Modern Language Association

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The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is widely considered the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature".<ref name=About>About the MLA", mla.org, Modern Language Association, 9 July 2008, Web, 25 April 2009.</ref> The organization includes over 20,000 members in 100 countries, primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature.<ref name=About /><ref name=ACLS>"Modern Language Association of America", in "ACLS Member Learned Societies" (Directory), American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), 2011, Web, 31 January 2011.</ref> Although founded in the United States, with offices in New York City, the MLA's membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.<ref name=About />

History

Aaron Marshall Elliott has been credited with founding the Modern Language Association.

The MLA was founded in 1883, as a discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern languages (that is, all but classical languages, such as ancient Latin and Greek).<ref name=About /> According to its profile featured by the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), "The Modern Language Association is formed for educational, scientific, literary, and social objects and purposes, and more specifically for the promotion of the academic and scientific study of English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and other so-called modern languages and literatures."<ref name=ACLS />

Officers and governance

The officers of the MLA are elected by its members. Currently, the president is Tina Lu until 2026, at which point another election will be held.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The MLA is governed by an Executive Council, elected periodically by its members, according to the MLA Constitution. The Executive Director is Paula Krebs.<ref>"Modern Language Association of America Names La Salle University Alumna Paula M. Krebs, Ph.D., Executive Director". La Salle News. 8 June 2017. La Salle University. lasalle.edu. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref>

Activities

Cover of Publications of the Modern Language Association of America issue from 1950

The MLA publishes several academic journals, including Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, one of the most prestigious journals in literary studies, and Profession, which is now published online on MLA Commons and discusses professional issues faced by teachers of language and literature. The association also publishes the MLA Handbook, a guide that is geared toward high school and undergraduate students and has sold more than 6,500,000 copies. The MLA produces the online database, MLA International Bibliography, the standard bibliography in language and literature.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Exhibit hall booths at MLA 2007 convention in Chicago

Since 1884 the MLA has held a national, four-day convention. For many years it was held the last week in December. Beginning in 2011, the convention dates moved to the first Thursday following 2 January. Approximately eight to twelve thousand members attend, depending on the location, which alternates among major cities in various regions of the United States. The MLA Annual Convention is the largest and most important of the year for scholars of languages and literature. Language departments of many universities and colleges interview candidates for teaching positions at the convention, although hiring occurs all year long. The organization's Job Information List (JIL) is available online.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In addition to its job-placement activities, the convention features about 800 sessions, including presentations of papers and panel discussions on diverse topics (special sessions, forums, poetry readings, film presentations, interdisciplinary studies involving art and music, governance meetings) and social events hosted by English and language departments and allied or affiliated organizations.<ref name=About /> There are also extensive book exhibits in one of the main hotel or convention center exhibition areas.

Table for attendees with disabilities, at MLA 2013 in Boston

In November 2016, the association launched Humanities Commons, an open-access, crossdisciplinary hub for anyone interested in humanities research and scholarship. Other not-for-profit organizations involved in this project include College Art Association; Association for Jewish Studies; and the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies.

The MLA's Web site features the MLA Language Map, which presents overviews and detailed data from the United States 2000 Census about the locations and numbers of speakers of thirty languages and seven groups of less commonly spoken languages in the United States and Canada.

The association has highlighted issues such as race, gender and class in its professional deliberations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In The New Criterion, a classicist and politically conservative<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> magazine, Roger Kimball and Hilton Kramer argued that this was part of a "rampant politicization of literary study that the MLA has aggressively supported" in American colleges and universities, including elevating popular culture to a position of parity with great works of literature as subjects for classroom study, and other "radical" postures.<ref>Farewell to the MLA", Roger Kimball and Hilton Kramer, New Criterion, February 1995. Web.</ref>

Proposed academic boycott of Israel

On January 7, 2017, the MLA rejected a proposed boycott of Israeli academic institutions in a 113–79 vote during its annual meeting in Philadelphia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Activists within the association had since 2014 pushed for such a boycott because they believed Israel was guilty of human rights violations and should be subjected to a boycott similarly to how South Africa was boycotted by the Anti-Apartheid Movement. The inspiration for the boycott came from the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement which is a global movement that calls for comprehensive boycotts of Israel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The activists calling themselves MLA Members for Justice in Palestine presented a resolution in December 2016 calling for a boycott. The call to boycott received support from scholars such as Judith Butler and novelist Viet Thanh Nguyen, but also opposition from scholars such as Cary Nelson and historian Kenneth Waltzer as well as a group calling itself MLA Members for Scholars Rights.<ref name="bds2017mla">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A group of Israeli scholars sent videotaped messages stating Israeli universities are multicultural and calling the BDS campaign one of harassment and slander.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref> On the other side of the debate, another group of Israeli scholars came out in support of the boycott, arguing that "the Israel-led campaign against the boycott of Israeli academic institutions rallies around the claim that if adapted it will hurt progressive Israeli scholars. Campaigners use this tactic to divert attention from the plight of the entire Palestinian population living under Israel's elaborate system of colonial repression and injustice to a manufactured victimization of Israeli academics. This is a manipulative inversion of victimhood."<ref name="bds2017mla"/>

In a strongly worded letter, the pro-Israeli Brandeis Center threatened to sue MLA if the resolution was adopted. In the letter addressed to the association's President Kwame Anthony Appiah and Executive Director Rosemary G. Feal, the center claimed that the resolution was ultra vires.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That is, that it would take the association in a direction that went beyond its original mission. Supporters of the boycott argued that it was not ultra vires because the Association had in the past been engaged in human rights issues.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

At the 2025 annual meeting in New Orleans, the MLA executive council blocked a member vote on a resolution endorsing BDS and acknowledging Palestinian genocide accusation and scholasticide, prompting protest and campaign for members to lapse membership in the organization. The executive council released a statement in advance stating that while they are "appalled by the continued attack on Gaza," a BDS resolution would present "legal and fiduciary" challenges.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Regional associations

There are several regional associations that are independent of the primary MLA, and which host smaller conventions at other times of the year:

  • Midwest Modern Language Association
  • Northeast Modern Language Association
  • Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association
  • Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association
  • South Atlantic Modern Language Association
  • South Central Modern Language Association

Affiliated and allied societies

Cover of Transactions and Proceedings of the Modern Language Association of America 1884–5

See also

References

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Further reading

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