mega-institutions were composed of one major player and several minor ones, Mizuho was composed of three relatively equal institutions in terms of their size and influence.<ref name=Mallin>Template:Cite book</ref> It remained the largest mega-bank in the world until 2005.<ref name="Padmalatha"/>

The name "Mizuho" means "new, bountiful, and rich harvest of rice" in Japanese.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The original structure saw the founding of the Mizuho Bank, focusing on individuals and SMEs, and the Mizuho Corporate Bank, which focuses on corporate entities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The initial strategy of the company was to expand its lending operations with individuals and SMEs, and begin to offer fee-based services including securitizations, merger and acquisitions support, security-based investment banking, and syndicated loans. At the time, Mizuho controlled about 50% of the syndicated loans market.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mizuho also launched one of the first Internet-based securities products in 2000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2003, Mizuho Financial Group, Inc. took over the operations of Mizuho Holdings.<ref name="Padmalatha"/> On 1 October 2005, all subsidiaries of Mizuho Holdings were transferred to the direct control of Mizuho Financial Group.<ref name="Padmalatha"/> Mizuho Holdings, no longer a bank holding company, was then renamed Mizuho Financial Strategy, which now focuses on providing advisory services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mizuho Financial Group was in turn listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol MFG in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Subsequent development

Mizuho Corporate Bank engaged in steady expansion overseas, opening twenty overseas offices between 2005 and 2010,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> particularly in China, as well as in the Americas, Europe and Middle East. In 2006, Mizuho Corporate Bank became the first Japanese bank to obtain financial holding company status in the U.S.,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Mizuho Financial Group listed its ADRs on the New York Stock Exchange.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mizuho, through its operations in New York, became involved in the subprime mortgage crisis and lost seven billion dollars on the sale of collateralized debt obligations backed by subprime mortgages. It is the Asian bank which suffered the most losses due to the crisis.<ref name="Aardvark">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2012 Mizuho Financial Group acquired 100% of the assets from the Brazilian bank Banco WestLB do Brasil S.A.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On Template:Date, the group structure was simplified by a merger of Mizuho Bank and Mizuho Corporate Bank into a single banking entity that retained the name Mizuho Bank.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2014 the company underwent a board of directors reform to further streamline its corporate culture into a more of a single identity, although its original board founded in 2002 was consistent with Japanese banking protocols.<ref name=Mallin /> In 2016 they opened their global transactions banking headquarters in Singapore, and have offices for this unit in China, Hong Kong, Tokyo, London, and New York City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That year they also began a partnership with Cognizant, to develop block-chain methods of securing the banks private records.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Divisions

Ōtemachi First Square building in Tokyo, head office of Mizuho Securities<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tekko building in Marunouchi, Tokyo, head office of Asset Management One

Mizuho splits its business into four distinct divisions, on a global basis:

Retail Group

Mizuho is active in retail banking with 515 branches and over 11,000 automated teller machines (ATMs).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mizuho Bank is the only bank, other than Japan Post Bank, to have branches in every prefecture in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It serves over 26 million Japanese households,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 90,000 SME customers, 2500 corporations,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and retail brokerage clients under the name Mizuho Investors Securities nationwide, with $114 billion in retail customer assets under its management as of 2016.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Global Corporate Group

Mizuho predecessors, the Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank (DKB), the Fuji Bank (Fuji) and the Industrial Bank of Japan (IBJ), had great control over many Japanese companies through keiretsu system. The three banks led the DKB Group, Fuyo Group and the IBJ Group respectively. The Fuyo Group traces its history as far back as the old Yasuda zaibatsu. Even now, seven out of ten companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange have dealings with Mizuho.<ref>IR Presentation at “CLSA Japan Forum 2005” 7 March 2005</ref>

Global wealth and asset management

Asset Management One manages a number of ETFs which are listed in Japan, but some of these ETFs are very illiquid because no market maker was appointed. For example, One ETF Gold (1683:JP) frequently trades at a discount of more than 10% to the NAV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Strategy affiliates

Sponsorship

Mizuho is a sponsor of the Tokyo International Marathon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the 2020 Olympic Games and 2020 Paralympic Games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable employees

Controversies

In September 2013, a routine regulatory control unveiled that Mizuho enabled loans of up to $1.9 million to the yakuza (Japanese mafia). It also appeared that loans to the mob had been approved through its affiliate credit company Orient Corp. This scandal led to the resignation of the group's CEO Takashi Tsukamoto.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2019, a report named Mizuho as the top private lender to coal developers between January 2017 and September 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In March 2020, Japanese NGO Kiko Network filed the first climate related shareholder resolution with a Japanese company proposing Mizuho align its investments with the goals of the Paris Agreement,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which was followed by investor support for the resolution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In response, Mizuho has agreed not to finance any further coal projects, and to end all existing loans for coal projects by the year 2050.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

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References

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